IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


4r 


>>, 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notas/Notaa  tachniquat  at  bibliographiquaa 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  anamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Paaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


□   Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


p~|   Covars  damagad/ 


D 


D 


D 
D 


n 


Couvartura  andommagia 


Covars  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastauria  at/ou  palliculAa 


r~n   Covar  titia  miasing/ 


La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


r~7]   Colourad  mapa/ 

llZJ   C£~taa  giographiquaa  an  coulaur 


Colourad  Ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 


I     I   Colourad  plataa  and/or  illuatrationa/ 


D 


Planchaa  at/ou  illuatrationa  mt  coulaur 


Bound  with  othar  matarial/ 
Rail*  avac  d'autraa  documonts 


Tight  binding  may  cauaa  shadowa  or  diatortion 
along  intarior  margin/ 

La  r0  liura  sarria  paut  cauaar  da  I'ombra  ou  da  la 
dlstoraion  la  tong  da  la  marga  intiriaura 

Blank  laavas  addad  during  raatoration  may 
appaar  within  tha  taxt.  Whanavar  poaaibla.  thasa 
hava  baan  omittad  from  filming/ 
II  sa  paut  qua  cartainas  pagas  blanchas  ajoutias 
lors  d'una  raatauration  apparaiasant  dana  la  taxta, 
maia.  lorsqua  cala  Atait  poaaibla.  caa  pagaa  n'ont 
paa  At*  fiimias. 

Additional  commanta:/ 
Commantairas  suppiimantairaa.- 


L'Inatitut  a  microfilm*  la  maillaur  axamplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  *ti  possibia  da  sa  procurar.  Las  d*tatls 
da  cat  axamplaira  qui  sont  paut-*tra  uniquas  du 
point  da  vua  bibliographiqua.  qui  pauvant  modif  iar 
una  imaga  raproduita.  ou  qui  pauvant  axigor  una 
modification  dans  la  m*thoda  normaia  da  filmaga 
sont  indiquAa  ci-daaaoua. 


D 
D 
D 
0 
D 

Q 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Colourad  pagaa/ 
Pagaa  da  coulaur 

Pagaa  damagad/ 
Pagaa  andommagiaa 

Pagas  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Pagas  rastaurias  at/ou  paliicuiias 

Pagaa  discolourad,  stainad  or  foxad/ 
Pagaa  dAcoiorias.  tachatAas  ou  piquAes 

Pagaa  datachad/ 
Pagas  dAtachAas       ^ 

Showthrough/ 
Tranaparanca 

Quality  of  print  varias/ 
QualitA  InAgala  da  I'impression 

Includas  supplamantary  matarial/ 
Comprand  du  matArial  supplAmantaira 

Only  adition  availabia/ 
Saula  Adition  disponibia 

Pagaa  wholly  or  partially  obscurad  by  errata 
slips,  tissuas.  ate  have  been  refiimed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lee  pagas  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  una  pelure. 
etc.,  ont  AtA  filmAes  A  nouveau  da  fa^on  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  tha  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  da  rAduction  indiquA  ci-daaaous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

Z2X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 


1«X 


20X 


24X 


mf> 


32X 


lilt 

du 

difiar 

jn« 

iag« 


Th«  copy  filmed  h«r«  Hm  b««n  raproductd  thanks 
to  tha  o«naroaity  of: 

Nmw  Brumwick  MuMum 
Saint  John 

Tha  imagaa  appaaring  hara  Bf  tha  boat  quality 
posaibia  considaHng  tha  condition  and  lagibility 
of  tha  original  copy  and  in  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  apaoificationa. 


L'axamplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grica  i  li 
gAnAroait*  da: 

Ntw  Brunswick  Mutmim 
Saint  John 

Laa  imagaa  auh/antaa  ont  4tA  raproduitaa  avac  la 
plua  grand  soin.  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  I'axampiaira  film*,  at  an 
eonformiti  avac  lOa  conditiona  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


; ;.;'  - 


Original  copiaa  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
beginning  with  tha  front  eovar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illuatratad  impraa- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriate.  All 
othar  original  copiaa  ara  filmad  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printad  or  iilustreted  imprea- 
sion,  and  anding  on  the  laat  pege  with  a  printad 
or  illustrated  impreaaion. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  eech  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meening  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  appliee. 


Lea  eKemplairee  originaux  dont  la  eouverture  en 
pepier  eet  ImprimAe  sent  fllmis  en  commen^nt 
per  le  premier  plat  at  an  tarminant  toit  par  la 
derniAre  paga  qui  comporta  une  ampreinte 
d'impraeaion  ou  d'llluatration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  caa.  Tous  laa  autrea  axemplairas 
originsux  sent  filmto  en  commen^snt  par  la 
pramlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
dlmpreaaion  ou  d'illustration  at  9n  terminent  par 
la  demiire  pege  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  dea  symbolea  suivants  apparaltrsf  sur  la 
damlAre  image  do  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
caa:  le  symbols  — ^  signifie  "A  SUiVRE".  le 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 


Mapa,  platea.  charta.  etc..  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratioa.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  expoaura  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  comer,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  aa  many  framea  aa 
required.  The  following  diagrama  illuatrate  the 
method: 


Lea  cartea.  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  itre 
filmto  k  dea  taux  da  rMuction  diff Grants. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtra 
raproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film*  A  partir 
da  I'angle  sup4rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  an  baa.  an  pranant  le  nombre 
d'imagea  n^cassaira.  lias  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


rata 


•lure. 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

il 


/ 


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fe 


y.M 


APPLETON'S 


NORTHERN  AND  EASTERN 


fRAVELLER'S    GUIDE: 


-'•;■  WITH    '  ... 

u  ... 

.     NEW  AND  AUTHENTIC  MAPS 

ILLUSTRATING   THOSE   DIVISIONS  OF   THE   COUNTRY. 

FORMING,   UKEWISE,  A   OOMPLBTE  GUIDK  TO 

^ ^    :.'      THE  MIDDLE  STATES,      . 


CANADA,  NEW  BRUNSWICK,  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA, 

Tlie  White  Mountains,  Catskil)  Mountains,   Niagara  and  Trenton  Falls, 

Saratoga  and  Virginia  Springs,  &,c,   Witli  tlie  places  of  Fashionable 

and  Healthful  Resort,  and  Aill  and  accurate  Descriptions  of 

the  Principal  Cities,  Towns,  and  Villages ;  with 
;  Distances,  Fares,  &c. 


SUustrateti  Uiftf)  numerous  iWtaps  antr  plaits  of  Cftfes, 

ENGSATED  ON  STEEL, 
AND   SEVERAL  WOOD   ENGRAVINGS. 

.:.,.-/..    '   .  .--'  V.-,.     ■■       ■.•::    :-::r,.. 

r;  BY   W.WILLIAMS. 

-■''■'  .'  .1  •  ■       -'     ■ 

■  ■■         "i        ■■.•'■     ■■•-.  •      .  ,-■         -„ 

/     NEW  YORK: 
D.  APPLE^TON  &  COMPANY,  200  BROADWAY. 

PHILADELPHIA: 
GEO.  S.  APPLETON,  164  CHESNUT-STREET. 

M  DCCC  L.  .  .  , 


McrKMCNCcs 


itU'iUii-  H. 
ttc'tinonico's 

4  Vondc'fl  Wattii  PubtUi 

"O-iti-iiy  Cli. 
OfTtan 


T.  Torrtb^::    ~  '  '  / 

?.l'rat..Vpis.S«m^ 


'S< 


/I  Cxty'SaXi  I'N'ewi 
JZSrooJdvn  Gard&rt  :,  :::s  :. 
^9BrookfyrtFemaleIn)^ttf:_    ^ 
4  ^^?l.  orOienolv  lytniXy        '; 

■9/r 


'icr  cftheDistricx i~mcn.,ofTh» SinixhernSistrict  cfyewXork,. 


.■Dra\TO.*  tlixgi  "by-^V:V\'^lTJ 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1850, 

Bt  W.  WILLIAMS,  , 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  th«  District  Court  of  the  Southern  District  of  • 

New  York. 


I  I 


^  V 


NOTICE. 


M 


\ 


Tne  author  claims  the  plan,  &c.  of  the  present  work  as  his  own ;  and 
having  been  at  great  expense  and  trouble,  and  dcTOted  much  time  to  its 
production,  he  therefore  respectfully  cautions  others  interested  in,  or 
getting  up,  similar  works,  not  to  infringe  upon  his  copyright. 


TO  THE  TRAVELLING  PUBLIC. 


The  want  of  a  Guide  such  as  the  one  here  presented  to 
the  Travelling  Public,  has  been  so  long  felt  and  so  generally 
acknowledged,  that  an  apology  for  the  present  work  would 
be  an  impeachment  of  the  judgment  of  the  intelligent  Tourist. 

This  work,  although  more  particularly  designed  for  the  use 
of  travellers,  will  be  found  of  great  service  to  the  public  gen- 
erally,—especially  to  those  directly  interested  in  the  prose- 
cution of  works  of  internal  improvement,  or  who  may  con- 
template becoming  so.  Investments  in  railroad  stock  are  the 
safest  and  most  profitable  in  the  country.  Such  is  the  char- 
acter of  the  country,  so  rapidly  is  it  increasing  in  population, 
and  so  greatly  is  its  production  yearly  augmented,  that  the 
keen  eye  of  American  enterprise  seldom  fails  in  making  a 
judicious  selection  of  a  route.  For  another  class,  our  work 
will  have  a  higher  interest  than  that  derived  from  the  calcu- 
lations of  pecuniary  advantage.  The  eye  of  patriotism  will 
here  see  portrayed  those  mighty  works,  whether  completed 
or  in  progress,  that  are  bringing  the  most  distant  parts  of  the 
Union  into  neighborhood ;  and  which,  by  blending  into  one 
the  interests  of  the  East  and  the  West,  the  North  and  the 
South,  are  creating  an  additional  guarantee  for  the  repose 
and  permanence  of  our  great  confederacy. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  book,  the  old  plan  of  filling  the 
pages  with  Tables  of  Routes,  which,  from  their  complexity, 
it  is  difficult  to  trace  or  to  understand,  has  been  discarded ; 
and  instead  of  a  General  Ma-p  only,  which,  from  the  smallness 
of  the  scale  on  which  it  is  graduated,  is  of  vei-y  Uttle  practical 
use  in  a  railroad  car — and  which,  from  its  size,  and  the  ne- 
cessity of  its  being  opened  and  re-opened,  folded  and  re- 


<« 


TO  THE  TRAVELLING  PUBLIC. 


folded,  is  cxtremoly  inconvenient  in  a  crowded  conveyance, 
as  well  as  an  annoyance  to  its  possessor  and  his  fellow-pas* 
sengers — for  the  present  work,  maps  of  the  several  routes 
have  been  engraved ;  and  where  it  is  a  long  one,  the  route 
has  been  continued  on  another  map,  in  such  a  way  as  to  be 
•easily  understood — thereby  obtaining  a  much  larger  scale  for  it. 

The  distances  (instead  of  being  placed  as  formerly  between 
each  town,  thereby  giving  the  Traveller  the  continual  trou- 
ble of  reckoning  up)  have  been  carried  on  in  regular  order, 
from  the  starting-place — an  arrangement  that  will  be  found 
far  more  convenient  than  the  old  one. 

The  "  Tours"  commence  at  Boston,  not  only  because  that 
city  is  the  centre  of  a  great  railroad  system,  but  also  because 
it  is  the  most  convenient  for  the  plan  we  have  adopted. 

With  this  book  in  his  hand,  the  Traveller,  as  he  proceeds 
on  his  jourhey  in  the  railroad  car,  or  glides  along  in  the  swift 
and  graceful  steamboat,  can  open  to  the  route  he  is  going, 
and  follow  it  through  without  trouble  or  inconvenience.  The 
descriptive  matter  which  follows  the  maps,  will  enable  him 
to  form  a  pretty  accurate  conception  of  the  places  through 
or  by  which  he  is  so  rapidly  passing ;  and  when  arrived  in  a 
large  city,  he  has  but  to  refer  to  the  text  under  the  name  of 
the  place,  to  find  all  the  requisite  information  respecting  ho- 
tels, &c.,  and  the  charges  for  boarding — places  of  amuse- 
ment— interesting  localities  in  the  vicinity,  &c.,  &c. 

The  materials  for  this  publication  have  been  drawn  from 
the  latest  and  most  authentic  sources.  A  large  portion  of 
the  work  is  the  result  of  actual  observation,  and  a  corre- 
spondence with  individuals  connected  with  the  routes ;  for 
numerous  facts  we  are  indebted  to  friends  resident  in  many 
of  the  sections  described.  The  article  on  the  Origin  and  Pro- 
gress of  Railroads  will,  we  trust,  be  found  of  interest.  Their 
extension  is  becominor  so  general,  that  any  information  on  the 
subject  cannot  be  otherwise  than  acceptable. 

The  maps,  which  are  engraved  on  steel,  will  be  found  clear 
and  distinct,  a  feature  that  will  much  enhance  their  value ; 


LIST  OF  MAPS. 


and  the  introduction  of  city  maps  (a  thing  entirely  new  in 
works  of  this  description)  will,  wo  trust,  bo  duly  appreciated 
both  by  citizens  and  strangers.  The  embellishments  have 
been  engraved  by  tlio  best  artists,  from  appropriate  designs, 
many  of  which  were  taken  expressly  for  this  publication. 

Having  stated  some  of  the  original  and  more  prominent 
features  of  the  work,  wo  submit  it  with  confidence  to  the 
judgment  of  that  class  for  whom  it  is  more  especially  de- 
signed. We  have  withheld  neither  labor  nor  expense  in  our 
efforts  to  make  it  worthy  of  public  patronage  :  and  we  pledge 
ourselves  to  keep  it  up  to  its  present  standard  of  usefulness 
by  thorough  periodical  revistous, 

{fCr  Railroad  and  Steamboat  Compunies  are  requested  to  forward  us 
the  latest  information  relative  to  their  respective  lines,  which  shall  be 
attended  to  in  our  corrected  editions.  Residents  of  the  places  described 
in  this  volume,  and  travellers  also,  who  may  suggest  any  corrections  or 
additions,  the  result  of  personal  observations,  and  written  down,  not 
from  memory,  but  on  the  spot,  will  confer  a  great  obligation  by  ad- 
dressing us,  under  cover  to  the  publishers,  and  thus  serve  to  render  this 
volume  at  nil  times  a  faultless  guide  to  the  travelling  public. 


LIST  OF  MAPS  CONTAINED  IN  THIS  VOLUME. 

Pagt 

No.  1— Cities  of  New  York  and  Brooklyn,  Williamsburg,  Jersey 

City,  andHoboken, 1 

No.  2— County  Map  of  the  Southern  New  England  states,  showing 
the  railroads,  and  their  connection  with  the  cities  of  New 

York,  Boston,  and  Albany,  &c ]2 

No.  3— Flan  of  Boston,  with  parts  of  East  and  South  Boston  ;  also 

portions  of  Charlestown,  Cambridge,  &c 27 

No.  4— Great  Travelling  Routes  north  of  Boston,  &c.,  &c 41 

No.  5— Routes  to  the  White  Mountains  and  Winnipiseogee  Lake  ; 

showing  also  the  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad,  &c.    tf> 

No.  6— Boston  and  Fitchburg,  and  Worcester  routes,  &c 68 

No.  7— Western  Railroad  to  Springfield,  &c 69 

No.  8— Western  Railroad  to  Albany,  and  a  portion  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  Railroad ;  with  the  Connecticut  River  and  the  Hud- 
son and  Berkshire  railroads 77 


LIST  OF  MAPS. 


,^? 


Pkf« 
No.  9— This  map  shows  the  rnilroads  diverging  from  Concord,  N.  H., 

with  the  CtiCHhire  and  Sullivan  railroads,  and  n  portion  of 
the  Rutland  Railroad ;  also  the  Vermont  and  Massachu- 
setts Railroad,  &.C.,  Ilc 83 

No.  10— Lake  Champlain,  and  railroads  from  Connecticut  river 
to  Montreal ;  the  Vermont  Central,  and  the  Connecticut 
and  Passumpsic  Rivers  Railroad,  &,o 00 

No.  11— Fall  River,  and  Taunton  and  New  Bedford  railroads,  &c.  .    U4 

No.  13— Old  Colony  Railroad,  and  a  portion  of  the  Fall  River  route 

from  Boston,  ttc \>i 

No.  13— New  Haven,  Hartford,  and  Springfield  Railroad  ;  also  the 

Canal  Railroad,  and  part  of  the  Housatonic  Railroad  ■  •>  •  102 

No.  14— Providence  and  Stonington  railroads,  Norwich  and  Wor- 
cester, &c 103 

No.  15— Long  Island,  Long  Island  Railroad,  Long  Island  Sound, 

and  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  &c 140 

No.  10— New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  from  the  Hudson  to  the  Dela- 
ware river  140 

No.  17— New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  to  Binghamton,  kc. ;  Ithaca 

and  Owego  Railroad,  &c 140 

No.  18— Hudson  River  Railroad ;  Harlem  Railroad  ;  and  the  New 

York  and  Erie  from  New  Y^ork  to  Otisville,  &c. . .  152 

No.  19— Routes  to  Saratoga  Springs,  and  a  portion  of  the  routes  to 

Buffalo,  &c 190 

No.  20— Continuation  of  routes  from  Albany  to  Buffalo,  &c 191 

No.  21— Erie  Canal  and  Railroad  from  Syracusn  to  Rochester,  and 

Railroad  and  Canal  from  Syracuse  to  Oswego 200 

No.  22— Routes  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls,  &c.  .  201 

No.  23— Great  Travelling  Routes  between  N.  York  and  Philadel- 
phia, with  other  routes  in  New  Jersey  ;  also  the  railroads 
diverging  from  Philadelphia 221 

No.  24— Plan  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia 230 

No.  25— Continuation  of  routes  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore 
and  Washington,  and  to  Harrlsburg,  &c. ;  also  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  Railroad 24P 

No.  26— Plan  of  Baltimore 263 

No.  27 — Termination  of  routes  from  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  to 

Pittsburg  and  Wheeling :  also  to  the  Virginia  Springs,  &c.  284 

No  28— Map  of  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States,  &c.,  and  the  Brit- 
ish Provinces,  showing  the  connection  of  the  routes  ..*•  313 

No.  29— Falls  of  Niagara 313 

No.  30— Land  and  Water  routes  from  Cleveland  to  Detroit  and 

Chicago 31S 


INDEX 


Aeton 71 

Albany lU 

Albany  (rouui  from) I6A 

Albany  to  Boiton 165 

Albany  to  BiiA'alo  and  Niag*!'*  fall**...  I6fi 

Albany  to  New  York 166 

Albany  and  Schenectady  Hnilroad 101 

Albany  and  Troy  to  Balliton  Spa  and 

Saraiora  Sprinrt 166 

Albany  and  Troy  to  ButTnlo  ami  NIarara 

rnlU 190 

Albany  and  Troy  to  Montreal  and  Que- 
bec   176 

All«((hany  City tM 

Alli-ghnny  Poriajra  Railroad t&6 

Allenlown 247 

Amliemt 84 

Amherit  College 84 

Amiierdant 1!)9 

Andaluiia Si28 

Andover 47 

Anthony'i  NoM 166 

Apponauir 105 

Aihiabula,0 SU8 

Aatoria \i3 

Athol ^8 

Atlantic  Dock 1S» 

Attantib  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad. ...    60 

Attica  and  Bud'alo  Railroad 207 

Aubur SOO 

Auburn  Slate  Priaon SOI 

Auburn  and  Rocheater  Railroad 201 

Auburn  and  Syracuse  Railroad 200 

Auguaia 61 

Avon  Spring! 806 

Baltimore  (city) S63 

Benevolent  Institution* 268 

Churche* 266 

——— Hackney-coach  tare 871 

^  Hotel* 271 

■  Literary  and  Scientific  In*....  867 

— — ^  Miicellaneou*    object*    of    in- 

tereet 869 

Monument* 261 

— — —  Place*  of  amuaement 869 

Public  Building* 265 

Baltimore  (route*  I'rom) 878 

Baltimore  to  Annapolii. 873 

Baltimore  lo  Charieaton  and  intermediate 

places 290 

Baltimore  to  Columbia 872 

Baltimore  to  Cumberland 273 

Baltimore  to  Frederick,  Harper'*  Ferry, 

Wincbeeter,  and  Cumberland 882 

Baltimore  wid  Ohio  Railroad 281 


Pan 

Baltimore  to  Pitt«hur|r  and  Wheelinf . . .  284 

Balllmora  to  the  Virrinia  Spriiif* 871 

Baltimore  to  Wathliigton 873 

BalUton  Spa |68 

Bangor 01 

Barnegat |6tf 

Bath 64 

BellMi 65 

Bellown  Kail* 88 

Belviilere 283 

littllilaliem 'J\7 

Beverly 48 

Birniiiitrham 26U 

Uirmiiij(li»m,  Vl IbQ 

Bloody  Brook  Village 84 

UI«oniiii)rdiile 134 

lionleniuwi 830 

Buicttwen 80 

BoKion  (city) 87 

Bank* W 

Bridge* 88 

Churches 31 

-—Common 89 

(Ea*t) 89 

Hackney-coach  fare*,  tin 40 

Harbor 89 

Hotel* 36 

Place*  worth  TMiiing 88 

Public  Building* 33 

[South). 88 

— — —  Steamboat  conveyance*  from  ....  40 

Theatres,  &c 17 

Waier M 

Watering  places  in  the  riciniiy 

of. 38 

Wharves 31 

Boston  to  Albany 80 

Bo*toa  to  Athol 83 

Bolton  to  Cincinnati 896 

Boaton,  Concord,  and  Montreal  Rail- 
road   85 

Beaton  to  Danvcr* 45 

Boston  to  Dedham 101 

Boeton  to  Fitchburg 70 

Bo*ton  to  Holliiion  and  Milford 101 

Boaton  to  Gloucester. 46 

Boeton  to  Lexington 78 

Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad 48 

Boaton  to  Lowell  and  Concord 49 

Boston  to  Fall  River 97 

Boston  to  Keene,  N.  H 83 

Boston  and  Maine  Railroad 46 

Boston  to  Marblchciid 46 

Boston  to  New  York,  via  Fall  River  and 

Newport 98 

Boston  to  Providence lot 


R 


INDEX. 


I 

I 
r 


:»    I 


Page 
Bottoii  to  New  York,  via  Providence  and 

Stuiiiiigtiin 103 

Bottoii  Hiiil  Fruvideiice,  and  Stoiiiiigton 

railroad)! 102 

Bo*inii    to   New  York,    via  Springfield, 

H.irtrniil,  and  New  Haven 109 

Bolton  to  New  York,  via  Worcester  and 

Norwich 107 

Boston  til  Plyninnih 94 

Boston    to  Portland,  via  Haverhill  and 

Dover 46 

Boston  lo  Portland,  via  Salein,  Newbii- 

r.vport,  and  Portsmouth 41 

Ilostoii  lo  'rHnnton  and  New  Bedlord.. .    99 

Uosloii  lo  West  Townsend 92 

Uostnii  and  Worcester  Railroad 73 

Boston  to  Worcester 74 

BonchervillR 185 

Bradl'ord,  Mas* 47 

Brandon 91 

Brain lywiiiK  Springs 246 

Brattleboio' 88 

Brideslmrff 228 

Briil^opor' t  U 

Bi  id u-e water  Branch  Railroad 96 

Briifhton 74 

Bristol 228 

Brooklyn 136 

Atlantic  Dock 139 

Clin  relies 138 

Dry  Dock 138 

Greenwood  Cemetery 139 

Marine  Hospital 138 

Naval  Lyceum 138 

Navy  Yard 138 

Public  Buildings 137 

Bnflalo 207 

Bnll'alu  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad....  209 

ButValo  to  Detroit  and  Chicago 298 

Butl'alo  to  Niagara  Falls 309 

Bull's  Ferry 153 

Burlington 179 

Burning  Spring 203 

Buttermilk  Falls 1S6 

Cabotville 82 

Caldwell 172 

Caldwell's  Lauding \55 

Camilcn 244 

Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad 230 

Caiman  Falls 115 

Caiiajoliarie 192 

Canal  Railroad 114 

Canandaigua 203 

Canandaigua  Lake 203 

Canton 103 

Cape  Cod  Branch  Railroad 99 

Cape  May 246 

Cape  Rouge 186 

Cape  Vincent 319 

Carbondale,  Pa 150 

Carlisle 254 

Castleton 163 

Caiskill 160 

Catskill  Fu-  s 161 

Catskill  MiiQniaina 161 

Catskill  Mountain  House. 160 

Cayuga 201 

Cayuga  Bridge 201 

Cayuga  Lake 201 

Chaml)ersburg 254 

Charleston,  S.  C 291 

Ctaarlesiou  to  New  Orleans 291 


Paye 
Charleston   to   Savannah,   Macon,   and 

Columbus 29S 

Charlestown,  Mass 7C 

Cherry  Valley 192 

Cheshire  Railroad 89 

Chester,  Pa 91 

Chester,  N.  Y 148 

Chicago 301 

CliicHgo  to  Galena 302 

Chicago  to  St.  Louis 308 

Chickopee  Branch  Railroad 83 

Chickopee  Falls 82 

Cincinnati 296 

Cincinnati  lo  New  York  and  Boston ....  296 

Cleveland 2lt8 

Coey  man's 1C3 

Cohasset y6 

Cohoes   Falls 168 

Cold  Spring 159 

Columbia 252 

Columbia  Railroad 252 

Concord,  Mass 71 

Concord,  N.  H 50 

Concord  to  Franklin b6 

Concord  f  routes  Irom) 85 

Coney  Island 134 

Connecticut  and  Passumpsic  rivers  Rail- 
road     93 

Connecticut  River  Railroad 82 

Cooperstowii 1^3 

Corning 151 

Cornwall,  Cum 115 

Cornwall,  N.  Y 159 

Coxsackie  Landing 162 

Crown  Point 178 

Cumberland 284 

Cumberland  Valley  Railroad 254 

Deerfield 84 

Delaware  Water  Gap 223 

Detroit 299 

Detroit  to  Chicago 293 

Dobb's  Ferry 153 

Dorchester 94 

Dover,  N.  H 48 

Duxbury 96 

East  Canada  Creek 193 

Eastern  Railroad 41 

Easton 333 

Eastport 65 

Elizabethtown 226 

Ellicott's  Mills 282 

Elmira 151 

Erie,  Pa 298 

Erie  Canal 191 

Essex 179 

Exet«r 48 

Fair  Haven Ill 

Fairmuunl  Water-works 23.^ 

Fall  River 97 

Fall  River  Railroad 97 

Falls  of  Niagara 210 

Fisherville 86 

Fish  House  Village 192 

Filchbuig 72 

Fiichburg  Railroad 69 

Fitchburg  (routes  from). . 87 

Five  Mile  Point 178 

Flatbush 134 

Flushing 133 

Fonda 192 


J: 


INDEX. 


9 


Page 

■ 

and 

iH 

29S 

!]H 

7C 

flB 

192 

^H 

8i» 

aH 

91 

^H 

148 

<^l 

301 

!^| 

308 

^H 

308 

^H 

83 

^H 

»2 

^H 

296       . 

'^q^ 

1....  296 

wB 

898 

91 

163 

!^B 

96 

!^B 

168 

■^H 

159 

JH 

252 

jH 

252 

3B 

71 

^^H 

'S 

b6 

^m 

^1 

134 

^H 

RhIi- 

^H 

93 

^B 

j^m 

193 

1^1 

■B 

115 

mi 

i^B 

162 

^B 

^1 

284 

^H 

H 

84 

H 

283 

81 

^S 

203 

^^K 

'''S 

94 

"^ 

48 

-S 

96 

^m 

193 

[H 

nin 

823 

^s 

■3i8 

....  226 

■'''Wm 

-""S 

....  151 

'-^ 

'-^ 

....  191 

'^ 

yj 

....    48 

'M 

....  Ill 

:M 

"S 

....    97 

■il 

....    97 

'■% 

....  210 

■^ 

...    86 

...  192 

...    69 

-* 

...    87 

-.': 

...  178 

■-X 

...  134 

't 

...  133 

•? 

...  198 

V 

Pajre 

Fort  Ann 176 

Fort  Edward 176 

Fort  Hamilton 181 

Fort  Lee 153 

Fort  Miller 176 

Fort  Ticomleroga 177 

Fori  Washington 153 

Foxboro' 103 

Framingham 75 

Franklin 86 

Franklin  Railroad 255 

Frederick,  Md 283 

Frederickton,  N.  B 66 

Gardner's  Island 148 

Genesee  Falls 205 

Geneva 202 

Gerinantown 215 

Gibbonsville 167 

Glens  Falls 176 

Girnrd  College 235 

Goshen 148 

Grafton 75 

Grand  Gulf  Railway 304 

Great  Falls 48 

Greenfield 81 

Greeiifietd  (routes  from). 90 

Greenport 142 

Greenwood  Cemetery 139 

Groion 72 

Halifax 67 

Hamilton 217 

Hampton 159 

Hampton 43 

Hampton  Beach 43 

Hampton  Falls 43 

Hanover 87 

Harlem 145 

Harlem  Railroad 144 

Harper's  Ferry 283 

Hartford Ill 

Harvard 71 

Harrisburg' 253 

Hiinisburg  and  Lancaster  Railroad iA3 

Hasiniifs I53 

Hiitrteld 83 

Haverhill 48 

Haversiraw I55 

Hawley's  Basin 198 

Hempstead 142 

Herkimer 195 

Hi>rhlands 156 

Hinirham 96 

Hollulaysburg 257 

Holmesburg 288 

Holmes'  Hole 101 

Honesdale,  Pa 150 

Hopkmton 75 

Hoiisatonic  Railroad 114 

Hudson 168 

Hudson  and  Berkshire  Railroad 116 

Hiulson  River  Railroad 145 

Huron .  298 

Ipswich 42 

Island  ofSt.  Helen 185 

Isle  mix  Noixand  Fort 181 

Isle  of  Shoals 43 

Ithaca 151 

Jamaica  Plains 102 

Jamaica  Pond 102 


Page 

Jamaica,  L.  1 141 

Jersey  City 224 

Johnstown,  N.  Y I9t 

Johnstown,  Pu 897 

Kaighn's  Point 245 

Katahdin  Mountain 63 

Keene 89 

Keeseville , 179 

Kinderhook  Lanumg 103 

Kingston 218 

Kingston  Landing ibO 

La  Chine 184 

Lake  Champlain I  r6 

Lake  (ieorge 173 

Luke  St.  Peter lt-5 

Lancaster 253 

La  Prairie 181 

Lehigh  Water  Gap 223 

Lewistnn,  Me 61 

Lewiston,  N.  Y 217 

Lexington  and  W.  Cambridge  Railroad      72 

Litchtield 50 

Little  Falls 194 

Luckport  206 

Long  Branch 135 

Long  Island  Railroad I4J 

Long  Lake 171 

Lowell 49 

Lower  Red  Hook 160 

Madison's  Cave,  Va 290 

Maiden 47 

Manchester £0 

Manbattanville 134 

Mansfield 1)3 

Manyunk 215 

Marshfield iO 

Martha's  Vineyard 10! 

Mauch  Chunk 217 

Medford 4J 

Memphis  to  New  York 2j  1 

Michigan  Central  Railroad 2ii^ 

Middlebiiry 'jl 

Middlelow'n 14J 

Milford 14  J 

Milford  Branch  Railroad lUI 

Millbury  Branch  Railroad 7j 

Milwau'kie 3ul 

Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers  (distances 

from  Pittsburg) 2J5 

Mobile 291 

Mobile  to  New  Orleans 2j2 

Monroe 2.9 

Montgomery  to  Mobile 292 

Muntpelier i-3 

Montreal ISl 

Montreal  to  Quebec \»A 

Monument  Mountain 1 15 

Moose  Head  Lake til 

Morris  and  Essex  Railroad 2:;2 

Morrisvitle 2.8 

Mount  Auburn  Cemetery 72 

Mount  Hope  Cemetery 205 

Mount  Hope I18 

Mount  Independence 178 

Mount  Toby 84 

Mount  Tom 83 

Nantucket 101 

Nashua 50 

Nashua  and  Concord  Railroad 48 


I 


10 


INDEX. 


'h: 


1^ 


) 


Pajre 

Nashua  and  Worceiter  Railroad 71 

Naihville SO 

Naiitfk 76 

Nftiurul  Briilge,  Va 28U 

Na/.areih 247 

Neeilham. 74 

NepoiiHet  Village 95 

Newark 225 

New  Baltimore 163 

New  BedlonJ 100 

New  Beilt'orU  and  Tauiitoi)  Railroad  ...    99 

New  Brlgfhlon 135,  22;) 

Nrw  Brunswick,  province  of 65 

New  Briiiibwick,  N.  J 226 

Newburg' 159 

Ncwliuryjiort 42 

New  HaiiiLiurg' 159 

New  Haven 109 

New  Jersey  (railroad  roules  in) 221 

New  Lebaiiuii 117 

New  Lebiuioii  Springs  (routes  to) 116 

New  Loiiiloii 107 

New    London   and   Willimantic    Rail- 

ronil 109 

New  Oileniis 303 

Newport y8 

Newion 71 

Newton  Corner 74 

New  VViiidior 159 

New  York  City 118 

B«nks 126 

Clinrches,  Public  Buildings, 

&c 121 

City  Hall 124 

■ Croton  Water-works 129 

Ciislom-House 125 

tli-itances  from  tlie  City  Ilal!,  132 

— — — —  ICxliibitions  of  the  Fine  Arts.  129 

High  Bridge 129 

Hackney-coach  fares,  &,c.. ..  132 

Hotels,  &c 127 

— — liisiiraiice  Companies 126 

Literary  Insiitniions 126 

Merchants'  Exchange 124 

places  111  the  vicinity  of 133 

iilaces  of  Amuseineiil liiS 

Post  Office 125 

Public  Walks,  Squares,  &,c.,  120 

■ Steamboat  Lines 130 

■ "  Tombs" 125 

Trinity  Church ly2 

Trinity  Tower 123 

New  York  to  Albany  and  Troy 130 

New  York  10  Albany  (winter  routej 114 

New  York  to  Bosi.m,  via  New  Haven, 

Hurtronl,  and  Springfield 131 

New  York  to  Boston,  via  Newpor*.  ind 

Fall  River 131 

New  York  to  Boston,  via  Norwich  and 

Worcester 131 

New  York  lo  Boston,  via  Stoniiigton  and 

Providence |3l 

New  York  to  Bridgeport,  &c 114 

New  York  to  Cincinnati 2l/6 

New  York  (trip  from  )io  Detroit  and  Chi- 
cago, via  the  great  lakes 300 

New  York  and  Erie  Railroad U6 

New  York  and  New  Huven  Railroad...  143 
New    York    to   New   Haven,  Hartford, 

StiringfieUI,  &c 109 

New  York  to  Morristown  and  Schooley's 

Mountain,  N.  J '..  221 

New  York  to  Paterson,  N.  J 221 


Page 

New  York  to   Philadelphia,  Baltimore, 

and  Washington 2S4 

New    York    to    Philadelphia    (railroad 

route) 224 

New  York  to  Philadelphia   (iteamboat 

and  railroad  route) S29 

New  York  to  Piermont 148 

New  York  to  Port  Jervis 148 

New  York  to  Somerville 298 

Niagara  Falls 210 

Niagara  Falls  to  Hamilton,  Detroit,  &,c.  217 
Niagara  Falls  to  Montreal  and  Quebec    21? 

Niagara  Suspension  Bridge 214 

Norfolk  County  Railroad 10' 

Norristown 245 

Northampton 83 

North  Boscawen 86 

Northern  Railroad 85 

Noithfield 88 

Nova  Scotia 65 

Norwalk 143 

Norwich 10? 

Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad 106 

Nyack 154 

Ocean  House,  N.J 135 

Ogdensburg 219 

Ogilensbur^  Railroad 220 

Oliio  and  Mississippi  rivers  (distances 

from  Pittsburg) 296 

Old  Colony  Railroad 94 

Origin  and  Progress  of  Railroads 13 

Oswego 199 

Oswego  and  Syracuse  Railroad 199 

Oiisville 149 

Overslaugh 163 

Owego 163 

Palatine 193 

Palatine  Bridge 1^2 

Passage  up  the  Hudson 152 

Pttssaic  Falls 22! 

Paterson 2-?l 

Puterson  and  Ramupo  Railroad 221 

Pawtiixet  Village 105 

Piekskill 155 

Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad <'U0 

Petersboro'  and  Shirley  Railroad >j2 

Philadelphia 2:i0 

Banks 23, 

Benevolent  Institutions. . ..  238 

Churches 23; 

—  Fuirmount  Water-works  . .  233 

Girurd  College 235 

Hackney-coach  fares 243 

Hotels 5:43 

Laurel  Hill  Cemetery 242 

Literary  and  ScientifiL  Iti- 

stitutions '>39 

Medical  liistiiuiions 240 

places  of  Amusement 242 

places  worth  visiting 241 

Prisons 241 

Public  Buildings 234 

Public  Squares 232 

Philadelphia   (grand    routes    from)    to 

Pittsburg  and  the  West S.^S 

Philadelphia  to  Baltimore 262 

Pliiladelphia    to    Baltimore    (steamboat 

roiite) 268 

Philadelphia    to     Bethlehem,      Mauch 

Chunk,  &,c 247 

Philadelphia  to  Columbia 35S 


1 

i 


9 


I 


INDEX. 


11 


Pa^e 
Philnilelphia  to  Harrisbur^^  and  Pitls- 

burp 247 

Philatlclphia  to   Laiicusier  anii  HnrriH- 

buij,' 253 

Philailclp)ii»  (oNew  York 246 

Philadelpliia,   Reading',    and    Po'.Uville 

Railioiid 248 

Philadelphia  (routes  from) 246 

Philadelphia  (roiitus  Irom)  to  Baltimore 

and  Washiii°^*.on 261 

Philadelphia  to  Rending  and  Pottsville. .  248 
Piiiladelpliia,   Wilmington,    and  Balti- 
more Railroad 861 

Piermuiit 153  : 

Pittsburg 257  . 

Pittsburg  (routes  from) 295 

Pitisfield 81  i 

Pittstield  nnd  North  Adams  Railroad. ..    80 

Pliittsbiirg 180 

PIvmouih 95  I 

Pu'iiit  nuz  Trembles 185 

Port  Clinton 249 

Port  Genesee 219 

Port  Henry 178 

Port  Jervis 149  ' 

Port  Kent 179 

Portland 44 

Portland  (ruuies  from) 59 

Portland  to  Eastport 64 

Portland  tu  Quebec 59 

Port  Richmond 135,  229 

Portsmouth 43 

Portsmouth  to  Concord 46 

Poughkeepsie 159 

Pottstown 249 

Pottsville 249 

Princeton 2-27 

Providence 103 

Providence  to  Stoninglon 105 

Providence  and  Worcester  Railroad. ...  102 
Providence  to  Worcester lOiJ 

Quebec 186 

Quebec  (railroads  radiating  from) 189 

Queenstoii 815 

Quiiicy 95 

Racine 302 

Rah  way 2l'6 

Ramapo 118 

Rapids  of  St.  Mary 1»5 

Reading 47 

Reading,  Pa 249 

Red  Bank 135 

Red  Mountain 59 

Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  Railroad 167 

Rhinebeck liJO 

Richelieu  Rapids 185 

Richfield  Sprnigs 195 

Riverhead 142 

Rochester 204 

Rockaway  Beach 134 

Rome 198 

Rondout 160 

Rouse's  Point 180 

Rowley 42 

Roxbury 102 

Rutland 91 

Rutland  Railioad 90 

Sachem's  Head Ill 

Backetl'i  Harbor 219 

8aco 44 


Paga 

Sniior'tSnug  Harbor 230 

Salem 41 

Saint  Andrews 67 

Saint  Anne's 18t 

Saint  John,  N.  B 65 

Saint  Johns,  Can 181 

Saiiu  •iuhnsville 193 

Saint  ii.twrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad.  184 

St.  Louis 303 

St.  Louis  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. . .  296 

St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans -.  302 

Salisbury  Beach 42 

Salisbury,  Vt 91 

Saltpetre  Cave,  Va 8jn 

Sandusky  City 898 

Sandy  Hill 176 

Saratoga  and  Schenectady  Railroad. ...  168 
Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad. . ..  171 

Saratoga  Lake 171 

Saratoga  Springs 169 

Saratoga  to  Montreal  and  Quebec 1 71 

Saiigerties 160 

Savannah 293 

Saxon  ville 75 

Saxonville  Branch  Railroad 75 

Schenectady 191 

Schodac  Landing 163 

Sciiooley's  Mountain 229 

Schuylkill  (Falls  of  the) 246 

Schuylkill  Haven 249 

Schuylkill  Viaduct 246 

Seabrook 43 

Seneca  Falls 808 

Seneca  Lake 203 

Shaker  Village 82 

Sharon 103 

Sharon  Springs 192 

Sheffield 115 

Sliippensburg 251 

Shrewsbury 135 

SiUery  Cove 186 

Sing  Sing 154 

Skaneateles 200 

Skaneateles  Lake 200 

Somerville  and  Kaston  Railroad 223 

Soinersworth 48 

Sorel 185 

South  Ainboy 230 

South  Berwick 48 

Suuthboro' 75 

South  Hadley  Falls 84 

South  Hadley  Village 84 

South  Reading 47 

South  Shore  Railroad 96 

Split  Rock 179 

Spot  Pond 47 

Springfield 80 

Springfield  to  Northampton  and  Green- 

lield 82 

Spuyien  Duyvel  Creek 153 

Squam  Lake 59 

Staien  Island 135,  8.^0 

Stillwater 175 

Stoneham 47 

Stonington 106 

Stoiiington  Railroad lOl 

Stuyvesant 163 

Sullivan  Railroad 88 

Sunbury 851 

Sunbury,  Danville,  and  Pottsville  RaiU 

road 851 

Syracuse 198 

Syracuse  and  Utica  Railroad IM 


;  : 


12 


INDEX. 


I 


PRSfe 

Tacoiiy 229 

Tarryiiiwii 154 

Tauiilon 100 

Tiiuiitoti  Bi'nnch  HuilroaU 99 

TlioinaBluii 64 

Tljoimaiid  iHlen 219 

Three  Riveri 185 

Tintoii  Falls 135 

Toledo 299 

Tnimwaiida  Aailroad 207 

Toronto ^18 

Troy 166 

Truy  lu  Dallston  Spa  &  Saratug'a  Spring*  166 

Troy  to  Biittulo  and  Niajfara  Falls 191 

Troy  and  Greenljuili  Railroad 166 

Truy  to  Montreal  and  Qubbec 175 

Trenton 22' 

Trenton  Falls 196 

Union,  Pa 285 

Utica 195 

Uiicannd  Schenectady  Railroad 192 

Upper  Red  Hook 160 

Valley  Forge 249 

VergenneM 92 

Vermont  Central  Railroad 92 

Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Railroad  . .    87 

Verona  Cenire 198 

Virginia  Spiings 287 

Vir-rinia  Springs  (routes  lu) 286 

Wachiisetl  Mountain 77 

WaldoborongI 64 

Wiilthain 71 

Wampsville 198 

Wareliain 9J 

Warren 64 

Warwick 1U5 

Washington  City 2r3 

^^— —  Hackney-coaches,  fares. ...  2SI 

Hotels 281 

Washington,  Pa., 285 

Wasiiington  Branch  Railroad 27.3 

Washington  to  Baltimore 273 

Waierlurd It57 

Waterloo 202 


Pan 

Waterlown 73 

NVeehawken 152 

Wen  ham , 43 

Weir's  Cave 289 

Wesibnro' 76 

Went  Cambridge 71 

West  Concord 86 

Western  Railroad,  Mass 77 

Wesifleld 81 

Weston 71 

West  Point 156 

Westporl 178 

West  Springfield 81 

West  Siockbridge 116 

West  Troy 167 

West  Whately 83 

Wheeling 2H5 

Whiieha"! 176 

While  Moutitains 51 

While  Mountains  (routes  to) M 

While  Plains 145 

Whitesboro' 198 

Wilkesbarre 250 

William  Henry 185 

Williamsburg 133 

Willinnisport 251 

Wilmingion 47 

Wilmington,  Del 262 

Wilton  Railroad 93 

Wiiinipiseugee  Lake 58 

Wiiniipiseogee  Lake  (routes  to) 58 

Wiscrtsset 64 

Wi.'sahickou  Creek 245 

Woburn 49 

Woodbury 244 

Wood's  Hole 101 

Worcester 74 

Worcester  Railroad 73 

Worcester  to  Norwich 106 

Worcester  to  Providence 109 

Wreiiiham 103 

Yonkers 153 

York 253 

York  and  Wrightsville  Railroad 25S 

Yoikviile 14f 


APPENDIX. 

Steamships 305,  308 

Sniling  Packets 306,  30" 

Telegraph  Lines 307-31 

Value  of  United  States  and  Foreign  Coins  &c 311,  311 


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20  30 


SUowiu^'the  Railioada 
and  Iheir  co?me(tion  nith  the 
CITIES  OF 

VVITH  D  ISTAIfCES . 

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RAILROAD   AND  STEAMBOAT 
COMPANION. 


ORIGIN   AND  PR0GRES6  OF  RAILROADS. 

The  first  railway  of  which  we  have  any  satisfactory  notice,  was  one 
constructed  near  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  England,  about  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  It  was  adopted  in  order  to  reduce  the  labor 
of  drawing  coals  from  the  pits  to  the  places  of  shipment,  and  consisted 
simply  of  pieces  of  wood  imbedded  in  the  ordinary  road.  These  tracks 
presented  a  much  smoother  surface  for  the  wheels  to  run  on,  than  was 
previously  used,  and  therefore  greatly  increased  the  available  power  of 
the  horses.  The  advantages  of  even  this  kind  of  railroad  were  so  great 
as  to  cause  its  extensive  introduction  into  various  mining  districts ;  while 
improvements,  from  time  to  time,  were  made  upon  it. 

This  description  of  road  continued  in  use  for  a  century  and  a  half 
without  any  important  step  being  taken  for  the  introduction  of  a  more 
durable  material.  Stoneways,  it  is  true,  were  constructed  for  similar 
purposes,  but,  although  possessing  some  advantages,  they  wore  not  as 
smooth  as  wood.  The  next  material  improvement  was  the  use  of  cast- 
iron  plates  fixed  upon  the  wooden  rails— the  result  rather  of  fortuitous 
circumstances  than  of  premeditation,  notwithstanding  the  well-known 
effect  of  iron  in  diminishing  resistance.  This  was  first  tried  upon  a 
wooden  railroad  at  the  Colebrook  Dale  iron-works  in  Shropshire,  Eng- 
land, about  the  year  1767.  In  consequence  of  the  price  of  iron  becom- 
ing very  low,  and  in  order  to  keep  the  furnaces  at  work,  it  was  deter- 
mined to  cast  bars  which  might  be  laid  upon  the  wooden  rails,  and  in 
case  of  a  sudden  rise  in  the  price,  taken  up  and  sold  as  "  pigs."  This 
plan  was  first  suggested  by  Mr.  William  Reynolds,  the  gentleman  who 
erected  at  Colebrook  Dale  the  first  iron  bridge  in  England.  The  plates 
of  iron  were  five  feet  in  length,  four  inches  broad,  and  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  thick,  with  three  holes  in  each  for  nailing  to  the  wood. 

The  introduction  of  malleable  iron  as  a  material  for  rails  is  an  im- 
provement which  may  perhaps  be  considered  to  have  done  more  than 
any  other  in  preparing  railroads  for  becoming  the  principal  highways 
of  a  commercial  country.  The  brittleness  of  cast-iron  rendered  it 
necessary  that  the  rails  should  be  made  of  much  greater  strength  than 
was  sufi&cient  to  bear  ordinary  loads,  that  they  might  be  able  to  resist 
accidental  strains  and  shocks.  So  long  as  the  travelling  was  restricted 
to  tt  low  rate  of  speed,  the  accidents  and  delays  thus  occasioned  were 


14 


RAILIIOAD   AND    STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


I  i 


il!!! 


of  minor  importance  ;  but  the  difnciilty  of  giinrding  ngainat  them  would 
no  duubt  have  greatly  retarded  the  use  of  railways  for  the  conveyance 
of  passengers,  if  an  adequate  remedy  had  not  been  provided  before  the 
experiment  was  made. 

Bars  of  malleable  iron  were  laid  down  as  rails  to  a  limited  extent 
about  the  year  1608,  and  some  engineers  advocated  their  use,  notwith- 
standing the  inconvenience  arising  from  their  unsuitable  form  ;  no  ma- 
chinery  being  then  used  by  which  they  could  be  made  economically  in 
any  other  than  a  square  or  flat  form.  The  desire  to  introduce  a  more 
durable  rail  led  also  to  experiments  on  the  combination  of  wrought  and 
^ast  iron ;  but  these  and  all  simihir  contrivances  were  superceded  in 
1820,  by  the  invention  of  an  efficient  and  cheap  method  of  rolling  iron 
bars  suitable  for  rails  and  other  purposes.  Malleable  rails,  when  in  use, 
do  not  rust  to  any  material  extent,  while  the  same  rails,  if  lying  on  the 
ground  beside  the  track,  rapidly  waste  away. 

Animal  power  was  the  only  means  of  locomotion  originally  employed 
on  railways  to  any  considerable  extent ;  but  the  purpose  to  which  it  was 
applied,  was  simply  that  of  conveying  mineral  produce  to  a  place  of 
shipment,  somewhere  in  the  neighborhood. 

An  ingenious  contrivance  was  introduced  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last 
century  for  ascending  and  descending  declivities.  When  a  declivity 
occurs  steeper  than  is  convenient  for  the  ordinary  power,  a  self-acting 
inclined  plane  is  sometimes  resorted  to ;  on  which  a  train  of  carriages  is 
allowed  to  run  down  by  the  force  of  gravity,  drawing  a  rope,  which, 
after  passing  round  a  wheel  at  the  top  of  the  plane,  is  conducted  down 
the  slope  and  attached  to  an  empty  train— the  force  of  the  descent  of 
the  loaded  vehicles  being  sufficient  to  cause  the  empty  train  to  run  up 
to  the  top  of  the  plane.  Stationary  steam-engines,  which  draw  the  car- 
riages by  means  of  ropes  guided  by  pulleys  in  the  centre  of  the  track, 
have  been  used  from  an  early  period. 

The  following  is  a  brief  notice  of  the  steps  by  which  the  locomotive 
engine  has  been  brought  to  its  present  state  of  perfection. 

The  possibility  of  applying  the  steam-engine  to  the  purposes  of  loco- 
motion was  conceived  by  several  of  its  earliest  improvers,  but  it  does 
not  appear  that  any  carried  their  ideas  into  practice  until  about  the  year 
'.802.  Richard  Trevithick  and  Andrew  Vivian,  two  Cornish  engineers, 
ihe  inventoi^s  of  the  high-pressure  steam-engine,  were  the  first  who  ap- 
plied steam  as  a  lf>comotive  power.  Watt,  in  1784,  first  conceived  the 
Idea  that  two  persons  might  probably  be  carried  by  an  engine  having  a 
(Cylinder  seven  inches  in  diameter,  and  a  foot-stroke,  the  piston  moving 
at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet,  or  sixty  strokes  per  minute. 
This  scheme,  however,  was  never  put  in  practice. 

In  the  year  1804,  Trevithick  and  Vivian  constructed  an  engine  for 
moving  railway  carriages.  This  was  the  first  steam-engine  applied  to 
locomotive  purposes  in  Great  Britain.  It  was  used  successfully  on  the 
railroad  at  Merthyr  Tydvil,  in  South  Wales,  and  thereby  proved  the 
praaticabiiity  of  their  plan.    Th )  following  engraving  represents  a  front 


ii  I 


1  H 


ORIGIN  AND  PROGRESS  OF  RAILROADS. 


10 


and  side  view  of  this  machine.  This  locomotive  engine,  which  in  many 
of  its  leading  features  was  essentially  the  same  as  those  now  in  use, 
drew  at  its  first  trial  as  many  wagons  as  carried  ten  tons  of  bar-iron, 
with  a  considerable  number  of  persons,  and  travelled  at  the  rate  of  five 
miles  an  hour.  The  "  tender,"  carrying  a  supply  of  fuel  and  water,  and 
a  small  force-pump,  worked  by  the  machine  itself,  maintained  the  re- 
quisite quantity  of  water  in  the  boiler. 

Messrs.  Trevithick  and  Vivian  also  invented  steam-coaches  for  run- 
ning upon  common  turnpike  roads,  but  not  receiving  the  encourage- 
ment they  deserved,  they  abandoned  the  enterprise. 

In  1827,  Mr.  Goldsworthy  Gurney  obtained  a  patent  for  a  steam-car- 
riage, and  in  1829  had  brought  it  to  such  perfection  that  he  was  enabled 
to  ascend  with  it  the  highest  hills  round  London,  and  travelled  from 
London  to  Bath,  a  distance  of  107  miles,  and  back.  In  1831,  one  of  hia 
steam-carriages  ran  about  four  months  on  the  road  between  Gloucestei 
and  Cheltenham.  The  success  of  Mr.  Gurney's  steam-carriage  led  tt 
the  formation,  in  Scotland,  about  the  year  1834,  of  a  steam-carriage  com 
pany  for  turnpike  roads.  The  carriages  commenced  plying  regularly 
between  Glasgow  and  Paisley,  when  an  unfortunate  accident  occurred, 
in  1835,  attended  with  considerable  loss  of  life,  from  the  explosion  oi 
one  of  the  boilers.  After  this  disaster,  all  attempts  to  introduce  steam* 
carriages  on  public  roads  proved  abortive. 

In  1811,  Mr.  Blenkinsop  patented  a  locomotive  engine,  in  which  the 
power  was  applied  to  a  large  cogged  wheel,  the  teeth  of  which  entered 
a  rack  laid  down  beside  the  ordinary  rails.  Patents  were  taken  out  in 
1816  and  1817,  by  George  Stephenson,  in  connection  with  Messrs.  iHodd 
and  Losh,  under  which  several  locomotives  were  constructed  and 


■ 


I     ! 


I. 

1 


.115  ft 


19 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


brought  into  practical  operation  upon  colliery  railways  near  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  idea  of  the  construction  of  the  Liver- 
pool and  Manchester  railway  oriKinatod  with  the  late  Mr.  William 
James,  four  years  before  the  act  of  Parliament  was  obtained,  which  was 
in  1N20.  To  this  gentleman  we  are  indebted  for  the  present  system  of 
railways.  He,  however,  (as  is  usual  in  such  cases,)  never  reaped  any 
benefit  from  his  valuable  suggestions.  To  him  likewise  is  due  the  pro- 
jection of  the  London  and  Birmingham  railway.  IIo  had  witnessed  the 
operations  of  the  locomotive  engines  around  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  and 
imparted  his  sentiments  to  Mr.  Saunders  of  Liverpool,  which  so  deeply 
^pressed  that  gentleman  with  the  feasibility  of  applying  this  plan  of  rail- 
vay  traction,  that  he  had  a  survey  of  the  road  made  at  his  own  expense. 
When  the  projectors  of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway  were 
-ngaged  in  the  design  and  execution  of  that  great  work,  the  advantages 
f  locomotive  steam-engines  were  so  imperfectly  developed,  that  it  was 
■  ncertain  whether  they  would  bo  adopted.  The  experiment  of  forming 
b  railway  for  passengers,  as  well  as  for  carrying  general  merchandise, 
lad  scarcely  been  tried,  although  the  Stockton  and  Darlington  railway, 
v'hich  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1825,  had  done  more  than  any  of  its 
predecessors  in  showing  the  capabilities  of  a  railway  for  such  a  Ubc. 
As  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  line  approached  completion,  the  di- 
rectors became  convinced  that  horse-power  was  ineligible,  since  it  was 
intended  to  aim  at  considerable  velocity.  It  was  difficult  to  decide  upon 
the  comparative  merits  of  stationary  and  locomotive  engines.  Various 
suggestions  were  made  for  the  application  of  fixed  engines  at  Intervals 
along  the  line,  to  draw  trains  by  ropes  from  station  to  station  ;  but  it 
wa3  eventually  determined  to  use  locomotives,  and  to  offer  a  premium 
of  £500  for  the  best  which  would  fulfil  certain  conditions,  of  which  some 
werr— thatit  should  not  emit  smoke,  (the  nuisance  of  smoke  was  pre- 
vent fd  by  the  employment  of  coke  as  fuel,  which  is  used  at  the  present 
timt"  upon  most  of  the  railways  in  England)— should  draw  three  times 
its  o  m  weight  at  the  rate  of  ten  miles  per  hour— should  be  supported 
on  s,  rings,  not  exceeding  six  tons  weight,  or  four  tons  and  a  half  if  on 
only  our  wheels— and  should  not  cost  more  than  £550.  The  trial  was 
fixed  for  October,  1829,  when  four  steam  locomotives  were  produced, 
one  of  which  was  withdrawn  at  the  commencement  of  the  experiment. 
The  Sans  Pareil,  by  Mr.  Hackworth,  was  very  similar  to  Trevithick's 
engine,  but  had  two  cylinders,  both  working  the  same  axle.  This  en- 
gine attained  a  velocity  of  15  miles  per  hour  with  a  gross  load  of  I'J  tons, 
but  at  length  gave  way,  owing  to  a  trifling  accident.  The  remaining 
engine,  the  Rocket,  was  constructed  by  Messrs.  Stephenson  and  Booth, 
of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway.  It  travelled  with  a  gross  load 
of  17  tons,  and  averaged  a  speed  of  14  miles  per  hour ;  but  under  some 
circumstances  it  attained  double  that  velocity,  and  succeeded  in  per- 
forming more  than  was  stipulated  for.  The  following  en'jraving  repre- 
vents  a  side  view  of  the  "  Rocket." 


m 


ORIGIN  AND  FKOGRESM  0¥  RAII^ROADS. 


17 


WW 


Since  the  successful  adoption  of  locomotive  steam-engines  on  the 
Liverpool  and  Manchester  railway,  improvements  have  followed  close- 
ly upon  one  another  ;  but  they  have  chiefly  been  of  a  minor  character, 
when  compared  with  that  of  tubing  the  boiler,  which  formed  the  distin- 
guishing feature  of  the  Rocket  engine.  Stephenson  built  several  en- 
gines, shortly  after  the  competition  in  which  the  Rocket  had  proved 
victorious,  retaining  this  arrangement,  but  having  the  machinery  dis- 
posed in  a  different  manner.  The  power  of  generating  steam,  which  is 
tlie  measure  of  efficiency  in  a  locomotive  engine,  depends  much  upon 
judicious  tubing,  it  being  desirable  to  deprive  the  heated  air  of  its  ca- 
loric as  completely  as  possible  before  leaving  the  boiler.  An  important 
feature  in  a  locomotive  is  its  security  from  bursting,  because,  as  the 
tubes  are  much  weaker  than  the  external  casing  of  the  boiler,  they  are 
almost  certain  to  give  way  first,  and  the  bursting  of  one  or  two  tubes  is 
rarely  productive  of  more  serious  consequences  than  extinguishing  the 
fire,  and  thereby  causing  a  gradual  stoppage  of  the  machine. 

On  the  opening  of  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway,  15th  Sep- 
tember, 1830,  the  problem  of  the  rapid  transport  of  passengers  by  steam 

2 


i!'l 


* .!' 


Id 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


on  railways  was  solved,  and  the  profitable  character  of  the  enterprise 
soon  became  apparent. 

This  road  was  commenced  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  George 
Stephenson,  an  engineer  of  great  practical  skill  and  experience  ;  and 
fortunate  indeed  it  was  for  Great  Britain  and  the  world,  that  a  work  of 
such  vast  importance  was  placed  in  such  able  hands.  Had  this  great 
enterprise  failed,  there  is  no  knowing  how  long  the  progressive  spirit  of 
the  age  would  have  slept  upon  this  important  subject,  and  the  world 
been  deprived  of  the  vast  benefits  resulting  from  it.  The  projectors 
of  this  great  work  had  immense  opposition  to  struggle  against.  The 
powerful  canal  companies— which  had  settled  down  into  odious  mo- 
nopolies, disregardful  of  the  public  weal— had,  by  exorbitant  exactions 
and  negligence  of  duty,  aroused  the  people  to  the  necessity  of  this  great 
undertaking,  and  after  a  deadly  opposition  to  it  in  the  British  Parlia- 
ment of  four  years,  the  company  at  last  obtained  a  charter. 

The  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway  was  designed,  at  first,  only  to 
facilitate  the  transit  of  merchandise ;  but  its  still  greater  fitness  for  the 
conveyance  of  passengers  was  soon  demonstrated ;  and  from  that  time 
the  progress  of  railways  has  known  no  check. 

In  1840  there  were  1,300  miles  of  railway  in  full  operation  in  England, 
upon  which,  during  that  year,  12,000,000  of  persons  had  been  conveyed. 
In  1841, 1,550  miles  were  in  working  order,  over  which  20,000.000  of  pas- 
sengers had  been  carried.  The  length  of  railway  open  in  1843  was 
1,800  miles,  and  the  number  of  passengers  transported  during  that  year 
was  nearly  27,000,000.  The  year  1844  closed  with  2,148  miles  of  rail- 
way open  for  use.  From  that  time  to  June  30th,  1849,  3,236  miles  more 
were  added,  making  a  total  to  that  period  of  5,384  miles  of  railway 
opened  for  traffic  in  Great  Britain. 

The  commissioners  appointed  by  government  estimated  the  amount 
expended  in  the  construction  of  railways  in  Great  Britain,  up  to  Jan., 
1849,  at  not  less  than  two  hundred  millions  of  pounds  sterling,  or  about 
one  thousand  millions  of  dollars. 

The  length  of  railways  constructed,  and  in  process  of  construction, 
in  Jan.,  1850,  is  stated  at  7,210  miles.  The  working  lines  furnish  profit- 
able employment  to  upwards  of  55,000  men,  whilst  a  body  of  about 
200,000  more  are  employed  in  the  construction  of  new  works. 

A  six  months'  return  from  the  different  companies  in  the  kingdom, 
gives  a  total  of  31  millions  of  passengers ;  of  whom  about  3J  millions 
travelled  by  the  ^r«t-class  cars,  12  millions  by  the  second,  and  the  re- 
mainder, amounting  to  nearly  16  millions,  by  the  third. 

The  great  safety  of  railway  travelling  will  be  obvious  from  the  fol- 
lowing statement.  Out  of  57,960,784  passengers  conveyed  over  the 
various  routes  in  the  United  Kingdom,  during  a  period  of  twelne  months, 
21  only  were  killed  ;  12  of  whom  met  their  deaths  by  their  own  care- 
lessness or  misconduct,  leaving  bat  nine  casualties  properly  attrib- 
utable to  the  mode  of  travel. 

After  the  practicability  of  railroads  for  travel  and  taffic  had  been 


ORIGIN  AND  PROGRESS  OF  RAILROADS. 


19 


proved  in  England,  it  was  not  long  before  the  keen  eye  of  American 
enterprise  detected  the  immense  advantages  to  accrue  from  the  adop- 
tion of  that  system  here,  and  measures  were  at  once  taken  to  plant 
the  "  iron  road"  in  America. 

The  first  railway  constructed  in  this  country  was  the  Quincy,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, a  short  line  of  four  miles,  completed  in  1827.  It  was  buiU 
for  the  purpose  of  conveving  granite  quarried  in  the  Granite  Hills  to 
vessels  lying  in  the  Neponset  river.  About  the  same  time  other  short 
lines  were  constructed  in  Pennsylvania,  leading  from  Mauch  Chunk  to 
the  coal-mines.    Of  course,  on  these  horse-power  only  was  used. 

Although  the  foregoing  were,  we  believe,  the  first  railroads  construct- 
ed in  the  U.  States,  it  appears  that  a  proposition  was  made  at  an  early 
period,  in  the  Massachusetts  slate  legislature,  for  the  opening  of  an 
iron  road  between  Boston  and  Albany. 

At  this  early  date  so  little  was  known  concerning  the  great  advan- 
tages of  railways  for  inland  traflftc,  that  it  is  not  at  all  surprising  that 
more  immediate  action  was  not  taken  upon  it,  especially  when  we  con- 
sider the  vastness  of  the  design  and  the  great  outlay  necessary  for  its 
completion.  Capitalists  were  not  disposed  to  risk  large  sums  of  money 
in  an  enterprise  where  they  saw  neither  immediate  nor  prospective 
returns. 

Governor  Lincoln,  in  his  message  to  the  Massachusetts  state  legis- 
lature, June  6,  1826,  only  six  days  after  the  proposition  for  the  railroad 
had  been  introduced,  speaks  in  high  terms  of  canals,  as  "  enriching  the 
country  through  which  they  pa.«sed,  by  irrigating  the  banks."  Not- 
withstanding this,  however,  the  committee,  in  .Ian.  following,  reported 
strongly  in  favor  of  the  project,  and  recommended  the  appropriation  of 
$5,000  for  a  survey.  In  March,  1827,  this  was  voted  by  a  large  majority 
in  the  house,  but  was  lost  by  a  single  vote  in  the  senate.  In  the  follow- 
ing June,  however,  both  branches  of  the  legislature  voted  for  the  sur- 
veys. Although  the  subject  was  brought  before  that  body  at  various 
times,  the  road  was  not  incorporated  until  June,  1831,  and  then  only 
the  first  link  as  far  as  Worcester,  44  miles,  which  was  not  completed 
until  July,  1835.  It  was,  however,  finally  opened  to  the  Hudson  River, 
in  Jan.,  1842,  after  a  lapse  of  nearly  sixteen  years  from  the  time  of  its 
first  proposal,  and  at  a  cost  of  about  twelve  millions  of  dollars. 

The  judicious  construction  of  railroads  has,  beyond  doubt,  great  in- 
fluence in  enhancing  the  value  of  real  estate,  as  is  shown  by  a  recent 
comparative  estimate  of  the  personal  and  real  estate  of  the  two  cities 
of  Boston  and  New  York.  The  former  is  mainly  indebted  for  her  re- 
cent rapid  growth,  to  the  enterprise  she  has  displayed  in  the  construc- 
tion of  railroads.  The  valuation  of  real  and  personal  estate  in  New 
York,  at  the  commencement  of  the  year  1849,  was  $254,193,527,  which, 
compared  with  that  of  1840.  exhibits  an  increase  of  only  $31,350,373  ; 
while  that  of  Boston  shows  an  increase  of  $73,097,400,  during  the  same 
interval.  In  1840  the  wealth  of  Boston  in  real  estate  amounted  to 
$94,031,600,  and  in  1849  it  was  estimated  at  $167,728,000. 


<^ 


20 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


In  Jan.,  1850,  it  was  estimated  that  about  8,144  miles  of  railway  com- 
munication had  been  completed  in  the  United  States,  at  a  cost  of  up- 
wards of  213  millions  of  dollars.  The  whole  of  this  va.st  sum  has  been 
expended  within  the  last  twenty,  and  by  far  the  greater  portion  within 
the  last  ten  years ;  and  we  think  it  more  than  likely  that  an  equal 
amount  will  be  required  to  complete  the  roads  now  in  progress,  and 
those  which  will  probably  be  built  within  the  next  seven  or  eight  years 
In  addition  to  the  numerous  lines  now  in  progress  there  are  many  stu- 
pendous ones  in  contemplation,  the  principal  of  which  is  the  much 
talked  of  Pacific  railroad.  This  road  is  intended  to  connect  the  various 
important  lines  which  shall  have  been  completed  east  of  the  Mississippi 
river  with  the  Pacific  ocean.  Its  length  will  be  about  2,000  miles,  and 
the  capital  required  for  its  construction,  reckoned  at  $30,000  per  mile, 
would  amount  to  the  large  sum  of  60  millions  of  dollars. 

The  small,  but  energetic  state  of  Massachusetts,  has  undoubtedly 
taken  the  lead  in  railway  enterprises,  besides  supplying  large  amounts 
of  capital  for  the  construction  of  her  own  great  highways,  she  has  aided 
materially  in  the  making  of  similar  works  in  other  parts  of  the  Union. 
Her  metropolis,  Boston,  has  now  a  direct  communication  by  railway 
with  the  great  lakes,  at  Buffitlo,  503  miles  distant,  via  Albany,  Utica, 
Syracuse,  Rochester,  &c.  This  line  will  be  continued  across  that  por- 
tioji  of  Canada  West  lying  between  Lakes  Huron  and  Ontario,  thereby 
forming  an  iniportant  link  in  the  route  connecting  the  Atlantic  at  one 
point  with  the  great  Northwest.  This  Canada  road  will  terminate  op- 
posite Detroit,  from  which  place  diverges  the  Michigan  Central  Rail- 
road, which  traverses  the  state  from  east  to  west  until  it  reaches  Lake 
Michigan  at  New  Buffalo.  This  line  will  soon  be  continued  around  the 
head  of  the  Lake  to  Chicago,  where  it  will  unite  with  the  line  now 
building  from  that  point  to  the  lead  region  on  the  Mississippi  river.  By 
these  united  lines  Boston  will  have  a  railroad  communication  running 
westward  from  her  equal  to  nearly  1,300  miles. 

She  is  also  united  with  various  and  important  lines  which  pervade 
the  States  of  New  Hampshire  and  V' ermont ;  and  by  those  with  Lake 
Champlain  and  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  both  at  Montreal  and  Ogdens- 
burg.  With  the  latter  place  she  is  also  connected,  by  means  of  the 
Northern  Hailroad  in  the  state  of  N.  York,  starting  from  Rouse's  Point. 

Boston  is  also  united  by  lines  of  railroad  with  import.int  places  in  the 
state  of  Maine,  in  which  section  considerable  movement  is  being  made 
towards  their  further  extension.  She  is  likewise  connected  with  the 
p;reat  commercial  city  of  New  York  by  several  lines  terminating  on 
Long  Island  Sound,  which  pass  through  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut, 
intersecting  all  places  of  note  in  those  states ;  by  the  New  Haven 
and  New  ^'ork  road  ;  by  the  Long  Island  road  from  Greenport  to 
Brooklyn  ;  and  by  steamboats  running  on  the  Sound. 

The  city  of  New  York  is  now  pushing  forward  with  energy  several  im- 
portant works  ;  the  principal  of  which  are  the  New  Y^'ork  and  Erie,  with 
its  branches,  and  the  Hudson  River  railroads.    The  former  of  these  will 


ORIGIN  AND  PROGRESS  OF  RAILROADS. 


21 


(it  is  stated)  be  completed  in  April,  1851,  to  Dunkirk,  on  Lake  Erie,  a 
distance  of  450  miles  from  its  commencement  at  Piermont,  on  the  Hud- 
son  river,  24  miles  above  New  York.  It  will  cost  about  16  millions  of 
dollars.  From  Dunkirk  other  important  lines  are  being  constructed, 
which  will  shortly  unite  New  York  with  Chicago  and  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  all  of  which  will  have  an  important  bearing  upon  the  pros- 
pects of  the  Erie  road.  The  following  are  the  various  connecting  links 
of  railroad,  with  their  lengths,  which  will  run  westward. 

From  Dunkirk  to  Pennsylvania  Line 25  miles. 

From  Pennsylvania  Line  to  Erie 19  •' 

From  Erie  to  Ohio  lane 25  '♦ 

From  Ohio  Line  to  Cleveland 75  " 

From  Cleveland  to  Sandusky 55  *' 

From  Sandusky  to  Toledo 50  " 

From  Toledo  to  Hillsdale 68  «• 

From  Hillsdale  to  Coldwater 22  " 

From  Coldwater  to  Chicago  156  " 

From  Chicago  to  Galena 180  " 

675     « 
Distance  from  New  York  to  Dunkirk 474     " 

Total 1149     '* 

The  route  by  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad  between  the  city  ol 
New  York  and  the  western  part  of  the  state  is  shorter  than  the  route 
via  Albany,  and  consequently  will  be  the  speediest  and  cheapest.  At 
Owego  this  road  intersects  the  Cayuga  and  Susquehanna  Railroad,  ex- 
tending 29  miles,  to  Ithaca,  where  it  connects,  by  steamboats  on  the 
Lake,  at  Cayuga  Bridge,  with  the  chain  of  roads  from  Albany  to  Buf- 
falo, thus  bringing  a  rich  and  extensive  country  in  close  connection 
with  the  city  of  New  York.  At  Elmira  another  branch  road  is  inter- 
sected, running  18  miles,  to  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake  ;  this  is  a  very 
important  connection,  as  a  direct  communication  is  opened  with  Gene- 
va, and  other  cities  and  towns  on  the  great  central  line.  At  Corning 
it  connects  with  the  Corning  and  Blossburg  Railroad,  extending  forty 
miles,  to  the  bituminous  coal  and  iron  fields  of  Pennsylvania.  There 
are  several  other  projected  lines,  which  will  doubtless  be  completed 
within  a  few  years :  among  which  are  the  Attica  and  Hornellsville,  the 
Rochester  and  Corning,  the  Auburn  and  Ithaca,  and  the  Liggett's  Gap 
road,  connecting  the  Erie  road  with  the  anthracite  coal  regions  of 
Pennsylvania. 

The  Hudson  River  Railroad,  another  great  work  of  internal  improve- 
ment, is  to  connect  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Albany  ;  its  length  will 
be  about  144  miles,  and  its  entire  cost  is  estimated  at  sercn  millions  of 
aoHurs.  The  advantages  which  must  result  to  New  York  by  means  of 
this  road  are  of  the  first  importance.  For  a  portion  of  the  year  the 
direct  communication  with  Albany  is  cut  off  by  the  closing  of  the  Hud- 


W: 


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22 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


son  river,  while  that  between  Boston  and  Albany  is  uninterrapted. 
Thus  the  winter  trade  from  the  western  portion  of  the  state  is  turned 
from  its  legitimate  channel,  and  goes  to  benefit  a  sister  city  at  the  ex- 
pense of  New  York.  The  opening  of  this  roitd  to  Albany  will  be  bene^ 
ficially  felt  by  all  classes  of  society  ;  business  operations  having  here- 
tofore, to  a  great  extent,  been  suspended  on  the  closing  of  the  river. 

At  Albany  this  road  will  unite  the  chain  of  roads  diverging  from  that 
city  to  the  western  line  of  the  state.  It  passes  throngh  many  flourish- 
ing places,  as  Utica,  Syracuse,  Auburn,  Geneva,  Rochester,  and  Buf- 
falo, and  intersects  a  host  of  other  growing  towns,  and  a  rich  country, 
including  the  great  wheat  region  of  the  Genesee  Valley.  The  Hudson 
River  road  at  Albany  will  also  meet  and  continue  the  route  northward, 
through  'I'roy  and  Saratoga  Springs  to  Lake  Champlain  at  Whitehall. 
This  route  forms  the  great  thoroughfare  to  Canada.  A  short  line  is 
being  constructed  from  Whitehall,  to  unite  this  route  with  the  Rutland 
road  in  Vermont. 

By  the  New  Haven  Railroad  New  York  is  brought  in  proximity  with 
the  extensive  net- work  of  railways  pervading  the  states  of  New  England. 
The  short  line  of  23  miles,  needed  from  Brattleboro'  to  Bellows  Falls, 
to  make  this  communication  complete  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut, 
will  soon  be  completed.  This  will  open  to  New  York  an  extensive 
trade,  connecting  as  it  does  with  the  Rutland  road,  running  to  Burling- 
ton ;  with  the  Sullivan  and  Passumpsic  River  roads,  and  so  through  Can- 
ada to  Montreal ;  with  the  Vermont  Central  Road  running  to  Burlington  ; 
and  by  another,  running  northward  along  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake 
Champlain,  connecting  at  Rouse's  Point  with  the  New  York  Northern 
Railroad,  whose  western  terminus  is  on  the  St.  Lawrence  river. 

New  York  has  also  a  railway  communication  proceeding  southward, 
traversing  the  states  of  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  and  North  Carolina,  terminating  at  Wilmington,  in  the 
latter  state.  She  is  also  brought  in  connection  with  the  rich  coal-field.<j 
of  the  "  Keystone"  state,  by  roads  extending  across  New  Jersey  into 
Pennsylvania. 

To  the  city  of  Philadelphia  the  importance  of  the  Pennsylvania  Cen- 
tral Railroad  can  hardly  be  over-estimated.  It  will  connect  Philadel- 
phia with  Pittsburg,  the  entire  distance  between  the  two  cities  being, 
according  to  the  route  surveyed,  358  miles.  The  Central  road  begins 
at  Ilarrisburg,  at  which  place  it  unites  with  the  Harrisburg  and  Lancas- 
ter, and  Columbia  railroads,  leading  from  thence  to  Philadelphia.  On 
the  completion  of  this  great  thoroughfare  the  eastern  and  western  parts 
of  I'ennsylvania  will  be  brought  within  seventeen  hours  of  each  other. 

From  Pittsburg  the  line  is  continued  by  the  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio 
Railroad  Company  into  the  slate  of  Ohio ;  and  at  Massillon  it  will  form 
a  connection  with  the  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  and  Cleveland  Railroad, 
which  runs  from  the  dhio  river  to  Lake  Erie.  It  will  also  form  a  junc- 
tion with  the  network  of  railways  now  covering  that  growing  state. 

The  completion  of  this  line  will  also  form  a  union  with  the  roads 


ORIGIN  AND  PROGRESS  OF  RAILROADS^ 


23 


passing  through  northern  Ohio  and  Indiana  to  the  southern  borders  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  the  city  of  Chicago.  It  will  thus  open  an  extensive 
line  of  communication  between  Philadelphia  and  the  growing  north- 
western  states,  and  lessen  the  distance,  as  travelled  by  the  lake  and 
railroad,  via  Buffalo  and  Albany,  some  five  or  six  hundred  miles.  It 
will  likewise  form,  via  the  Pennsylvania  road,  the  shortest  route  from 
Chicago,  Cleveland,  &c.,  to  New  York  and  lioston. 

The  great  central  and  direct  route  from  Philadelphia  to  St.  Louis  will 
pass  through  the  heart  of  the  great  states  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indi- 
ana, and  Illinois.  Us  direction  from  Pittsburg  to  Mansfield,  via  Massil- 
lon,  is  west ;  from  Mansfield  to  St.  Louis,  via  Bellefontaine  and  Indian- 
apolis, it  is  west-southwest ;  and  its  nearest  point  to  the  Ohio  river 
north  of  Cincinnati  is  about  70  miles.  The  distance  from  Pittsburg  to 
Cincinnati  by  railroad  will  be  33U  miles,  via  Massillon  and  Columbus, 
(which  by  the  Ohio  river  is  495  miles,)  and  will  be  travelled  in  about 
one-fourth  of  the  time  required  by  steamboats  on  the  river. 

The  Reading  Railroad,  already  in  operation,  unites  the  rich  coal-fields 
of  Schuylkill  county  with  Philadelphia.  It  is-of  the  first  importance  to 
that  city,  and  has  made  it,  in  connection  with  the  Schuylkill  Canal,  the 
greatest  coal  market  in  the  Union.  This  road,  by  being  continued  to 
tBunbury,  and  from  thence  to  VVilliamsport,  would,  at  the  latter  place, 
form  a  valuable  connection  with  the  road  to  Ralston,  which  is  now  be- 
ing continued  to  form  a  connection  with  the  New  York  and  firie  road 
at  Elmira.  The  construction  of  this  short  line  would  open  to  the  enter- 
prise of  Philadelphia  vast  and  important  results.  It  is  surprising  that  a 
move  has  not  been  made  to  accomplish  this  object.  In  1833  the  Sunbury 
and  Pottsville  Railroad  was  commenced,  and  in  1834  a  few  miles  of  the 
eastern  end  were  opened  for  use,  but  owing  to  the  connection  not  being 
completed,  and  the  inconvenient  inclined  planes  of  that  period,  which 
had  been  adopted,  the  road  at  this  end  was  allowed  to  fall  into  decay. 
The  western  division  has  been  completed  for  19  miles,  from  Sunbury  to 
the  Shamokin  coal  mines,  and  is  now  in  successful  use  for  the  transpor- 
tation of  coal.  The  entire  length  of  the  road  from  Sunbury  to  Potts- 
ville is  44.^  miles. 

The  Belvidere  Delaware  Railroad,  which  is  in  course  of  construction, 
will  prove  another  source  of  wealth  to  Philadelphia.  It  will  run  from 
Trenton,  up  the  valley  of  the  Delaware  river  to  the  growing  town  of 
Belvidere,  64  miles.  From  the  latter  place  it  will  run  still  farther  up 
that  valley,  passing  the  celebrated  "  Water  Gap,"  until  it  unites  with 
the  New  York  and  Erie  road  at  Port  Jervis.  At  Trenton  it  forms  a 
connection  with  the  well-known  railroads  running  between  New  York 
and  Philadelphia.  At  Belvidere  it  is  designed  to  connect  it  with  a  rail- 
road running  to  the  coal-fields  of  Mauch  Chunk,  and  by  another  road 
with  the  copper  region  of  Flemington,  N.  J. 

The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  on  its  completion  to  the  Ohio  river, 
will  increase  the  trade  and  importance  of  Baltimore.  It  has  been  com- 
pleted for  some  time  past  as  far  as  Cumberland,  178  miles  distant,  and 


24 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


I  ( ' 


in  connection  with  the  lines  of  stages  running  over  the  National  Road, 
forms  one  of  the  principal  routes  of  travel  to  the  west,  via  Wheeling. 
This  latter  place  has  been  fixed  upon  as  the  terminus  of  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  road.  As  soon  as  it  reaches  this  place  another  line  will  be 
completed,  continuing  the  route  in  Ohio,  to  Zanesville,  where  it  will 
join  the  line  extending  from  the  Ohio  river  to  Lake  Erie.  It  will  like- 
wise connect  with  other  roads  in  Ohio,  and  those  intersecting  the  state 
of  Indiana,  now  being  constructed. 

Another  line  of  road,  which  will  tend  to  promote  the  prosperity  of 
Baltimore,  will  be  the  extension  of  the  Baltimore  and  York  Railroad 
to  unite  with  the  Pennsylvania  road  at  Harrisburg. 

A  series  of  railroad  lines  diverge  from  Baltimore,  running  in  a  N.  E. 
direction,  intersecting  in  their  course  the  cities  of  Philadelphia,  New 
York,  and  Boston ;  from  these  again  the  communication  is  continued 
to  all  the  chief  cities  and  towns  in  New  England.  In  a  S.  W.  direction 
from  Baltimore  the  line  is  continued  to  the  city  of  Washington,  and 
with  a  slight  intermission  (the  line  being  continued  by  steamboat  on  the 
Potomac)  is  extended  to'Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Here,  at  present,  the  railroad  line  terminates ;  the  communication 
from  thence  to  Charleston  and  Buvannah  being  kept  up  by  lines  of 
steamboats,  which  at  those  places  unite  the  northern  and  southern 
routes.  A  charter  has  been  granted,  and  stock  subscribed,  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  railroad  158  miles  in  length  between  Wilmington,  N.C., 
and  Manchester,  S.  C,  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  connecting 
link  in  the  line  of  inland  travel  between  the  North  and  South. 

Of  late  the  states  both  south  and  west  have  become  most  energetical- 
ly awakened  to  the  importance  of  railroads,  and  their  necessity  in  the 
development  of  the  vast  resources  of  those  states. 

A  very  extensive  railroad  enterprise  has  been  commenced  in  Alabama, 
in  the  construction  of  the  Mobile  and  Ohio  railroad.  It  will  be  about 
470  miles  in  length,  and  will  run  from  the  city  of  Mobile  northward  to 
its  proposed  terminus  on  the  Mississippi  river,  a  little  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Ohio.  It  will  reduce  the  distance  more  than  one  half,  while  the 
expense  of  a  trip  between  that  point  and  the  Gulf  will  be  proportionally 
reduced.  The  entire  length  of  the  road  will  be  travelled  in  about 
twenty  hours;  while  the  time  usually  occupied  by  steamboats  in  going 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  to  New  Orleans  is  four  or  Jive  days. 

The  state  of  Ohio,  either  by  lines  in  progress  or  in  contemplation,  is 
uniting  and  bringing  in  close  proximity  all  her  important  cities  and 
towns  ;  and  these  again  with  others  in  the  neighboring  states  east  and 
west.  Her  chief  city,  Cincinnati,  has  for  some  time  had  a  railway  com- 
munication with  Lake  Erie  at  Sandusky  City,  which,  during  the  season 
of  navigation,  forms  one  of  the  principal  routes  of  travel  to  the  eastern 
cities,  i^he  has  now,  by  a  similar  thoroughfare,  effected  another  union 
with  the  lake  at  Cleveland,  via  Columbus.  From  this  line  two  impor- 
tant branches  will  diverge  ;  one  from  Massillon  to  Pittsburg;  there  uni- 
ting with  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad  leading  to  Philadelphia. 


ORIGIN  AND  PROGRESS  OF  RAILROADS. 


25 


tional  Road, 
a  Wheeling, 
e  Baltimore 
line  will  be 
here  it  will 
It  will  like- 
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rosperity  of 
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gin  aN.  E. 
Iphia,  New 
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nergetical- 
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cities  and 
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ladelphia. 


The  other  line  is  from  Zanesville  to  Wheeling,  at  which  place  it  will 
join  tho  Baltimore  and  Ohio  road,  running  to  the  city  of  Baltimore. 
From  these  the  communication  is  opened  with  the  more  eastern  cities. 

Other  lines  in  progress  will  unite  Cincinnati  with  the  capital  of  In- 
diana, at  which  place  most  of  the  railways  now  constructing  in  that 
state  will  meet.  Exertions  are  being  made  to  build  a  road  from  Cov- 
ington to  Frankfort,  the  capital  of  Kentucky. 

Indiiina  is  emulating  the  example  of  Ohio.  From  her  capital,  which  is 
about  centrally  situated,  diverges  the  Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad. 
With  this  will  be  connected  four  new  roads,  soon  to  be  completed, 
diverging  from  Indianapolis  ;  viz.,  one  to  Terre  Haute,  one  to  La  Fay- 
ette, one  to  I'tTU,  ant!  one  to  Beilefontaine.  The  latter  road  is  one  of 
great  importance,  as  it  will  bring  Indiana  in  direct  communication  with 
the  eastern  cities.  Another  line  is  contemplated,  to  run  from  New 
Albany,  on  the  Ohio,  to  lia  Fayette,  on  the  Wabash.  It  has  been  com- 
nien(!cd  at  each  end  of  the  line,  and  will  soon  be  completed  from  La 
Fayette  to  Crawfordsville,  and  from  New  Albany  to  Salem,  each  em- 
bracing sections  of  about  70  miles. 

The  state  of  Illinois  has  already  done  something  in  the  way  of  rail- 
roads, but  is  destined  to  accomplish  much  more,  as  the  exertions  she  is 
now  making  for  that  purpose  plainly  indicate. 

A  railroad  is  now  in  operation  from  ypringfield,  her  capital,  to  Naples, 
on  the  Illinois  river ;  this  is  to  be  ccmtinued  to  the  Mississippi,  at  or 
near  Quincy.  Another  road  is  progressing  from  Chicago  to  Galena, 
leading  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  lead  region  of  the  Mississippi. 
From  Chicago  a  line  will  soon  be  made  around  the  head  of  the  lake,  to 
unite  with  the  Michigan  Central  road  at  New  IjufiFalo,  and  also  with  the 
Michigan  Southern  R.ailroad  now  being  completed  westward  from 
Hillsdale.  The  latter  route,  via  Toledo,  in  connection  with  the  lines  of 
railways  running  along  the  lake  shore  from  the  latter  place  to  Butfalo, 
will  constitute  one  of  the  main  and  most  direct  routes  between  the 
western  and  north-western  states  and  the  cities  of  the  Atlantic  sea- 
board. 

From  Springfield,  Illinois,  a  road  will  probably  be  made  to  run  to  Lake 
Michigan,  there  to  connect  with  the  Michigan  Southern  and  Michigan 
Central  railroads.  This  would  open  a  speedy  route  of  travel  to  the 
people  of  this  section  to  New  York  and  the  other  eastern  cities. 

A  road  before  long  will  cross  the  state  of  Illinois  from  Ihe  Wabash  to 
the  Mississippi ;  the  route  has  already  been  surveyed,  and  is  intended 
to  form  a  link  in  the  direct  route  of  travel  from  Cincinnati  to  St. 
Louis. 

The  subject  of  railways  in  Europe  has  occupied  great  attention. 

Belgium  was  the  first  to  follow  Great  Britain  in  their  construction.  A 
general  system  of  railways  was  agreed  upon  in  May,  1834.  By  this 
plan,  all  the  important  parts  of  her  territory  have  been  brought  in 
close  connection  with  Central  and  Southern  Kurope. 

The  legislature  of  Holland  having  refused  its  aid,  the  King  (Wil- 

8 


'i 


I 


26 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


liam  I)  gave  his  personal  guarantee  to  a  company,  for  a  line  from  Am- 
sterdam to  Rotterdam,  53  miles,  w  hich  was  opened  in  1844.  Otiier  lines 
have  since  been  constructed,  extending  to  tlie  frontier,  and  uniting  with 
important  routes  in  Prussia. 

In  France,  railroads  were  not  appreciated  until  their  utility  was  dis- 
played by  the  opening  of  the  short  line  (12  miles)  uniting  Paris  and  St. 
Germain.  The  government  soon  realized  tiieir  importance,  and  in  1842, 
devised  a  plan  for  their  general  introduction.  In  accordance  with  this 
plan,  six  great  lines  would  run  from  the  capital,  as  follows :  1.  A  north- 
ern line,  to  the  Belgian  frontier  ;  2.  A  southern  line,  to  open  a  commu- 
nication with  Spain  ;  3.  An  eastern  line  to  the  Khenish  frontier  ;  4.  A 
line  from  Paris  to  Brest ;  5.  A  line  running  centrally  through  France, 
between  the  S.  and  K.  lines,  to  the  base  of  the  Pyrenees  ;  6.  A  western 
line,  directed  towards  Rouen,  with  branches  to  llavre  and  Dieppe.  It 
was  also  determined  to  complete  the  great  lines  of  communication,  by 
two  main  lines  proceeding  from  Marseilles— one  leading  to  the  Atlantic 
from  l?ordeaux,  and  the  other  communicating,  by  Lyons,  with  (Switzer- 
land and  other  parts  of  Kurope. 

In  Germany,  a  line  extends  from  Cologne  to  the  extreme  frontier  of 
the  east,  north,  and  south  of  the  (iermanic  Confederation,  Vienna, 
Breslau,  and  Hamburgh,  are  now  connected  by  a  continuous  railway. 

From  Vieima,  in  Austria,  four  great  lines  diverge  to  the  N.,  P.,  E.,  and  \V. 
The  N.  and  S.  lines  form  part  of  an  extensive  line  uniting  the  Adriatic 
with  the  northern  seas.  Another  line  traverses  the  Lombardo- Venetian 
territory,  connecting  Venice  with  Milan. 

Other  great  railways  in  contemplation  are  ; 

The  great  German  and  Italian  Junction  Railway,  commencing  on 
Lake  Constance,  traversing  Switzerland,  crossing  the  Alps  by  a  tunnel 
3i  miles  in  length,  and  terminating  on  Lake  Maggiore.  The  German 
railways  branching  off  from  Lake  Constance,  and  which  will  connect 
with  the  above,  are— I.  The  Baden  Railway,  to  run  from  Constance  to 
Oflfenburg,  where  it  will  connect  with  the  Great  Baden  Railway  ;  2.  The 
Wurtemburg  Railway,  from  Frederickshaven  to  Stutgard  and  Louis-* 
burg  ;  3.  The  Bavarian,  from  Lindau  to  Augsburg  ;  4.  The  Swiss  Rail- 
ways from  Romanshorn  to  Zurich. 

The  Italian  Railways  branching  off  from  Lake  Maggiore  are — 1.  The 
Sardinian  Railway,  from  Arena  to  Genoa  ;  and  2.  The  railway  from  Bel- 
linzona  to  Lugaito  and  Chiapo,  on  the  frontiers  of  Lombardy. 

The  Russian  railways  projected,  and  in  process  of  construction,  con- 
sist of  the  following  principal  lines.  The  first  extending  from  St.  Peters- 
burg to  Warsaw,  and  thence  to  Cracow.  The  second  line  will  connect 
St.  Petersburg  with  Moscow  ;  and  the  third  will  be  the  continuation  of 
the  Austro-llungarlan  line  to  Odessa.  The  fourth  line,  intended  for 
merchandise  only,  will  connect  the  Volga  and  the  Uuna. 


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BOSTON. 


27 


BOSTON. 

Boston,  the  capital  of  Massachusetts,  and  metropolis  of  Now 
England,  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  at  the  western  extremity  of 
Massachusetts  Bay.  It  is  in  N.  Lat.  42°  21'  23",  and  W.  Long. 
71°  4'  9",  and  contains  a  population  of  130,000.  The  peninsula 
upon  which  it  is  built  is  nearly  three  miles  in  length,  with  an 
average  breadth  of  one  mile,  with  numerous  elevations  from  50 
to  1 10  feet  above  the  sea,  affording  admirable  sites  for  building,  and 
giviug  to  the  city  a  peculiarly  fine  appearance,  especially  when 
viewed  from  the  water.  The  Indian  name  of  Boston  was  Shaw- 
mut,  but  it  was  called  by  the  first  settlers  Trimountain,  from  the 
three  hills  on  which  the  city  is  built.  It  was  incorporated  Feb. 
1822. 

Boston  is  connected  with  the  surrounding  country  by  artificial 
avenues  or  bridges,  and  with  Roxbury  by  the  Neck  which  forms 
the  peninsula  upon  which  the  city  is  built.  It  is  united  with 
East  Boston  (formerly  Noddle's  Island)  and  Chelsea  by  means 
of  steam  ferry-boats,  which  ply  at  regular  intervals  during  the 
day  The  bridges  are  among  the  greatest  curiosities  of  the  place, 
being  so  difTerent  from  any  thing  of  their  kind  elsewhere ;  and 


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;-■''.</' '■^^  ••  WITH  PAKT8  or 

EAST  AND  SOUTH  BOSTON, 

'♦-/'/'  ALHOPORTIONH   OF 

1|?"'  GHABJUBSTOWN 

^■'  '  AND 

CAMBIIIDOC. 

Hhowlag-  Ukpwiae  the  Railroad  Depots. 


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28 


RAILliOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


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thoir  great  length,  with  the  fine  views  tliey  afTord,  renders  them 
objects  of  interest  to  strangers.  Boston  la  connected  with  Charles- 
town  by  the  Charleit  Rircr  or  old  Cliarlcstnwn  Bridge,  and  by 
Warren  Bridge.  The  former  was  incorjiorated  ia  March,  1785, 
and  is  1 ,403  feet  long,  42  in  breadth,  and  cost  upwards  of  ,^50,000. 
—  Warren  Bridge  was  incorporated  in  March,  1828;  its  length 
is  l,3i)0  feet,  breadth  A!^.  The  toll  formerly  collected  from  all  who 
passed  over  these  bridges,  was  abolished  a  few  years  since,  on 
their  becoming  state  property. — West  Boston  Bridge,  leading 
from  the  foot  of  Cambridge-st.  to  Old  Cambridge,  was  opened  in 
Nov.  179.3.  It  rests  upon  180  piers,  and,  including  causeway 
and  abutments,  is  G,1J)0  feet  in  length.  This  bridge  was  sold  to 
a  company  in  June,  184C,  for  ^75,000,  who  have  twelve  years 
allowed  for  raising  the  sum  by  tolls,  the  interest  of  which  is  to 
keep  the  bridge  ia  repair. — Cragie's  or  Canal  Bridge,  from  the 
foot  of  Leverett-st.  to  Lechmero  Point,  in  East  Cambridge,  was 
opened  in  Aug.,  1809:  its  length  is  2,79G  feet,  width  40.  From 
this  bridge  a  branch  extends  to  Prison  Point,  Charlestown,  the 
length  of  which  is  1,820  feet,  width  35  feet.— The  Mill  Dam  or 
Western  Avenue,  opened  in  July,  1821,  extends  from  the  foot  of 
Beacon-st.  to  Sewell's  Point  in  Brookline :  it  is  constructed  in  a 
substantial  manner  of  stone  and  earth,  and  is  a  mile  and  a  hall 
long,  and  from  CO  to  100  feet  in  width.  It  encloses  about  600 
acres  of  flats,  over  which  the  tide  formerly  flowed.  A  cross-dam 
divides  this  enclosure,  which,  by  the  aid  of  flood  and  ebb  gates, 
forms  a  receiving  basin,  thereby  producing,  at  all  periods,  a  great 
extent  of  water-power.  The  cost  of  this  work  was  about  ^700,000. 
— Boston  Free  Bridge,  from  Sea-st.  to  South  Boston,  completed 
in  1828,  is  500  feet  long  and  38  wide. — South  Boston  Bridge, 
leading  from  the  "  Neck"  to  South  Boston,  was  opened  in  July, 
1805.  Length  L.'ioO  feet,  width  40:  cost  $50,000.  These 
bridges  are  all  lighted  with  lamps.  Besides  the  above,  the  river 
is  crossed  by  several  railroad  bridges  or  viaducts. 

South  Boston,  formerly  apart  of  Dorchester,  is  connected  with 
Boston  by  two  bridges,  and  also  by  the  Old  Colony  Railroad  ;  it 
contains  about  GOO  acres,  which  is  laid  out  into  regular  streets. 
Pon.  about  9,000.  "  Dorchester  Heights,"  which  are  situated 
about  the  centre  of  the  tract,  130  feet  above  the  ocean,  are  fa» 


BOSTON. 


29 


mous  in  the  Revolutionary  history  of  the  country.  From  these 
Heights,  and  also  from  Mount  Washington,  is  presented  a  nne 
view  of  Boston  and  its  harbor,  Charlestown,  the  Navy  Yard,  and 
t)ie  surromiding  country.  The  Institution  for  the  Blind,  and  the 
Houses  of  Industry,  Correction,  and  Reformation  are  located  here. 

East  Boston,  formerly  Noddle's  Island,  lies  about  1,980  feet 
N.  E.  from  Boston,  and  is  divided  from  Chelsea  by  Chelsea  creek, 
600  feet  wide,  over  which  is  a  bridge,  whence  a  fine  road  leads 
to  the  Salem  turnpike.  Pop.  about  6,000.  Here  is  the  depot  and 
starting-point  of  the  Eastern  Railroad,  and  also  of  the  Cunard 
lino  of  steamships.  Sugar-refining,  ship-building,  and  n)cchan- 
ical  pursuits,  are  extensively  carried  on  here.  A  steam-ferry 
unites  this  place  with  Boston,  leaving  each  side  every  five  min- 
utes, and  occupying  in  crossing  about  three  minutes. 

Boston  Harbor  contains  many  islands,  some  of  which  are  ut 
great  beauty :  it  is  safe,  and  capacious  enough  for  the  largest 
navy.  The  most  important  part  of  this  harbor  is  entered  by  a 
narrow  pass,  about  three  miles  below  the  city,  and  is  well  pro- 
tected by  forts  Independence  and  Warren.  The  outside  harbor 
is  protected  by  a  strong  fortress  on  George's  Island,  recently  erect- 
ed by  the  general  government.  The  view  of  the  city,  and  the 
towns  and  villages  on  the  shores  of  the  harbor,  add  much  to  the 
beauty  of  the  scenery.  Fishing  parties  frequently  go  out,  and  hav- 
ing secured  a  mess  of  fish,  land  on  one  of  the  many  islands,  and 
regale  themselves  with  a  "  chowder."  Boats  of  twenty  or  thirty 
tons  are  usually  chartered  for  this  purpose,  men  of  experience 
always  going  with  them. 

Boston  Common,  one  of  the  most  delightful  places  of  its  kind 
in  the  country,  is  a  great  promenade,  and  on  holidays  and  public 
occasions  is  crowded  with  people.  It  contaijis  about  75  acres, 
including  what  is  termed  the  Public  Garden,  on  the  west  side  of 
Charles-st.  It  is  a  mile  and  one-third  in  circumference,  and  sur- 
rounded by  an  iron  railing  which  cost  the  city  about  ,^75,000  ; 
outside  of  which  are  wide  streets  lined  by  handsome  buildings. 
It  is  gently  undulated,  beautifully  shaded  with  trees  of  various 
kinds,  some  of  which  are  more  than  a  hundred  years  old,  and  a 
beautiful  gravelled  walk,  or  mall,  extends  throughout  its  entire 
circumference.     This  spot,  so  greatly  admired  by  strangers,  is  th» 


30 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


pnde  of  all  Bostonians.  The  above  view  represents  the  "  Frog 
Pond"  in  Boston  Common.  It  is  now  filled  with  Cochituate  water, 
and  an  elegant  fountain  ornaments  its  centre. 

Water. — Boston  is  now  amply  supplied  with  water  from  Long 
Pond,  in  Framingham,  by  means  of  the  splendid  enterprise  just 
completed.  The  ceremony  of  breaking  ground  took  place  Aug. 
20th,  1846,  on  which  occasion  Long  Pond  received  the  appella- 
tion of  "  Cocliituiito  L.ike."  This  lake  covers  an  area  of  659 
acres,  and  drains  a  surface  of  11,400  acres.  It  ia  in  some  places 
70  ft.  deep,  and  is  elevated  124  ft.  above  tide-water  in  Bostoti  har- 
bor. The  corner-stone  of  the  Boston  Reservoir,  situated  on  Beacon 
Hill,  was  laid  on  Saturday,  Nov.  19th,  1847,  by  the  Mayor  and 
City  Council.  A  large  number  of  citizens  assisted  at  the  ceremony 
The  foundations  for  the  arches  which  support  the  reservoir  are 
very  massive.  The  reservoir  covers  an  area  of  40,000  feet.  The 
water  is  brought  in  an  oval  aqueduct,  six  feet  four  inches  in 
height,  and  five  feet  in  width,  laid  in  brick  with  hydraulic  ce 
ment,  about  14^  miles,  from  Cochituate  lake  to  Brookline,  wher6 
it  discharges  itself  into  a  reservoir  30  acres  in  extent.  From 
Brookline  the  water  is  forced  by  its  own  pressure  through  pipes 


t 


BOSTON. 


31 


of  30  and  35  inches  in  diameter,  to  the  two  reservoirs  in  the  city, 
the  one  on  Mount  Washington  at  South  Boston,  which  will  con- 
tain a  superficies  of  70,000,  and  the  one  on  Beacon  Hill  of  38,000 
feet.  The  latter  will  contain,  when  full,  3,000,000  of  gallons. 
This  reservoir  will  be  capable  of  throwing  a  jet  to  a  groat  height. 
The  two  reservoirs  will  deliver  to  the  city  of  Boston  10,000,000 
of  gallons  a  day  of  the  purest  and  best  water.  Tlie  entire  cost 
of  construction  will  probably  fall  within  3,000,000  of  dollars. 
The  greatest  drawback  to  Boston  has  been,  perhaps,  the  want 
of  a  sufBcient  supply  of  this  element,  conflicting  interests  having 
retarded  its  introduction  at  au  earlier  period.  The  aqueduct  com- 
pany for  bringing  water  from  Jamaica  Pond  in  Roxbury,  a  dis- 
tance of  four  miles,  commenced  operations  as  early  as  1795,  but 
the  greatest  supply  from  this  source  is  about  50,000  gallons  daily, 
a  quantity  quite  inadequate  for  the  rapid  increase  of  the  popula- 
tion. It  is  estimated  that  28  gallons  per  diem  would  be  required 
for  each  individual,  including  what  may  be  used  for  culinary  and 
other  purposes.  At  this  rate  it  would  take  upwards  of  3,000,000 
gallons  daily  to  supply  the  inhabitants. 

WiiAiivES. — About  200  docks  and  wharves  surround  the  city, 
forming  one  of  its  peculiar  features.  Long  Wharf  extends  from 
the  foot  of  State-st.  1,800  ft.,  is  200  fL  in  width,  and  contains  78 
spacious  stores. — Central  Wharf  is  1,380  ft.  long,  with  a  signal 
station  in  the  centre,  from  which  is  obtained  a  fine  view  of  the 
city  and  harbor. — India  Wharf  is  980  ft.  long,  and  from  246  to 
280  ft.  in  width.  Ships  from  the  East  Indies  and  China  are  gen- 
erally to  be  found  here. — Granite  or  Commercial  Wharf  ia  1,100 
ft  long,  and  160  wide,  and  contains  many  handsome  granite 
stores, — The  Eastern  Railroad  Wharf,  of  recent  construction, 
extends  184  ft.  on  Commercial-st.,  and  is  442  ft.  long  and  184  ft 
wide.  On  this  wharf  are  28  large  stores,  the  depot  of  the  East 
Boston  Railroad  ferry,  and  the  Exchange  Hotel,  a  new  and  com- 
modious building. — Lewis's  Wharf  contains  a  fine  block  of  gran  • 
ite  warehouses,  some  of  which  are  four  stories  in  height  On  tho 
end  of  the  wharf  is  an  observatory,  commanding  n  fine  and  ex- 
tensive prospect. — Union  Wharf  extenda  290  ft  on  Commercial- 
st,  and  is  640  ft  in  length.  It  has  a  number  of  fine  warehouses 
upon  it  At  the  lowest  tides  the  water  at  this  wharf  is  22  ft  deep 


I! 


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il 


1 1 


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32 


llAILKOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


CiiURCHKS. — The  Unitarian  are  as  follows:  First  Chureht'm 
Chauncey-place,  leading  from  Summer-st.,  Rev.  N.  L.  Frothing- 
ham,  pastor  ;  Second  Church,  in  Hanover-st.,  Rev.  C.  Robbius ; 
King's  Chapel,  on  the  corner  of  Tremont  and  School  sts. ; 
Brattle-street  Church,  in  Brattle-st.,  Rev.  S.  K.  Lothrop  ;  iViewj 
South  Church,  on  Church  Green,  at  the  junction  of  Summer  and 
Bedford  sts.,  Rev.  A.  Young ;  Federal-street  Church,  at  the 
corner  of  Federal  and  Berry  sts..  Rev.  E.  S.  Gannett ;  Hollis- 
atreet  Church,  Hollis-st. ;  Purchase-street  Society,  removed  to 
corner  of  Harrison  avenne  and  Beach-st,  Rev.  C.  Coolidge  ;  South 
Congregational  Church,  on  Washington-st,  S.  End,  Rev.  F.  D. 
Huntington  ;  Church  of  the  Disciples,  Masonic  Temple,  Rev. 
J.  F.  Clarke ;  Bedford-street  Society,  Rev.  R.  C.  Waterston  ; 
Warren-street  Chapel,  Rev.  T.  B.  Fox. 

The  Trinitarian  Churches  are — Old  South  Church,  comer 
of  Washington  and  Milk  sts..  Rev.  G.  W.  Blagden  ;  Park-street 
Church,  corner  of  Park  and  Tremont  sts..  Rev.  S.  Aiken. — Essex- 
street  Church,  Rev.  N.  Adams ;  Central  Church,Wmter-si.,  Rev. 
W.  M.  Rogers  ;  Mount  Vernon  Church,  Somerset-place,  Rev.  J. 
N.  Kirk ;  Bowdoin-street  Church,  Rev.  J.  W.  Waterbury. 

The  Baptist  Churches  are — The  First  Church,  corner  of 
Hanover  and  Union  sts.,  Rev.  R.  H.  Neale ;  Second  Baptist 
Church,  Baldwin-place,  near  Salem-st.,  Rev.  B.  Stowe  ;  Third 
Baptist  Church,  in  Charles-st.,  Rev.  D.  Sharp  ;  Federal-street 
Baptist  Church,  removed  to  Bedford-st,  Rev.  W.  Hague  ;  Har- 
vard-street Church,  corner  of  Harrison  avenue  and  Harvard-st., 
Rev.  J.  Barnard  ;  Tremont-street  Church,  Tremont  Temple, 
Rev.  N.  Colver ;  Bowdoin-square  Church,  Rev.  R.  W.  Cushman. 

The  Episcopal  Churches  are — Christ  Church,  in  Salem-st., 
near  Copp's  Hill,  Rev.  J.  Woart ;  Trinity  Church,  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Summer  and  Hawley  sts.,  Rt.  Rev.  M.  Eastburn ;  St 
PauVs  Church,  Tremont -st.,  opposite  the  Common,  Rev.  A.  H 
Vinton ;  St.  Stephen's  Church,  in  Purchase-st.,  Rev.  E.  M.  P. 
Wells ;  Grace  Church,  in  Temple-st.,  Rev.  C.  M.  Butler. 

The  Catholic  Churches  are — Church  of  the  Holy  Cross,  in 
Fraukliu-st. ;  St.  Miry's  Church,  Endicott-st. ;  St.  Patrick's 
Church,  Northampton-st. ;  Church  of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paulp 
South  Boston  ;   St.  Augustine's  Church,  South  Boston ;  Churchy 


BOSTON. 


33 


0/  the  Holy  Trinity,  on  Suffolk-st. ;  Church  of  St.  Nicholas^ 
East  Boston. 

The  Universalist  Churches  are — First  Universalist  Church, 
Hanover-st. ;  Second  Universalist  Church,  in  School-st. ;  Fourth 
Church,  S.  B.j  Rev.  T.  D.  Cook  ;  Fifth  Church,  on  Warren-st. 

The  Methodist  Churches  are — First  Methodist  Church,  in 
North  Bennett-st. ;  Second  Church,  in  Bromfield-st. ;  the  Mar- 
iner's Bethel,  in  North-square,  Rev.  E.  T.  Taylor ;  Fourth 
Church,  in  North  Russell-st. ;  Fifth  Church,  in  South  Boston. 

The  New  Jerusalem  Church  is  in  Bowdoin,  near  Beacon-st. 

Public  Buildings,  &c. — Of  the  public  buildings  in  Boston,  the 
State-House,  on  the  summit  of  Beacon  Hill,  and  fronting  the 
"  Common,"  is  among  the  first.  Its  foundation  is  110  ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  sea.  Length  173  ft.,  breadth  61.  The  edifice 
was  completed  in  1798,  at  a  cost  of  $133,330,  about  three  years 
having  been  occupied  in  its  construction.  On  the  entrance  floor 
is  to  be  seen  Chantrey's  beautiful  statue  of  Washington.  Near 
by  is  the  staircase  leading  to  the  dome,  where  visiters  are  re- 
quired to  register  their  names,  and  from  the  top  of  which  is  ob- 
tained a  fine  view  of  the  city,  the  bay  with  its  islands,  and  the 
surrounding  country, — one  of  the  finest  views  in  the  Union,  if  not 
In  the  world.  The  number  of  visiters  to  the  cupola  from  April  to 
Nov.  1849,  was  62,430.  The  state  legislature  holds  its  annual 
session  here. — The  new  Custom-House  is  located  at  the  foot  of 
State-st.,  between  the  heads  of  Long  and  Central  wharves.  It 
is  in  the  form  of  a  cross  ;  the  extreme  length  being  140  ft.,  breadth 
95  ft.  The  longest  arms  of  the  cross  are  75  feet  wide,  and  the 
shortest  67  ft.,  the  opposite  fronts  and  ends  being  alike.  The  en- 
tire height  to  the  top  of  the  dome  is  90  ft.  It  is  built  in  the  pure 
Doric  order  of  architecture.  Each  front  has  a  portico  of  six  fluted 
Doric  columns,  32  ft.  high  and  5  ft.  4  inches  in  diameter,  and  is 
approached  by  14  steps.  The  columns  are  each  in  one  piece,  of 
highly  wrought  granite,  having  cost  about  $5,000  each.  It  is 
built  on  3,000  piles,  driven  in  the  most  thorough  manner.  Im- 
mediately on  the  top  of  these  piles  is  a  platform  of  granite,  one 
foot  six  inches  thick,  laid  in  the  best  hydraulic  cement,  and  upon 
It  the  foundations  of  the  walls,  partitions,  &c.,  were  commenced. 
Underneath  the  whole  building  is  a  cellar  12  ft.  deep,  perfectly 

3 


84 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


dry,  which  is  used  for  the  storage  of  goods.  The  architect  of 
this  iioblo  stnicturn  wus  Amnii  B.  Young,  Esq.,  of  Boston.— 
Faneuil  Hall.  This  venerated  structure,  termed  the  •*  Cradle  oi 
Liberty,''  is  in  Dock  Square.  It  is  about  10!)  years  old,  and  is 
an  object  of  deep  interest  to  Americans.  Hero  the  fathers  of  the 
Revolution  met  to  harangue  the  people  on  the  events  of  that  stir* 
ring  period  ;  and  often  since  that  time  the  great  men  of  the  state 
and  nation  have  made  its  walls  resound  witli  their  eloquence. 
It  was  presented  to  the  city  by  Peter  Faneuil,  a  distinguished 
merchant,  who,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1740,  made  an  offer,  in  a 
town-meeting,  to  build  a  market-house.  There  being  at  that 
time  none  in  the  town,  it  was  accepted  by  a  vote  of  367  to  360. 
The  building  was  begun  the  following  year,  and  finished  in  1742. 
The  donor  so  far  exceeded  his  promise,  as  to  erect  a  spacious  and 
beautiful  Town  Hall  over  it,  and  several  other  convenient  rooms. 
In  commemoration  of  his  generosity,  the  town,  by  a  special  vote, 
conferred  his  ^ame  upon  the  Hall ;  and  as  a  further  testimony 
of  respect,  it  was  voted  that  Mr.  FaneuiFs  full-length  portrait  be 
drawn  at  the  expense  of  the  town  and  placed  in  the  Hall.  This, 
with  other  portraits,  can  bo  seen  by  visiters.  This  gentleman 
died  on  the  3d  of  March,  1743,  and  the  first  meeting  of  the  in- 
habitants of  Boston  held  in  Faneuil  Hall  was  on  the  4th  of  the 
same  month,  to  hear  the  funeral  oration  of  the  donor. — The  Ex- 
change, a  new  and  splendid  building  fronting  on  State-st.,  was 
completed  in  the  fall  of  1843.  It  is  70  ft.  high  and  250  ft.  deep, 
covering  about  13,000  ft.  of  ground.  The  front  is  built  of  Quincy 
granite,  with  four  pilasters,  each  45  feet  high,  and  weighing  55 
tons  each.  The  roof  is  of  wrought-iron,  and  covered  with  gal- 
vanized sheet-iron  :  and  all  the  principal  staircases  are  fire-proof, 
being  constructed  of  stone  and  iron.  The  front  is  occupied  by 
banks,  insurance  and  other  ofilices,  and  the  rear  is  an  hotel ;  on 
tho  lower  floor  are  bathing-rooms,  and  at  the  top  is  a  telegraph 
station.  The  centre  of  the  basement  story  is  occupied  by  the 
Post-oflice.  The  great  central  hall,  a  magnificent  room,  is  58  by 
80  ft,  having  18  columns  20  ft.  in  length,  in  imitation  of  Sienna 
marble,  with  Corinthian  capitals,  and  a  sky-light  of  colored  glass, 
finished  in  the  most  ornamental  manner.  This  room  is  used  for 
the  merchants'  exchange,  and  subscribers'  reading-room.    The 


T^OSTON. 


35 


entire  cost  of  tlio  building,  oxcIuhIvo  of  land,  was  ^175,000.— 
The  Court-House^  a  fine  building  in  Court-square,  fronting  on 
Court-8t.,  18  built  of  Quincy  granite.  The  corner-Htone  was  laid 
in  Sept.,  1833.  The  interior  contains  four  court-rooina,  50  ft.  by 
40,  and  large  and  cotnmodious  offices  for  all  the  respective  de- 
partments.— The  City  Hall  is  near  the  Courl-House,  and  front- 
ing on  School-st.,  with  an  open  yard  in  front. — The  Massachu- 
setts Hospital  is  built  of  granite,  and  occupies  an  area  of  four 
acres  on  Charles  river,  between  Allen  and  Bridge  sts.  It  has 
recently  been  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  wings.^ — The  Massa- 
chusetts Medical  College,  formerly  in  Mason-st.,  is  now  removed 
to  the  foot  of  Bridge-st.,  near  the  Massachusetts  Hospital.  A 
largo  brick  edifice  has  recently  been  erected  for  it. — Harvard 
University,  located  in  Cambridge,  was  founded  in  1636,  and  takes 
its  name  from  the  Rev.  John  Harvard,  who  left  it  a  legacy  of 
£779  17s.  2d.  sterling.  Its  funds  at  the  present  time  exceed  half 
a  million  of  dollars.  The  annual  commencement  is  on  the  last 
Wednesday  in  August. — The  Athen<Bum,  situated  in  Beacon-st., 
has  a  library  of  about  50,000  volumes,  together  with  a  rich  cab- 
met  of  medals,  coins,  &c.  Besides  an  extensive  reading-room, 
furnished  with  all  the  best  American  and  European  periodicals 
and  newspapers,  it  has  also  a  fine  collection  of  paintings  and  stat- 
uary. It  is  open  to  subscribers,  and  to  friends  that  may  be  intro- 
duced, from  9  A.  M.  until  dark. — The  Lowell  Institute  was 
founded  by  John  Lowell,  Jr.,  Esq.,  for  the  support  of  regular 
courses  of  popular  and  scientific  lectures.  The  sum  bequeathed 
for  this  purpose  amounts  to  about  ^250,000.  By  his  will,  he  pro- 
vides for  the  maintenance  and  support  of  public  lectures  on  natural 
and  revealed  religion  ;  physics  and  chemistry,  with  their  applica- 
tion to  the  arts ;  and  on  geology,  botany,  and  other  useful  sub- 
jects. These  lectures  are  all  free.  The  season  for  delivering 
them  is  from  October  to  April,  during  which  period  four  or  five 
courses  (of  twelve  lectures  each)  are  usually  delivered.  Mr. 
Lowell  died  at  Bombay,  in  March,  1836,  in  the  37th  year  of  his 
age. — The  McLean  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  at  Somerville,  occu- 
pies a  fine  situation  on  rising  ground,  and  has  15  acres  of  land 
attached  to  it.  The  grounds  are  well  laid  out,  and  every  provi- 
■ion  is  made  to  beguile  the  patients  into  forgetfulness  of  their 


86 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


If. 


;! 


-,  I 
f 

I; 


melancholy  situation. — The  Institution  for  the  Blind^  in  South 
Boston,  is  erected  on  elevated  ground,  and  commands  a  splendid 
view  of  the  city,  harbor,  and  surrounding  country.  An  interest- 
ing exhibition  of  the  pupils  takes  place  at  the  Institute  un  the 
first  Saturday  of  every  month.  Strangers  can  obtain  admission 
at  any  time  by  applying  for  an  order.  Omnibuses  from  Boston 
leave  evury  15  minutes. — The  Houses  of  Industry,  Correction^ 
and  Rejormation,  are  in  South  Boston,  near  the  brow  of  Dor- 
chester Heights,  and  occupy  about  60  acres  of  ground. — Faneuil 
Hall  Market^  completed  in  1837,  at  a  cost,  exclusive  of  land,  of 
$150,000,  is  built  entirely  of  granite,  and  is  536  ft.  long  and  50 
wide,  with  a  portico,  at  each  end,  of  four  pillars  23  ft.  high.  In 
the  centre  of  the  building  is  a  dome  of  fine  proportions. — The 
Masonic  Temple  is  situated  on  Tremont-st.,  opposite  to  the  Com- 
mon.— The  Melodeon  is  on  Washington,  near  Bedford  st. — The 
Tremont  Temple,  formerly  the  Tremont  Theatre,  is  on  Treniont, 
near  School  st. — Amory  Hall,  corner  of  Washington  and  West 
sts. ;  Concert  Hall,  corner  of  Court  and  Hanover  sts.  ;  Congress 
Hall,  on  the  corner  of  Congress  and  Milk  sts. ;  Pantheon  HalU 
on  Washington-st,  above  Boylston  Market ;  Washington  Hall, 
on  Washington,  near  Bromfield  st. ;  Covenant  Hall,  on  Wash- 
ington-st., near  Boylston  Market ;  and  Winthrop  Hall,  in  Tre- 
mont Row,  are  occupied  as  Odd  Fellows'  Lodges.  The  Free 
Masons  meet  at  the  Masonic  Temple  in  Tremont-st. 

Banks. — These  are  as  follows :  Atlantic,  South  Kilby-st. ;  At- 
las, 60  State-st. ;  Boston,  48  State-st. ;  Boylston,  corner  of 
Washington  and  Boylston  sts. ;  City,  61  State-st. ;  Columbian, 
34  State-st. ;  Exchange,  28  State-st. ;  Eagle,  49  State-st. ; 
Freeman^ s,  28  Sea-st. ;  Globe,  22  State-st. ;  Chranite,  61  State- 
st.  ;  Hamilton,  66  State-st. ;  Market,  1  Merchants'  Exchange ; 
Merchants',  28  State-st. ;  Massachusetts,  66  State-st. ;  Mechan- 
ics', South  Boston  ;  New  England,  67  State-st. ;  North,  2  Mer- 
chants' Ex. ;  Shawmut,  39  State-st. ;  Shoe  and  Leather  Deal- 
er s\  65  State-st. ;  State,  40  State-st. ;  Suffolk,  60  State-st. ; 
Traders',  91  State-st. ;  Tremont,  41  State-st. ;  Union,  40  State- 
Bt ;  Washington,  75  State-st. 

HoTEiA — The  Tremont  House,  en  Tremont  and  Beacon  sts., 
W«B  opened  iu  October,  1829.     It  is  a  granite  building,  contain- 


BOSTOJT. 


37 


At- 

|er  of 
ibian, 


inj;  180  rooms,  and  cost,  without  the  land.  ^r)8,00U.  Bourd  $2.00 
per  day. — The  Atnerican  House,  in  'L.nover-st.,  is  one  of  the 
best  houses  in  Boston,  and  is  provided  with  every  convenience  to 
render  it  a  most  agreeable  "  stopping-place."  Board,  by  the  day, 
$2.00. — The  United  States  Hotel,  corner  of  Lincoln  and  Beach 
sts.,  and  opposite  the  Worcester  Railroad  depot,  is  a  fine  establish^ 
ment.  Wings  have  recently  been  added  to  this  building,  which 
make  it,  in  point  of  size,  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  other  of  its 
kind  in  the  country.  Board  $2.00  perday. — The  Adams  House, 
a  new  and  beautiful  hotel,  is  located  in  Washington-st,  near  its 
junction  with  Bedford-st.  It  is  furnished  throughout  in  a  superb 
style,  and  the  comfort  of  visiters  is  particularly  attended  to.  Board 
$2.00  per  day. — Revere  House,  an  hotel  of  the  first  order,  has 
a  fine  situation  on  Bowdoin  Square.  Board  $2.00  per  day 
•—•The  Marlboro*  Hotel,  in  Washington-st.,  is  a  strict  temper- 
ance house,  and  a  popular  establishment.  Board  $2.00  per  day. 
— The  Albion,  in  Tremont  Row,  is  a  good  house,  conducted  on 
the  European  plan. — Among  other  good  hotels  in  Boston,  are  the 
following:  Bromjield  House,  Bromfield-st.,  near  Washington- 
st  ;  Commercial  Coffee-House,  Milk-st ;  City  Hotel,  Brattle-st. ; 
Eastern  Exchange  Hotel,  opposite  Eastern  Railroad  depot ;  Ex- 
change Coffee-House,  comer  of  Congress-sq.  and  Devonshire-st. ; 
Eastern  Railroad  House,  115  Commercial-st. ;  Franklin  House, 
44  Merchants'  Row ;  Hanover  House,  50  Hanover-st. ;  Mer- 
chants' Exchange  Hotel,  State-st. ;  Pemberton  House,  Howard- 
st.  The  price  of  board,  at  the  above  houses,  varies  from  $1.00 
to  $1.50  per  day. 

Theatres,  and  other  Places  op  Amusement. — ^The  Howard 
Athenaum,  in  Howard-st.,  occupies  the  site  of  the  "Millerite 
Tabernacle,"  which,  after  being  converted  into  a  theatre,  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  The  present  building,  considered  one  of  the 
handsomest  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  cost  upwards  of  $100,000 
— The  Boston  Theatre,  until  recently  the  *♦  Odeon,"  stands  on 
the  comer  of  Federal  and  Franklin  sts. — The  National  Theatre, 
at  the  junction  of  Portland  and  Traverse  sts.,  was  built  in  1831. 
It  was  first  opened  for  equestrian  performances,  but  is  now  used 
for  theatrical  representations. — The  Adclphi,  recently  opened  in 
Court-st.,  is  devoted  to  Burlesque  and  Vaudevillea — The  new 


38 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


Boston  MmeuM  is  situated  in  Tremont-st.  Besides  the  curiosi- 
ties of  the  Museum,  it  offers  attractions  in  tlie  way  of  theatrical 
performances.  The  Natural  Niatori/  Society  occupies  a  building 
in  Mason-st,,  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  Massachusetts  Medi- 
cal College.  Eight  rooms  contain  objects  of  interest  in  the  dif- 
ferent departments  of  Nat.  History.  Visitors  have  free  access 
to  the  cabinet  every  Wednesday,  and  those  who  cannot  attend  at 
that  time,  may  obtain  admission  on  application  to  any  of  its  officers. 

Places  worth  Visiting. — The  Bunker  Hill  Monumer.t  is  in 
Charlestown.  The  top  of  this  structure  commands  a  magnifi- 
cent view,  embracing  a  wide  extent  of  land  and  water  scenery. 
The  journey  to  the  top  is  somewhat  tedious,  it  being  necessary 
to  mount  nearly  300  steps ;  yet  this  is  forgotten  in  the  charming 
scene  and  delightful  air  that  await  the  arrival  of  the  visiter. — 
Near  at  hand  is  the  United  States  Navy  Yard,  containing, 
among  other  things,  a  ropewalk,  the  longest  in  the  country.  The 
machinery  here  is  of  the  most  perfect  kind. — The  State  House. 
— Faneuil  Hall. — The  State  Prison,  located  in  Charlestown. 
Fee  25  Qi^nts. — The  Blind  Asylum  and  the  Houses  of  Industry 
and  Reformation,  both  in  South  Boston.  Omnibuses  leave  the 
city  every  15  minutes.  Fare  6^  cents. — The  Custom-House,  at 
the  foot  of  State-st. — Mount  Auburn  Cemetery  is  about  a  mile 
from  Harvard  University.  It  is  an  enchanting  spot — a  magnifi- 
cent resting-place  for  the  dead.  The  cemetery  is  reached  by 
taking  the  cars  at  Charlestown,  which  leave  the  depot  several 
times  daily.  (For  the  pages  on  which  the  above  places  are  de- 
scribed, see  Index.) — Mr.  Cushing's  Garden,  a  place  of  groat 
beauty,  is  a  short  distance  beyond  Mount  Auburn,  in  Watertown. 
Tickets  may  be  obtained  gratis  on  application  at  the  Horticul- 
tural store  in  School-st. — Fresh  Pond,  another  charming  place 
of  resort,  is  about  four  miles  from  Boston,  and  half  a  mile  from 
Mount  Auburn  ;  it  is  reached  by  the  railroad  cars,  which  leave 
Charlestown  many  times  during  the  day.  Fare  12^  cents. — The 
other  fine  sheets  of  water  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  well  worthy 
the  attention  of  visiters,  are  Horn,  Spot,  Spy,  and  Mystic  Ponds. 

Watering  Places  in  the  Vicinity  of  Boston. — Nahant,  a 
delightful  watering-place,  is  situated  about  12  miles  from  Boston, 
by  water,  and  14  miles  by  land.     During  the  summer  season,  a 


• ! 


BOSTOI*. 


8d 


■teaniboat  plies  daily.  Fare  25  cents.  This  is  a  most  agreeabLo 
excursion,  affording  an  opportunity,  in  passing  through  the  harbor, 
for  seeing  some  of  the  many  beautiful  isiunds  with  which  it  if 
studded.  Nahant  may  also  be  reached  by  taking  the  Eastern 
Railroad  cars  as  far  as  Lynn,  and  thence  walking  or  riding  a  dis- 
tance of  three  miles,  along  the  hard  sandy  beach,  in  full  view  of 
the  open  sea  ;  or  by  omnibuses,  which  intersect  the  railroad  can 
at  Lynn  several  times  daily. 

The  peninsula  is  divided  into  Great  and  Little  Nahant,  and 
Bass  Nock.  The  former  is  the  largest  division,  containing  300 
acres,  a  part  of  which  is  under  cultivation,  many  handsome 
dwellings,  and  a  spacious  hotel,  with  a  piazza  on  each  floor.  From 
this  place  the  visiter  has  a  boundless  scacoust  view. 

On  the  8.  side  of  Great  Nahant  is  the  dark  cave  or  grotto  called 
the  Swallow' a  Cave,  10  feet  wide,  five  feet  high,  and  70  long,  in- 
creasing in  a  short  distance  to  14  feet  in  breadth  and  18  or  20  in 
height.  On  the  north  shore  of  the  peninsula  is  a  chasm  20  or  30 
feet  in  depth,  called  the  Spouting  Horn,  into  which,  at  about 
half  tide,  the  water  rushes  with  great  violence  and  noise,  forcing 
a  jet  of  water  through  an  aperture  in  the  rock  to  a  considerable 
height  in  the  air. 

Large  numbers  resort  to  Nahant,  during  the  sultry  heats  of 
summer,  to  enjoy  the  refreshing  sea  breeze.  Visiters  may  amuse 
themselves  at  this  delightful  place,  by  fishing,  the  grounds  for 
which  are  excellent ;  by  bathing,  either  in  cold  or  warm  water  ; 
with  riding,  &c.,  &.c. 

Philip's  Beach,  a  short  distance  n.  e.  of  Nahant,  is  another 
beautiful  beach,  and  a  noted  resort  for  persons  in  search  of  pleas- 
ure or  health. 

Nantaaket  Beach,  12  miles  from  Boston,  is  situated  on  the  e. 
side  of  the  peninsula  of  Nantasket,  which  forms  the  s.  e.  side  of 
Boston  harbor,  and  comprises  the  town  of  Hull.  The  beach, 
which  is  remarkable  for  its  great  beauty,  is  ijur  miles  in  length, 
and  celebrated  for  its  fine  shcll-fish,  sea-fowl,  and  good  bathing. 

Chelsea  Beach,  about  three  miles  in  length,  is  situated  in  the 
town  of  Chelsea,  and  is  another  fine  place  of  resort.  A  ride  along 
this  beach  on  a  warm  day  is  delightful.  It  is  about  five  miles  from 
Boston,  and  may  be  reached  by  crossiug  the  ferry  to  East  Boston. 


40 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  rates  of  fare  in  the  city  of  Bostort,  to  be  taken  hy  or  paid  to  the 
owner  or  driver  qf  any  licensed  carriage,  are  aa  follows: 

For  carrying  a  passenger  from  one  place  to  another,  within  the  city 
proper,  25  cents. 

For  ciiildren  between  three  and  twelve  years  of  age,  if  more  than 
one,  or  if  accompanied  by  an  adult,  half  [)rice  only  is  charged  for  each 
child  ;  and  for  children  under  three  years  of  age,  when  accompanied  by 
their  parents,  or  any  adult,  no  charge  is  made.  Every  driver  or  owner 
of  any  licensed  carriage,  is  obliged  to  carry  with  each  passenger  one 
trunk,  and  a  valise,  saddle  bag,  carpet-bag,  portnuinteau,  box,  bundle, 
basket,  or  other  article  used  in  travelling,  if  he  be  requested  so  to  do, 
without  charge  or  compensalion  ilierefor ;  but  for  every  trunk  or  othe  • 
sucli  article  as  above  named,  more  than  two,  he  is  entitled  to  demanu 
and  receive  the  sum  of  five  cents. 

13IBTANCE8  IN  BOSTON  FROM  THIS    EXCIIANOE  IN  BTATE-STUEET. 

To  the  Providence  Depot,  three-quarters  of  a  mile ;  the  Worcester 
and  Old  Colony  Depots,  two-tiiirds  of  a  mile ;  the  IJoston  and  Maine 
Depot,  one-third  of  a  mile  ;  the  Lowell  Depot,  two-thirds  of  a  mile  ; 
the  Eastern  Depot,  half  a  mile ;  Bunker  Hill  Monument  and  Navy 
Yard,  \\  mile;  Roxbury,  2i  miles;  Chelsea,  two  miles;  Cambridge 
Bridge,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  ;  Harvard  University,  34  miles  ;  Mount 
Auburn,  4i  miles;  Fresh  Pond,  live  miles  ;  East  Boston,  li  mile ;  Mt. 
Washington  and  Dorchester  Heights,  S.  Boston,  two  miles  ;  House  of 
Reformation,  S.  B.,  2}  miles. 

Steamboat  Conveyances  from  Boston. — During  the  season 
of  navigation  steamboats  leave  Boston  for  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  and 
also  for  Portland,  Me.  The  fares  are  usually  low,  as  the  boats 
run  in  opposition  to  the  railroad. 

For  Bath,  Gardiner,  and  Hallowell. — Steamers  leave  Boston 
for  the  above  places,  from  the  end  of  T  wharf,  every  Tuesday 
and  Friday,  returning  on  alternate  days.  Stages  will  be  found  in 
readiness  at  Hallowell  and  Gardiner,  on  the  arrival  of  the  boat,  to 
take  passengers  to  Waterville,  Farmington,  Readfield,  Win- 
throp,  &c.  The  stage  route  from  the  above  places  to  tlie  e.  of 
the  Kennebec,  and  to  Quebec,  Can.,  will  be  found  both  pleasant 
and  expeditious. 

For  Bavgor. — A  steamboat  leaves  from  the  foot  of  Hanover-st. 
every  Tuesday  and  Friday,  in  the  afternoon,  for  Bangor.  Usual 
fare  $3.00.  At  Belfast  stages  will  be  in  readiness  to  convey 
passengers  to  Castine,  Deer  Isle,  Sedgwick,  Bluehill,  and  EllS' 
worth. 


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EASTERN  RAILROAD. 


41 


For  Eaatportf  Me.,  and  St.  Johns,  N.  B. — A  steamboat  leaves 
Eastern  Steamboat  Wharf  for  the  above  places  twice  a  week,  re- 
turning on  alternate  days.  Usual  fare  to  Eastport  $6.00  ;  to  St. 
Johns  $8.00. 

Note.— For  the  routes  diverging  from  Boston,  see  railroads  under 
their  respective  heads. 


EASTERN  RAILROAD, 
Seaboakd,  or  Lower  Route.    (See  Map  No.  4.) 

There  are  two  routes  from  Boston  to  Portland,  Me. ;  the  East- 
ern or  seaboard  route  from  East  Boston,  105  miles  in  length,  and 
the  Boston  and  Maine,  or  inland,  or  upper  route,  which  connects 
with  the  Eaptc-;  at  South  Berwick,  Me.  The  distance  by  the 
latter  route  i^  /  ;  -niles.  They  are  both  well-managed  roads, 
and  the  cars  t  ^<  aveniences  upon  them  not  inferior  to  those 
upon  the  best  roads  in  the  country. 

The  Eastern  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Salem  was  opened  in 
1838;  to  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  in  1840;  and  to  Portland,  Me.,  in 
1842.  The  cost  of  the  road  to  Portsmouth,  54  miles,  including  a 
double  track  to  Salem,  with  locomotives,  cars,  &,c.,  was  $2,500,000. 
The  Portsmouth,  Saco,  and  Portland  Railroad,  51  miles,  cost 
$1,200,000. 

From  Boston  to  Portland  via  Salem,  Newburyport,  and 
Portsmouth. — Passengers  for  places  on  this  route,  leave  the  com- 
pany's station,  Eastern  Avenue,  foot  of  Commercial-st.,  from  which 
they  are  conveyed  by  ferry  to  the  railroad  depot  at  E.  Boston. 

Lynn,  9  miles  distant,  is  noted  for  its  trade  in  women's, 
"  misses',"  and  children's  shoes.  Upwards  of  10,000  persons,  of 
both  sexes,  are  engaged  in  this  species  of  industry.  In  1849, 
there  were  3,190,000  pairs  of  shoes  made  here,  and  350,000  pur- 
chased from  neighboring  towns ;  making  a  total  of  3,540,000  pairs, 
whiJi  cost  $2,392,576.    Pop.  in  Jan.  1850,  16,807.    Fare  25  cts. 

Salem,  which  contains  a  population  of  about  21,220,  is  situated 
on  a  peninsula,  a  short  distance  from  the  sea,  and  20  miles  from 
Cape  Ann.    It  was  formerly  extensively  engaged  in  the  East 


42 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


India  trade,  but  has  declined  in  commercial  importance,  most  of 
its  shipping  having  been  removed  to  Boston,  although  continuing 
to  be  owned  in  Salem.  Chestnut-st,  one  of  the  handsomest 
thoroughfares  in  the  country,  has  rows  of  elm-trees  on  either  side, 
and  contains  many  splendid  mansions.  The  Naumkeag  Steam 
Cotton  Factory,  employing  upwards  of  500  hands,  and  the  largest 
of  its  kind  in  the  U.  States,  is  located  here.  The  Museum  of  tho 
East  India  Marine  Society  is  well  worth  a  visit,  for  which  tickets 
of  admission  can  be  procured  gratis,  on  application.  It  is  remark- 
able for  the  variety  and  extent  of  its  natural  and  artificial  curiosi- 
ties, collected  from  every  part  of  the  world.  Fare  from  Boston 
40  cents.  The  Eastern  Railroad  passes  through  a  tunnel  built 
under  Essex  and  Washington  sts.,  and  is  thence  carried  over  a 
bridge  of  considerable  length  to  Beverly. 

Beverly,  two  miles  north  of  Salem,  and  16  from  Boston,  is  con- 
nected with  the  former  place  by  a  bridge  across  the  North  River ; 
the  bridge,  which  was  built  in  1788,  is  1,500  ft.  in  length.  Tho 
inhabitants  are  very  generally  engaged  in  the  fisheries.  Pop. 
about  5,000.    Fare  45  cents. 

Wenham  is  a  very  pleasant  town,  20  miles  n.  by  e.  of  Boston. 
Pop.  about  2,000.  Wenham  Pond,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
about  a  mile  square,  afTbrds  abundance  of  excellent  fish,  and  is 
much  visited  by  persons  fond  of  angling.  It  is  also  noted  for  the 
quality  and  quantity  of  its  ice,  a  large  amount  of  which  is  yearly 
exported.     Fare  56  cents. 

Ipswich  contains  about  3,000  inhabitants.  The  country  around 
is  well  cultivated  and  beautifully  variegated.     Fare  70  cents. 

Rowley  is  an  agricultural  town  much  resorted  to  by  families 
seeking  a  healthy  summer  location.  Distance  from  Boston  29 
miles.    Fare  80  cents. 

Newburvport,  Mass.,  lies  on  a  gentle  acclivity,  on  the  s.  bank 
of  the  Merrimack  River,  near  its  union  with  the  Atlantic.  It  is 
considered  one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  New  England.  In 
consequence  of  a  sand-bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  harbor,  its  foreign 
commerce  has  greatly  declined.  The  celebrated  George  While- 
field  died  in  this  town  in  Sept.,  1770.  Pop.  about  10,000.  Fare 
from  Boston  $1M. 

Salisbury  Beach,  celebrated  for  its  beauty  and  salubrity,  is  much 


EASTERN  RAILROAD. 


43 


visited  during  the  warm  eeason.  It  is  from  four  to  five  miles  dis* 
tant  from  Newbury  port. 

Seahrook  is  noted  for  its  whale-boat  building,  wlTich  is  carried 
to  a  great  extent.  The  inhabitants  are  mostly  mechanics  and 
seamen.     Pop.  about  2,000.     Fare  frotn  Boston  ^1.15. 

Hampton  Falls  was  originally  a  part  of  Hampton,  from  which 
it  was  separated  and  incorporated  in  1712.  The  inhabitants  are 
mostly  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.     Pop.  about  900. 

Hampton  is  pleasantly  situated  near  the  Atlantic  coast.  From 
elevations  in  the  vicinity  there  are  fine  views  of  the  ocean,  the 
Isle  of  Shoals,  and  of  the  sea-coast  from  Cape  Ann  to  Ports- 
mouth. Fare  from  Boston  $1.32.  Hampton  Beach  has  become 
a  favorite  place  of  resort  for  parties  of  pleasure,  invalids,  and  those 
seeking  an  invigorating  air.  Great  Boar's  Head,  in  this  town,  is 
an  abrupt  eminence  extending  into  the  sea,  and  dividing  the 
beaches  on  either  side.  There  is  here  an  hotel  for  tho  accommo- 
dation of  visiters.  The  fishing  a  short  distance  from  the  shore  is 
very  good. 

The  Isle  of  Shoals  is  distant  about  nine  miles  from  Hampton 
and  from  Portsmouth.  These  shoals  are  seven  in  number.  Hog 
Island,  the  largest,  contains  350  acres,  mostly  rocky  and  barren. 
Its  greatest  elevation  is  59  feet  above  high-water  mark.  Upon 
this  island  is  an  hotel,  recently  erected.  These  rocky  isles  are  a 
pleasant  resort  for  water  parties,  and  the  bracing  air,  while  re- 
freshing to  the  sedentary,  cannot  be  otherwise  than  salutary  to 
invalids. — Rye  Beach  is  another  noted  watering-place  on  this 
coast,  much  frequented  by  persons  from  the  neighboring  towns. 

Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  the  principal  town  in  the  state,  and  the 
only  seaport,  is  built  on  the  s.  side  of  Piscataqua  river.  It  is  in 
N.  Lat.  43°  4'  54",  W.  Long.  70°  45'.  Pop.  about  12,000.  Its 
situation  is  a  fine  one,  being  on  a  peninsula  near  the  mouth  of 
the  river.  It  is  connected  by  bridges  with  Kittery  in  Maine,  and 
Newcastle  on  Grand  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  har- 
bor is  safe  and  deep,  and  is  never  frozen,  its  strong  tides  prevent- 
ing the  formation  of  ice.  There  is  here  a  U.  States  Navy  Yard, 
one  of  the  safest  and  most  convenient  on  the  coast.  The  North 
America,  the  first  line-of-battle-ship  launched  in  this  hemispherOy 
was  built  here  during  the  Revolution.     Portsmouth  is  well  sup- 


44 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAmON. 


I 


plied  with  excellent  water  brought  from  a  fountain  three  milef 
distant,  and  conducted  into  all  the  principal  streets.  Fare  frvm 
Boaton,  $1.50. 

South  Berwick  is  situated  at  tlie  point  where  the  Eastern  Rail- 
road is  intersected  by  the  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad,  and  is  66 
miles  distant  from  Boston  by  the  former  route,  and  73  by  the  latter. 

Saco,  situated  on  one  of  the  largest  rivers  in  New  England,  ia 
a  port  of  entry,  and  has  a  flourishing  trade.  From  the  mouth  of 
the  river  a  fine  beach  extends  five  miles,  called  Old  Orchard 
Beach      Pop.  about  6,000.     Fare  $2.90. 


Portland  is  105  miles  from  Boston,  58  s.  w.  from  Au;;usta. 
the  capital  of  the  state,  125  from  Bangor,  and  £50  from  Wash- 
ington, and  is  in  N.  Lat.  43°  39'  26",  W.  Lon.  70°  20'  30".  It 
is  handsomely  situated  on  a  peninsula,  occupying  the  ridge  and 
side  of  a  high  point  of  land,  in  the  s.  w.  extremity  of  Casco  Bayi 
and  on  approaching  it  from  the  ocean  is  seen  to  great  advantage. 
The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the  anchor- 
age being  protected  on  every  side  by  land,  whilst  the  water  is 
deep,  and  communication  with  the  ocean  direct  and  convenient. 
It  is  defended  by  forts  Preble  and  ScammeL  On  the  highest 
point  of  the  peninsula  is  an  observatory  70  ft.  in  height,  com- 
manding a  fine  view  of  the  city,  harbor,  and  islands  in  the  bay. 
The  misty  forms  of  the  White  Mountains,  60  miles  distant,  are 


I 


EASTERN  RAILROADS. 


45 


discernible  in  clear  weather.  The  scenery  around  Portland  is 
noted  for  its  extent,  variety,  and  beauty,  and  is  not  surpassed  by 
any  similar  view  in  the  country. 

The  trade  of  Portland  is  large,  and  is  still  increasing.  Fish, 
lumber,  and  produce  generally,  are  the  chief  articles  of  export. 
Its*  commerce  with  the  principal  places  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  tho 
southern  ports,  and  the  We-    I         ,  is  very  extensive. 

The  great  railroad  from  jl  ..tlaui  Canada  is  in  progress,  and 
also  one  to  Augusta,  (with  a  branch  to  Bath ;)  thie  is  to  be  con- 
tinued to  Bangor,  and  in  time  will  be,  no  doubt,  extended  to  the 
frontier,  and  into  New  Brunswick,  there  meeting  the  "  St.  An- 
drews, Woodstock,  and  Quebec  Railroad,"  the  route  of  which 
has  been  surveyed,  and  a  portion  of  which  is  now  being  con- 
structed. When  these  great  thoroughfares  are  completed,  Port- 
land will  rank  as  one  of  the  first  commercial  cities  of  our  fast- 
growing  country. 

There  are  several  well-kept  hotels  in  Portland,  the  principal  of 
which  are  tho  American,  in  Congress-st. ;  Ehn  Tavern,  Federal- 
st. ;  and  the  United  States  Hotel,  corner  of  Congress  and  Fed- 
eral sts.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Portland  $3.00  ;  usual  time  5  J 
hours.     (For  routes  from  Portland,  see  Index.) 

From  Boston  to  Danvers. — Take  the  cars  at  East  Boston  for 
Salem  ;  thence  by  the  Essex  Railroad  to  Danvers,  16  miles  from 
Boston.  Fare  45  cents.  This  road  is  to  intersect  tho  Boston  and 
Maine  and  Boston  and  Lowell  railroads  at  Wilmington.  Tan- 
ning, and  the  manufacture  of  pottery  and  boots  and  shoes,  form 
the  chief  trade  of  Danvers.    Pop.  9,061. 

From  Boston  to  Marblehead. — Take  the  cars  as  above  to 
Salem  ;  thence  by  the  branch  road  to  Marblehead,  a  distance  of 
18  miles.  Fare  46  cents.  The  enterprise  of  tho  inhabitants  of 
this  rocky  town  is  chiefly  directed  to  the  fisheries,  and  the  amount 
of  its  exports  is  very  considerable.     Pop.  7,559. 

From  Boston  to  Gloucester. — By  Eastern  Railroad  to  Bev- 
erly, 16  rniles;  thence  by  the  Gloucester  Branch  Railroad  to 
Manchester  and  Gloucester :  total,  30  miles.  Fare  90  cents. 
Gloucester  is  situated  on  Cape  Ann,  the  eastern  extremity  of 
Massachusetts,  and  on  the  n.  shore  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  The 
town  is  on  the  southern  side  of  the  cape,  and  htis  one  of  th<*  fines* 


46 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


harbors  on  the  whole  Atlantic  coast.  The  exckisive  trade  of  th« 
place  is  maritime.  In  1847,  150  schooners,  witii  a  tonnage  of 
10,000  tons,  and  manned  by  1,500  men,  were  employed  in  the 
cod,  halibut,  and  mackerel  fisheries.  It  is  a  {jort  of  entry,  and 
its  foreign  and  domestic  trade  is  quite  extensive.  There  were  130 
arrivals  from  foreign  ports  in  1846,  and  the  importutious  at  this 
port  were  valued  at  $200,000.  About  17,000  tons  of  shipping 
are  owned  here.  In  the  town  are  seven  ciiurches,  a  town  hall, 
stone  banking-house,  and  various  other  public  buildin<rs.  The 
population  of  Gloucester  is  about  8,236,  and  that  on  the  whole  of 
Cape  Ann  about  12,000.  During  the  summer  season  Gloucester 
is  a  gi'eat  resort  for  those  who  are  desirous  of  enjoying  the  sea- 
breeze  of  the  Atlantic,  and  of  bathing  in  its  clear  blue  water. 
By  many,  this  place  is  thought  to  equal  Newport,  and  the  situa- 
tion and  location  of  the  two  places  are  somewhat  similar. 

From  Portsmouth  to  Concord,  N.  H. — This  route  is  opened 
from  Portsmouth  to  Epping.  The  depots,  with  distances  and  fares 
from  Portsmouth,  are  : — To  Greenland,  4  miles,  10  cts. ;  Strathanty 
8, 20  cts. ;  Newmarket,  10,  25  cts. ;  Epping,  18,  50  cts.  At  New- 
market, it  connects  with  the  Boston  and  Maine  railroad. 


It' 


! 


BOSTON  AND    MAINE    RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  4.) 

This  road  is  73  miles  long,  and  cost  $1,887,340.  It  was  open- 
ed from  Wilmington  in  1843.  On  the  1st  of  July,  1845,  it  was 
opened  to  Boston,  which  it  reaches  by  crossing  the  Charles  river 
over  a  viaduct  of  considerable  length,  and  terminates  in  a  com- 
modious depot  at  the  foot  of  Union-st.,  in  Ilaymarket-square.  A 
canal  formerly  occupied  the  space  between  this  depot  and  the 
river,  over  which  the  rails  are  laid.  By  this  arrangement  the 
ears  are  brought  almost  to  the  commercial  centre  of  the  city. 
The  stock  of  this  well-managed  and  prosperous  road  is  among 
the  best  in  the  country.  Cars  leave  Boston  from  the  above' 
named  depot  for  Portland  and  intermediate  places,  daily. 

Boston  to  Portland  via  Haverhill  and  Dover,  (Upper 
Route.) — In  crossing  the  Charles  river,  the  State  Prison,  a  gran- 


BOSTON  AND  MAINE  RAILROAD. 


47 


jen- 

Iwaa 

river 

|om- 

A 

the 

the 

;ity. 

png 

Uer 
ran- 


ite  building  situated  on  Prison  Point  in  Charlestowu,  is  an  object 
of  attraction.  The  Hrst  stopping-place  on  this  route  is  at  Somer- 
ville,  two  miles  distant  from  Boston.    Fare  6  cents. 

Malderit  five  miles  from  Boston,  is  noted  for  its  dyenig  estab- 
lishments. Fare  12  cents. — Stoneham,  three  miles  beyond,  has 
a  population  of  about  3,000,  which  is  principally  occupied  iu  the 
manufacture  of  shoes.  Fare  18  cents.  In  this  town  is  Spot 
Pond,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  pure  water,  covering  an  area  of  283 
acres,  and  which  is  143  ft.  above  highwater-mark  in  Boston 
harbor. 

South  Reading  is  a  neat  and  flourishing  place,  where  shoes, 
cabinet-ware,  and  other  articles,  are  extensively  manufactured. 
Fare  20  cents.  A  large  and  beautiful  pond,  the  source  of  the 
Saugus  river,  is  not  far  distant. 

Reading,  1 2  miles  from  Boston,  is  another  important  boot  and 
shoe  mart.  Fare  25  cents.  Here  the  cars  stop  a  few  minutes 
for  refreshments. 

Wilmington,  17  miles  from  Boston,  is  where  the  Boston  and 
Maine  Railroad  formerly  commenced  :  it  is  united  with  the  Low- 
ell Railroad  at  the  depot,  two  miles  s.  of  the  village.  The  town 
is  celebrated  for  its  growth  of  hops,  large  quantities  of  which  are 
annually  produced.     Fare  35  cents. 

Andover,  a  beautiful  town,  under  excellent  cultivation,  has 
long  been  celebrated  for  its  literary  and  theological  institutions. 
Fare  50  cents. 

At  North  Andover  is  a  branch  road  leading  to  the  new  city  of 
Lawrence,  which  is  situated  on  the  Merrimack  at  its  junction 
with  the  Spicket  river.  The  water-power  of  Lawrence  is  very 
great,  and  will  no  doubt  make  it  an  important  manufacturing 
place.  Its  population  is  now  probably  not  less  than  10,000.  A 
railroad  now  unites  Lawrence  with  the  great  manufacturing 
town  of  Lowell ;  and  another  is  in  progress,  to  connect  it  with 
Manchester,  N.  H.    Fare  from  Boston  60  cents. 

Bradford  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Merrimack  river.  The 
inhabitants  are  principally  engaged  in  the  making  of  boots  and 
shoes.  A  bridge  750  ft  long  connects  this  town  with  Haverhill 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  Pop.  about  8,000.  Farefror 
Boston  75  cents. 


( 


48 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


H  vrhill  is  delightfully  located  at  the  heud  of  navigatiou  on 
the  Merrimack,  and  iti  so  situated  as  to  command  a  largo  inland 
trade.  Boots  and  Bhoes,  morocco  leather,  hats,  cubinet>waro, 
and  many  other  articles,  are  extensively  made  here.  Pop.  about 
5,000.     Fare  from  Boston  75  cents. 

Plaiatoto,  N.  H.,  is  an  old  town,  having  obtained  its  charter  in 
1749.     Pop.  about  800.     Fare  85  cents. 

Exeter  is  a  beautiful  town,  49  miles  n.  of  Boston,  14  b  w.  of 
Portsmouth,  and  40  s.  e.  of  Concord,  the  capital  of  the  state. 
Cotton  goods,  morocco  leather,  paper,  blank  books,  «S:,c.,  are 
manufactured  here.     Pop.  about  3,000.     Fare  $1.13. 

Dover,  N.  H.,  one  of  the  most  important  towns  in  the  state,  is 
situated  on  the  Cochecho  river,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  about 
12  miles  from  the  ocean.  The  falls  in  this  river,  whose  namo 
they  bear,  have  a  sudden  descent  of  32  ft.  Upon  those  falls  have 
been  erected  the  mills  of  the  "  Cocheco  Cotton  Manufacturing 
Company,"  incorporated  in  1820.  This  company  has  a  capital 
of  more  than  a  million  of  dollars  invested,  and  employs  upwards 
of  1,000  persons.  The  "  mills"  in  Dover  are  well  worthy  of  a  visit. 
Fare  from  Boston  $1.50.  Distance  67  miles. 

Somerworth,  on  the  Salmon  Falls  river,  is  a  flourishing  town 
with  an  extensive  water-power.  The  river  is  of  sufficient  depth 
for  vessels  of  250  tons. — Great  Falls  is  a  large  and  extensive 
manufacturing  village. — At  South  Berwick  the  Boston  and  Maine 
Railroad  unites  with  the  Portsmouth  and  Saco  Railroad.  (For  the 
continuation  of  the  route  to  Portland,  see  page  44.) 


BOSTON  AND  LOWELL,  AND  NASHUA  AND  OONOORD 

RAILROADS. 

(See  Map  No.  4.) 

The  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad  was  opened  in  June,  1835. 
Its  length  is  26  miles.  It  cost,  including  deprts,  engines,  cars, 
&c.,  $1,940,418.  The  country  passed  over  is  uneven,  but  the 
average  of  inclination  does  not  vary  over  10  ft.  in  a  mile,  so  well 
IB  the  grade  preserved.  It  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best,  and 
matt  productive  roads  in  the  country.    A  branch  road  extends  to 


BOSTON  AND  LOWELL  RAILROAD. 


49 


)5. 

kre, 

[ell 

Ind 

to 


Woburn  Centre,  a  distance  of  two  milcis.  The  Nashua  and 
Lowell  Railroad  was  opened  in  Oct.,  18.'i8.  Its  length  is  15  miles. 
The  cost  of  its  construction  was  $500,000.  The  Concord  Rail- 
road, opened  in  Nov.,  1843,  is  35  miles  long.  It  was  constructed 
at  a  cost  of  $800,000. 

RoUTiB   BETWEEN    BoBTON,    LoWELL,    AND    CoNCORD. — PassCU- 

gers  on  this  route  will  take  the  curs  of  the  Lowell  Railroad,  at 
their  depot  in  Lowell-st.,  near  Charles  river,  which  river  ivS  crofssed 
by  a  viaduct  to  East  Cambridge,  a  flourishiujij  place,  with  many 
extensive  manufactories,  of  which  the  glass  works  are  tjjo  inoHt 
important,  $500,000  worth  of  glass  being  annually  made  hero. 

Medford,  a  beautiful  town,  five  miles  from  Boston,  at  tlie  head 
of  navigation  on  the  Mystic  river,  is  noted  for  its  ship-building. 
Fare   10  cents. 

Wuhurn  has  a  varied  and  pleasing  aspect,  and  containp  some 
beautiful  furms.  Horn  Pond  m  this  town  is  a  delightful  slf^et  of 
water,  surrounded  by  evergreens,  and  is  so  remarkable  for  its 
rural  beauties  as  to  attract  many  visiters  from  a  diwtance.  Fare 
to  South  Woburn,  eig'it  miles,  15  cents,  and  to  Woburn,  10 
miles,  20  cents.  A  branch  railroad  extends  from  South  Woburn 
to  Woburn  Centre,  a  distance  of  two  miles.  Fare  to  Wilming- 
ton, 15  miles,  30  cents  ;  Billcrica  and  Tewksbury,.  19  miles,  40- 
cents ;  Blllerica  Mills,  22  miles,  45  cents. 

LowEi,!-,  the  Manchester  of  America,  is  remarkable  for  tin*  ex- 
tent of  its  water-power,  its  rapid  growth,  and  the  perfection  and 
variety  of  its  manufactures.  The  city  is  situated  on  the  s.  side 
of  Merrimack  river,  at  its  junction  with  Concord  river..  The 
whole  fall  of  the  Merrimack  at  this  place  is  30  ft ,  and  the  quan» 
tity  of  water  never  falls  short  of  2,000  cubic  feet  per  second,  and 
is  very  rarely  so  low  as  that.  The  goods  manufactured  hece 
consist  of  broadcloths,  sheetings,  calicoes,  carpets,  rugs,  cassi- 
meres,  and  many  other  useful  articles.  In  1815  the  site  wheio 
the  city  stands  was  a  wilderness,  with  the  exception,  of  a  few 
isolated  dwellings ;  it  has  now  12  manufacturing  corporations, 
having  an  aggregate  capital  sto3k  of  $12,110,000,  and  employ- 
ing 12,630  hands,  whose  weekl)'  wages,  clear  of  board,  amounts 
to  $36,446.  There  are  two  institutions  for  S^iviugs — the  Lowell 
and  the  City — where  their  operatives  deposited  during  the  year 


I 


n 


so 


RAILROAD  AND  STKAMBOAl   COMPANION. 


Andinpr  April  30,  1847,  )$8.'H),.105 ;  threu  DuiikR,  haviiifr  an  agi- 
j^rogato  cupitui  of  ||!)UO,OOU ;  and  a  Mutual  Inmirauco  Company, 
which  hafl  boen  highly  succcHsful  in  itH  oponitiouH.  The  pcreons 
employed  in  the  sovural  munufucturinjir  cHtuhliHhnientH  huvo  ac< 
C0B8  to  a  library  of  7,00U  volumes,  belonging  to  the  city.  An 
hospital  has  aUo  been  cHtabiished  for  the  sick  and  disabled.  The 
various  factories  produce  weekly  an  aggregate  of  1,920,900  yards 
of  cotton  and  37,831  of  woollen  fabrics,  in  which  683,000  pounds 
of  the  raw  material  are  consumed.  The  present  population  of 
Lowell  is  35,000.  In  1828  it  was  only  3,532.  Fare  from  Boa- 
ton  to  Lowell,  26  miles,  .50  cents — time,  one  hour.  Fare  to 
Middlesex,  28  miles,  60  cents ;  to  Chelmafurd,  30  miles,  60 
cents  ;  Tyng8horo\  34  miles,  70  cents  ;  and  to  LitiWa,  37  miles, 
75  cents. 

Nashua,  41  miles  from  Boston,  is  the  centre  of  a  considerable 
trade,  and  the  seat  of  important  manufactures.  The  volume  of 
water  afforded  by  the  Nashua  river,  at  the  driest  season  of  the 
year,  is  180  cubic  feet  per  second.     Pop.  about  5,000.  Fare  80  c. 

Nashville  is  separated  from  Nashua  by  the  Nashua  river:  they 
are,  however,  connected  by  a  bridge.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the 
road  from  Lowell,  which  joins  the  Concord  about  a  mile  distant. 
The  Nashua  and  Worcester  Railroad,  42  miles  in  length,  will  also 
have  its  terminus  here.     Pop.  3,000.     Fare  80  cents. 

Litchfield,  on  the  e.  side  of  the  Merrimack,  is  a  good  agricul- 
tural town.  In  the  township  are  two  ferries,  Thornton's  and 
Reed^s.  Pop.  about  600.  Fare  to  Thornton^ s  Ferry  90  cts.  and 
to  Reed's  Ferry  $1.00. 

Manchester  is  on  the  e.  side  of  the  Merrimack,  59  miles  from 
Boston:  it  received  a  city  charter  in  1846.  The  river  here  affords 
immense  water-power,  and  manufacturing  is  extensively  carried 
on.  The  growth  of  Manchester  has  been  so  rapid,  that  it  now 
almost  rivals  Lowell.  The  population  of  this  place,  as  shown  by 
a  recent  census,  is  12,286 — increase  in  one  year,  2,162.  Fare 
$1.15.  A  railroad  is  in  progress  from  Manchester  to  Lawrence, 
which,  by  forming  a  connection  with  the  Salem  and  Lowell 
Railroad,  at  Wilmington,  will  be  united  with  Salem  harbor. 

Concord,  the  capital  of  the  State  of  New  Hampshire,  and 
shire  town  of  the  county  of  Merrimack,  lies  on  both  sides  of 


TIK'.  UHITR  MOUNTAINS. 


61 


Merrimack  river,  and  ts  70  miles  n.  w.  of  Bo8ton.  The  priuoi' 
pul  villafTo,  and  Heat  of  mo8t  of  tho  buHinesB  of  the  town,  is  on 
the  western  side  of  the  river,  extending  nearly  two  miles,  and  is 
one  of  the  most  healthy  and  pleasantly  situated  villages  in  New 
England.  The  State-tlouse,  constructed  of  hewn  granite,  occu- 
pies a  beautiful  site  in  the  centre  of  tho  village.  It  is  126  ft. 
long,  49  wide,  and  rises  two  stories  above  the  basement.  The 
State  Prison,  u  massive  granite  structure,  is  located  here.  Pop 
about  G,000.     Fare  from  Boston  $1.50.    Time  3^  hour? 

NoTK.— For  continuation  of  routes  from  Concord,  see  Index  for  Nortli- 
ern  Railroad ,  and  Boston,  Concord,  and  Montreal  Railroad. 


ind 
of 


THE   WHITE   MOUNTAINS. 

These  mountains  are  situated  in  tho  state  of  New  Hampshire, 
Coos  county,  and  extend  from  s.  w.  to  n.  k.,  about  20  miles.  They 
are,  with  the  exception  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  among  the  high- 
est in  the  U.  S.  Mount  Washington,  6,243  ft.  above  the  level 
of  tho  sea,  is  the  most  elevated  peak.  The  others  are  Mount 
Adams,  5,767  ft. ;  JefTerson,  5,665 ;  Madison,  5,384 ;  Monroe, 
5,298  ;  Franklin,  4,854 ;  and  La  Fayette,  4,723.  The  ascent 
to  the  summits  of  these  mountains,  though  fatiguing,  is  not  dan- 
gerous, and  the  visiter  is  richly  rewarded  for  his  exertion.  In 
passing  from  the  Notch  to  tho  highest  summit,  he  crosses  the 
tops  of  mounts  La  Fayette,  Franklin,  and  Monroe.  In  accom- 
plishing this,  he  must  pass  through  a  forest,  and  cross  p' ■  •■;al  ra- 
vines. These  chasms  are  filled  up  with  trees,  exactly  even  with 
the  mountain,  on  either  side,  their  branc!ies  interlocking  with 
each  other  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  it  difficult  ti  pass  through 
them,  and  they  are  so  stiff  and  thick  as  almost  t3  support  a  per- 
son's weight. 

Mount  La  Fayette  is  easily  ascended ;  its  top,  to  the  extent  of 
five  or  six  acres,  is  smooth,  and  gradually  slopes  away  from  its 
centre.  The  prospect  from  this  summit  is  beautiful.  To  the 
uorth  the  eye  is  dazzled  with  the  splendor  of  Mount  Washington. 
On  descending  this  mountain,  a  small  pond  of  water  is  found  at 
its  base ;  from  which  the  asr;ont  is  gradual  to  the  summit  of 


63 


KAIMIOAD    AND    STKAH111«»AT    ('(•MI'ANION. 


*  '-    -S.-'* 


'3 


Tub  Wit.i,«r  KoQKi,  'Whit*  MouNTAiwa 

Moimt  Fmuklin.  Al'tor  crossinif  this  mountain,  you  pass  over 
tiio  t>iwl  pinimcio  ot"  Mount  M«)nroo,  anil  soon  lind  yourself  on  a 
plain  of  Bonjo  oxtiMit  at  tho  foot  \>i  Mount  \Vashius;tou.  More  is 
a  lino  rrstinij-plai'o.  dii  tlio  in;»ii>in  of  a  hoauliful  sl»o(>t  of  water, 
of  an  oval  form,  rovoriuij  about  throe-fourths  of  an  acre.  Di- 
rectly before  you  the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Wnsliinjjton  rises  with 
majestic  jirandeur,  elevat(>(l  about  l.fiOO  feet  above  the  plain,  anil 
presentiuij  a  variety  of  colors  and  fortiis.  The  view  from  this 
point  is  };rand  and  picturesque.  Innumerable  mountains,  lakes, 
ponds,  rivers,  towns,  and  villai;;es  nioet  llw  eye,  and  in  the  dis- 
tance may  he  seen  the  wates-s  of  tlie  Atlantic  stretchinij  alonpf 
the  dim  hori/.on.  To  the  nortli  is  seen  the  lol'ty  summits  of  Ad- 
ams and  JetVerson  ;  and  to  tiu'  ea^t,  a  little  detached  from  the 
rauiie,  stands  Mount  Madison.  l>uriiuT  two-t!iirds  of  tho  year, 
the  summits  of  tluse  nuiuntains  are  covered  with  snow  and  ice, 
E^ivinjT  them  a  brijjht  and  daz7.lin<j  appearance. 

The  followin«;excellent  account  of  the  *'  .\scent  of  IVIount  \S'ash- 
iujjton,"  we  extract  from  a  description  by  the  Rev.  J.  S.  C.  Abbot 

'*  .\l1er  pas.sini:  tlie  NiMeh  of  the  WIkIo  Mountains,  tl;e  traveller  en- 
ters \ipon  u  plaui,  through  which  ineamiers  tlie  Animonoosuc  river  us  it 


TIIR  WiriTK  MOUNTAINS. 


69 


►i- 

rith 

ami 
tliis 
|kos, 
iUs- 
lonjr 
lAd- 

the 
|cnr, 

ice, 

lah- 
bbot 

en- 

liis  it 


lia,sl(!iis  oiiwiiiil  to  imiti!  its  wiilcr«  with  tlio  Hoods  of  tho  (>omio«ticut. 
Ah  you  riilo  aloiijU!  this  plija.siiiil,  road,  lli<!  vallry,  oimjii  in  th«  west,  is 
friiiKc^d  on  thr  norlh  and  tlir  .soutli  hy  high  hills,  whilr;  briiind  yon  riHr 
\]\v.  iMaJrsiic  snniinilN  of  tiu^  nionritain  ranno  yon  liavo  jnNt  jjasscd.  For 
four  unlcs  you  rido  uIouk  nnicJi  of  lli<!  way  nndrr  liio  isliado  of  ovnr- 
hauKinK'  Iiocn,  iucoMiik  with  no  house,  and  no  nIkun  of  Inunan  life,  (!X- 
(•.(•|>t  tli(!  road  ovi'i- winch  you  an;  IravcllniK.  A  turn  inlhc  road  .sntidoaly 
opens  to  you  a  laianlifu!  seone.  In  Ilio  midst  of  a  .«•:  oolli  and  vf.'nhmt 
uu'adovv,  ai)i)(Nirs  tlu)  s|i;i<!i(»us  hoKd  of  Mr.  Fahyan.  Th(!  inaKnitudo 
of  tins  rstahlishnirnt,  an*l  the  ni(^<t  ta))lo  wiiitdi  ho  sprcad.s,  seem  to 


nnike  his  housu  the  fashionabl<<  placte  of  resort,  thouf{h  it  is  far  less  fa 
voralily  siiuatiMJ,  in  respect  tos(;enery,  than  the  house;  of  Thomas  ('raw- 
ford,  at  the  Notch.  As  you  sit  under  the  |)ia/,/a  at  Fahyan's,  you  .see  a 
ran^M!  of  hif;h  hills,  covered  with  for«;st,  ruiuiiuK  alonfj;  the  border  of  the 
valley  upop  the  north  and  the  south,  thes|)ursorabutm(!ntsof  the  While 
Mountanis,  vhich,  at  tlu;  distance  of  about  ten  mih.'s,  rear  their  majes- 
tic smnmits  into  the  clouds. 

"The  n(>xt  nu)rninK  after  our  arrival  at  Fabyan's,  we  prepared  to  as 
cond  iMouiit  WashniKton.    Tlu!  sr.vim  of  departure  is  a  very  inter<!sting 
one.     Iiuuuuliately  all(U' breakfast  the  horses  were  found,  all  saddle<l, 
standing  by  the  side  of  the  pia//,a,  and  the  gentlemen  and  ladies,  in  a 
great  variety  of  costume,  were  seleirtinj,' their  steeds  for  tiio  momitain 
ride.  Our  party  consisted  of  thirlec-n— three;  ladies,  nine  gentlemen,  iuid 
a  guide,  with  a  knapsack  containing  provisions  for  our  pi(uiic  upon  the 
simuiut.    All  the  company  in  the  hou.se  were  assembled  to  witness  tho 
departure;.    The  whoU;  s(;(;ne  was  one  of  lumsual  animation  and  iiiiar- 
ily.    Soon  all  were  mounted,  and  starting  olV  at  a  brisk  trot,  we  rode 
along  the  road  for  about  a  mile  and  a  half.  Then  striking  into  a  little  bri 
die  path,  just  wide  enough  for  one;  horse,  and  entiridy  ov(;rar(;hed  with 
trees,  we  trotted  along  in  single  lib;,  now  as(;ending  and  again  descend- 
ing ;  now  riding  along  the  baiiks  of  a  rushing  mountain  stre:im,  and 
again  fording  the  torrent  with  the  water  nearly  to  the  saddle-girths— 
occasionally  emerging  into  some  little  opening  where  mountain  torrent, 
liad  swept  away  the  trees,  and  immediately  again  i)lunging  into  tli. 
gloom  of  the  eternal  forest.    The  road,  geinerally  following  tu'!  mean 
ilering  banks  of  the  Aimnonoosuc  river,  here  a  foaming  inountiJn  tor 
rent,  was  smooth  and  easy  for  the  feet  of  the  horses,  .so  that  our  Ion) 
cavalcade,  one  behind  the  other,  proceeded  very  briskly  on  its  way 
enlivening  the  passing  hours  with  conversation  and  joke.s  and  fragmeni,- 
of  siuig.    A  ride  of  six  miles  over  this  delightful  valley  road,  brougli 
is  to  the  foot  of  Mount  Washington  ;  and  now  we  commenced  the  ar 
duons  asceid.    The  path  is  as  sleep  as  a  horse  can  climb,  and  wind: 
wildly  about  among  rocks  and  stumjjs  and  prostrate  trees,  ar.d  ovc 
ledges  and  crags  where  one  would  hardly  think  that  a  hor-se's  foot  couh' 
possibly  stand.    The  hor.ses  toil,  panting  up  the  sleep  sides  of  the  moiin 
tains,  stopping,  as  I  observedby  my  watch,  every  two  minutes  to  breatht- 
As  I  rode  in  the  rear  of  the  party,  it  was  truly  a  picturesque  sight  tt; 


i'!f 


64 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


watch  the  long  procession  winding  its  way  among  the  crags  above  my 
head.  We  often  passed  springs  of  crystal  water  gushing  from  the 
rocks,  and  at  one  in  particular,  about  a  third  of  the  way  up  the  moun- 
tain, called  the  '  Moss  Spring,'  and  where  there  chanced  to  be  a  level 
spot  of  perhaps  two  rods  square,  the  whole  party  dismounted  for  ten 
minutes  to  refresh  the  horses,  and  to  refresh  themselves  with  water  as 
pure  as  mortal  man  can  drink. 

"  We  were  soon  again  on  our  way,  and  the  forest  trees,  which  had 
towered  so  loftily  above  our  heads,  rapidly  dwindled  in  size  till  they 
became  but  one  or  two  feet  in  height,  and  spread  their  gnarled  and 
scraggy  branches  over  the  ground.  We  soon  rose  above  this  stunted 
vegetation,  and  the  horses  climbed  from  rock  to  rock  over  the  bald  face 
of  the  mountain,  and  tneie  was  revealed  below  us  a  wild  and  solitary 
world  of  sombre  forests,  and  mountain  ranges  furrowed  by  avalanches, 
and  peaks  rising  on  every  side,  and  torrents,  now  visible  by  a  silvery 
foam  leaping  down  some  rocky  bed,  and  again  only  by  a  long  line  in 
the  forest,  showing  the  path  it  had  cut  through  the  trees.  The  precipi- 
tous ascent  now  became  at  times  rather  fearful,  and  one  could  not  but 
shudder  as  he  looked  down  into  the  gloomy  gulfs  below  him,  at  the 
thought  of  the  consequence  of  one  misstep  by  his  horse.  When  we  had 
aVrived  within  about  half  a  mile  of  the  summit  of  the  mountain,  we  came 
to  a  dilapidated  stone  hut,  without  door  or  roof ;  and  here  we  left  the 
norses,  though  adventurous  persons  do  sometimes  keep  upon  their  backs, 
and  climb  over  these  precipitous  and  crumbling  masses  of  granite,  to 
the  very  top  of  the  mountain.  We,  however,  found  the  last  half  mile 
as  arduous  an  undertaking  as  we  were  willing  to  adventure  even  on  foot. 
Climbing  slowly  in  Indian  file  among  the  huge  blocks  of  stone  which 
are  piled  together  in  all  imaginable  confusion,  we  soon  stood  upon  the 
summit.  There  is  something  awful  in  the  aspect  of  the  dark,  crushed, 
storm-worn  crags,  which  compose  the  brow  of  this  mountain  monarch. 
No  life  is  seen  here ;  no  sounds  are  heard  but  the  rush  of  the  storm  and 
the  roar  of  the  thunder.  A  scene  of  wildness  and  desolation  is  spread 
around  which  is  indescribable,  but  which  arouses  in  the  soul  the  high- 
est emotions  of  sublimity.  An  ocean  of  mountains  is  outspread  in  every 
direction.  Dark  and  gloomy  gulfs,  thousands  of  feet  in  depth,  are  oi)en- 
ed  before  you.  In  the  almost  boundless  expanse  of  dreariness  and  des- 
olation, hardly  a  vestige  of  human  habitation  can  be  seen.  The  soul  is 
oppressed  with  a  sense  of  loneliness,  solitude,  and  omnipotent  power. 
It  is  the  mount  of  meditation.  It  is  the  altar  for  spiritual  sacrifice  and 
prayer.  The  majesty  of  God  and  the  insignificance  of  man  stand  in 
such  strong  contrast,  that  the  meditative  soul  is  overwhelmed  with 
gratitude  and  adoration. 

"  We  spent  an  hour  upon  the  summit.  It  was  the  middle  of  July.  At 
a  short  distance  from  us  were  seen  several  acres  of  snow.  Spreading 
our  refreshments  upon  a  flat  rock,  we  partook  of  our  repast,  and  at  four 
o'clock  we  were  greeted  by  our  friends  at  Fabyan's,  as  we  dismounted 
at  bis  door. 


/ 


THE  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


55 


"  The  questiiDn  is  often  asked,  Is  it  wise  for  ladies  to  undertake  the 
ascent  ?  My  advice  is  this :  if  a  lady  is  in  feeble  health,  or  of  very  nerv- 
ous temperament,  she  will  find  herself  far  more  comfortable  to  remain 
in  her  rocking-chair  at  Fabyan's.  But  if  a  lady  is  in  ordinary  health, 
and  has  the  least  love  of  adventure,  or  the  least  susceptibility  to  emo- 
tions of  the  sublime,  let  her  by  no  means  forego  the  pleasure  of  the 
enterprise.  Every  hour  will  be  fraught  with  luxury,  and  the  remem 
brance  will  be  a  source  of  joy  while  life  shall  last " 

The  Notch  of  the  White  Mountains  is  a  very  narrow  defile, 
extending  for  two  miles  between  huge  cliffs,  apparently  rent  asun- 
der by  some  vast  convulsion  of  nature.  The  entrance  of  the 
chasm  on  the  east  side,  is  formed  by  two  rocks  standing  perpen- 
dicularly, about  20  feet  from  each  other.  The  road  from  Port- 
land to  Lancaster  on  the  Connecticut  river  passes  through  this 
notch,  followinor  the  course  of  the  head  stream  of  the  Saco  river. 
A  short  distance  from  the  conmiencement  of  the  chasm  is  a  beau- 
tiful cascade,  issuing  from  a  mountain  on  the  right,  and  passing 
over  a  series  of  rocks  almost  perpendicular,  with  a  course  so  little 
broken  as  to  preserve  the  appearance  of  a  uniform  current.  This 
stream,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world,  falls  over  a  stu- 
pendous precipice,  forming  the  Silver  Cascade.  About  a  mile 
distant  from  the  Notch  is  the  Flume,  a  stream  of  water  falling 
over  three  precipices  from  a  height  of  250  ft.  It  falls  over  the 
first  two  in  a  single  stream,  and  over  the  last  in  three  ;  these  are 
again  united  at  the  bottom  in  a  natural  basin  formed  in  the  rocks. 
The  Profile  Mountain  is  about  three  miles  s.  from  Mount  La 
Fayette,  and  rises  to  the  height  of  about  1,000  ft.  It  is  near  the 
road  leading  from  Franconia,  by  the  foot  of  the  Haystack 
Mountain  to  Plymouth  and  Concord.  The  bare  rock  on  which 
the  profile  is  delineated,  is  granite  ;  from  its  long  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere,  it  is,  however,  of  a  dark  reddish  brown.  A  side- 
view  of  this  projecting  rock,  near  the  peak  of  the  mountain  in  a 
northern  direction,  exhibits  the  profile  of  the  human  face,  in 
which  every  line  and  feature  is  distinctly  marked.  But  aiter 
passing  the  mountain  to  the  south  the  likeness  is  itnmediatcly 
lost.  The  Willey  House  stands  in  the  Notch,  on  the  westerly 
side  of  the  road,  a  short  distance  from  the  bluflT,  which  rises  to  the 
height  of  about  2,000  feet.  This  was  formerly  occupied  by  Cap- 
tain Willey,  wl  0,  with  his  wife,  five  children,  and  two  men,  was 


06 


RAILUOAI)    AND    STKAMUOAT   COMPANION. 


dcBiroyod  on  tlio  28th  of  Aug.  182G,  by  mi  iivalunche  or  nlidc 
from  tlio  luoiintuiii. 

"  Noaiiy  in  riingo  of  llio  houso,  a  sliilo  from  the  oxtrnnio  point  of  the 
wostnly  lull  nainu  down  in  a  deep  mass  to  williiii  about  livo  rods  of  llic 
dwciluiK,  wlirro  its  course  app<'ars  to  liiivo  liueu  i'lu'ck<'d  hy  a  liirRO 
hlock  of  Kiainlc,  which  bairkod  Iho  rolling  niass  lor  a  inonioul  \uilil  it 
scparaljul  into  two  streams,  one  of  which  rushed  down  to  the  norlii  end 
of  tlie  house,  criishuiK  the  barn,  and  spreadiuK  itscdf  ov<ir  the  meadow  : 
the  other  passing  down  on  the  south  sale,  anci  swallowing  up  the  un- 
fortunate 'u'ings,  who  j)robably  attempted  to  lly  to  a  shelter,  which,  it  is 
said,  had  been  erected  a  few  rods  distant.  This  shelter  was  completely 
overwhelmed.  Uocks  weinhing  from  10  to  51)  tons  beiii^;  .scattered  in 
every  diriH'tion  about  the  place,  rendered  escape  impossible.  The  hou.se 
remained  mitouched,  tliouwh  lariie  sIoihvs  aiul  trunks  of  trees  made 
tearful  approaches  to  its  walls  ;  and  the  moving  mass,  which  separated 
lu>hu>d  the  buildmg.  agam  unit«>d  in  its  front!  'i'he  house  alone,  the 
only  spot  \n\loiuMuHl  by  the  criunblmg  and  consuming  i)ovv<'r  of  the 
storm,  ci)uKl  have  been  their  refuge  fr»)m  the  horrible  uproar  around." 

A  larjje   tlitee-slorieil  hotel,  painted  wliite,  now  occupies  the 

site  ot"  the  Willey  House,  yet  this  curiosity  has  been   preserved 

and  forms  part  of  the  estabhshment.     In  the  summer  of  18i(), 

when  diir«iin<jf  the  foundation  ft)r  this  hotel,  tlie  bones  of  one  of 

tlio  children  of  Captahi  Willey  were  discovered. 


ROUTES  TO  THE  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 
(Sec  Map  No.  .'i.) 

Portland  Route. — As  there  arc  various  routes  from  Boston  to 
the  White  Mountains,  the  traveller  has  Ids  choice  of  them, 
whether  for  business  or  pleasure  :  w-e  shall  now  proceed  to  direct 
him  by  the  way  of  Portland. 

The  cars  leave  IJoston  for  Portland  in  the  mornintr  and  after- 
noon, and  an  express  train  leaves  in  the  cveninjr;  by  the  latter 
he  will  reach  Portland  at  10  o'clock,  r.  m.,  in  time  for  a  ni<>ht'3 
rest,  and  the  next  morninj;  can  take  the  stajre  for  the  mountains. 
If  disjwsed  to  tar/'y  a  few  hours  in  Portland,  he  can  take  the  cars 
in  Itoston,  after  breakfast,  and  arrive  at  Portland  in  time  for  din- 
ner. The  White  Mountain  staiijes  leave  the  American  House, 
and  General  Stajje-otiice,  Porlland,  every  day  during  the  sum- 
mer season  (except  Sundays)  at  7  o'clock,  a.  m.     After  breakfast 


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¥ 


ROUTES  TO  THE  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


67 


ae  takes  the  stage  on  his  way  to  the  niountahis,  and  passing 
through  Gorham  5  miles,  Standiah  11,  Baldwin  19,  Hiram  39, 
Browiijicld  3.'),  Fryehurg  43,  reaches  Conway,  distant  57  miles 
from  Portland,  and  the  centre  of  all  the  eastern  routes,  where  he 
will  find  excellont  accommodations  for  the  night.  The  next  day 
lie  will  have  an  opportunity  of  visiting  the  Crawford  House,  and 
tlio  morning  after  may  prej)aro  for  the  ascent  of  the  White 
MountainH.     The  distance  from  Boston  by  this  route  is  175  miles. 

Ddver  Route. — Another  agreeable  route  from  Boston  to  tho 
WhitP  Mountains,  is  by  the  way  of  Dover,  N.  H.  This  latter 
pluoo  is  reached  by  taking  the  cars  of  the  Boston  and  Maine 
lluilroiul,  and  is  6G  miles  distant.  Here  we  take  tiio  stage  and 
proceed  to  Alton,  at  tho  s.  e.  extremity  of  VVinnipiseogco  l;iko,  $28 
niiios  ;  thonce  by  steamboat,  up  tho  lake  to  Centre  Harbor,  20 
miles  ;  by  stage  to  Conway,  a  further  distance  of  about  30  miles ; 
and  tlience  to  tho  White  Mountains  as  before :  making  the  dis- 
tance from  Boston,  by  this  route,  about  178  miles. 

Concord  Route. — We  take  the  cars  at  the  Lowell  Depot,  in 
Boston,  passing  through  the  busy  towns  of  Lowell,  Nashua,  Man- 
chester, and  Concord,  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire,  to  Mere- 
dith Village,  103  miles.  From  thence,  on  the  arrival  of  the  first 
train  from  Boston,  stages  leave  for  Centre  Harbor,  and  Conway 
-ili  miles. 

Centre  Harbar  is  four  miles  from  Meredith  Village,  and  situa- 
ted at  the  northwestern  extremity  of  Lake  Winnippiseogee.  At 
this  place  we  have  an  extensive  view  of  the  lake,  which  is  one 
of  great  beauty  and  attraction.  From  Centre  Harbor  to  Moul- 
tonborough  is  5  miles,  to  S iindwich  2,  to  Tamworth  1 2,  to  Eaton 
6,  to  Conway  8,  to  Burtlett  10,  to  the  entrance  of  the  Notch  12  ; 
and  from  thence  it  is  12  miles  to  the  Crawford  Hov^e,  which  is 
about  9  miles  from  the  summit  of  Mount  Washington.  The  dis- 
tance fiom  Boston  bv  this  route  is  180  miles, 

Covnedlcut  River  Route. — This  will  be  found  one  of  the  most 
pleusuiit  and  expeditious  routes  from  N.  York  to  the  White  Mts. 
The  railroad  passes  through  many  beautiful  places  : — New  Ha- 
ven, Hiirtford,  Sprhigfield,  Brattleboro',  Bellows  Falls,  Windsor, 
tfec,  to  Wells  River.  Stages  leave  on  arriv  il  of  the  cars,  for 
Littleton,  (18  miles  from  Fabyan's,  and  12  from  Franconia,)  and 


^i 


♦ 


11 


(  I 


( 


58 


RAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


reach  that  place  the  sanio  evening.  Fare  from  New  York  to 
Wella  River,  !j<7,50  ;  Wells  River  to  Fubyun's,  §2,00.  Distance 
about  820  niilea 

Route  up  the  J/iolion  River,  and  acrofot  the  State  of  Vermont, 
to  the  White  Mountains. — There  k  anotlier  route  from  New 
York,  by  the  way  of  Albany  and  the  Saratoga  road,  to  White- 
hall ;  from  thence  by  steamboat  to  Burlington,  Vt.,  70  miles. 
From  this  beautiful  town  the  G  "een  Hills  are  rrossed  to  Mont- 
pelier,  the  capital  of  the  state,  40  miles,  situated  in  a  delightful 
valley.  From  Montpelier  we  cross  to  Littleton,  N.  H.,  40  miles  ; 
and  from  Littleton  through  Bethlehem  to  the  Crawford  House  is 
about  18  miles  ;  from  thence  to  the  ascent  of  the  White  Moun- 
tains, as  before  described.  By  this  route  the  distance  is  about 
386  miles. 


rl 

81 


WINNIPISEOGEE  LAKE,  N.  H.,  is  20  miles  in  length  from  n.w. 
to  8.  E.,  and  from  1  to  10  miles  wide.  This  lake,  the  form  of 
which  is  irregular,  is  of  great  depth,  and  is  elevated  about  500  ft 
above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Its  waters  are  very  pure,  and 
when  taken  from  a  sufficient  depth  to  give  them  a  proper  tem- 
perature, are  perfectly  sweet  and  palatable.  It  has  a  great  num- 
ber of  islands,  and  like  those  in  Lake  George,  and  in  Casco  Bay, 
they  are  here  declared  to  be  3G5,  report  assigning,  as  u.  ual,  one 
for  every  day  in  the  year.  Most  of  these  islands,  which  are  of 
all  sizes  and  forms,  are  very  beautiful ;  some  are  cultivated  as 
farms.  The  appearance  of  this  lake  from  the  mountains  sur- 
rounding it,  is  enchanting.  It  contains  a  great  variety  of  the 
finest  fish.  During  the  summer  season  steamboats,  sloops,  and 
smaller  vessels  ply  on  its  waters. 

Routes  to  Winnipiseogee  Lake,  (see  Map  No.  5.) — This 
lake  can  bo  readily  visited,  and  at  trifling  cost,  by  taking  the 
cars  of  the  Northern  Railroad  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  to  Franklin : 
thence  by  stage  to  the  lake :  or  by  the  route  of  the  Boston, 
.Concord,  and  Montreal  Railroad.*  leaving  Concord  and  passing 


*  This  road  is  now  open  to  Werddith  Bridge,  27  miles  from  Concord,  and 
is  c  ">iitinued  from  tlicnio,  lliroauiii  HoKleriiess,  to  Plymouth. 


1' 


ROUTES  FROM  PORTLAND. 


on  to  Sanbornton  Brid^^e,  18  miles,  and  to  Meredith  Bridge,  9 
miles  further.  Stages  will  convey  passengers  thence  to  Meredith 
Village,  Centre  Harbor,  and  places  in  the  vicinity.  There  is  a 
route,  also,  from  Dover  to  Alton,  by  stage,  58  miles  ;  thenco  by 
steamboat  on  the  lake  to  Centre  Harbor.  By  this  route  an  op- 
portunity is  afforded  the  tourist  of  beholding  the  fine  groups  of 
islands,  the  surrounding  shores,  and  the  grand  oi.line  of  the 
peaks  of  the  White  Mountains,  which  to  the  lover  of  the  pic- 
turesque presents  a  scene  of  great  beauty.  For  the  routes  from 
Boston  to  Concord,  and  also  from  Boston  to  Dover,  see  pp.  4(),  49. 

Red  Mountain,  about  1,600  feet  high,  a  remarkably  beautiful 
eminence,  is  situated  on  the  n.  w.  of  the  above  lake.  The  ascent 
to  the  summit,  although  steep  and  arduous,  can  be  cfTected,  for  a 
portion  of  the  distance,  either  in  a  carriage  or  on  horseback. 
From  the  s.  e.  there  is  a  fine  panoramic  view  of  the  lake  and  ad- 
jacent country.  On  the  s.  ascends  Mount  Major,  a  ridge  of  a 
bolder  aspect  and  loftier  height.  On  the  n.  e.  the  great  Ossipee 
raises  its  chain  of  elevations,  with  a  bold  sublimity,  and  looking 
down  in  conscious  pride  upon  the  regions  below. 

Squam  Lake  lies  w.  from  Red  Mountain  ;  and  two  miles  n.  w. 
from  Winnipiseogee  lake  is  another  splendid  sheet  of  water.  It 
is  about  six  miles  in  length,  and  in  its  widest  part  not  less  than 
three  miles  in  breadth,  and,  like  its  neighbor,  is  studded  with  a 
succession  of  romantic  islands.  This  lake  abounds  in  trout  of 
the  finest  kind,  weighing  from  3  to  12  pounds. 


I 


m 
le 


ROUTES  FROM  PORTLAND,  (See  Map  No.  5.)— During  the 
season  of  navigation,  steamboats  make  regular  trips  between 
Portland  and  Boston,  and  in  connection  with  the  cars  from  the 
latter  place,  to  the  towns  on  the  Kennebec  river ;  also  to  Bel- 
fast, Bangor,  Thomaston,  Camden,  Bucksport,  and  Frankfort. 
For  routes  from  Portland  to  the  White  Mountains,  see  page  56. 

A  railroad  is  in  progress  of  construction  from  Portland  lo  Au- 
gusta via  Brunswick,  with  a  branch  to  Bath,  under  the  name  of 
"  The  Kennebec,  Bath,  and  Portland  Railroad."  Portions  of  it 
are  considerably  advanced,  and  will  probably  be  opened  for  travel 
during  the  present  year.    For  72.  R.  routes  see  page  63. 

Stage  Route  from  Portland  to  Quebec. — From  Portlartd 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


to  North  Yarmouth,  12  miles ;  Frtieport,  18  ;  Brunswick,  27  ; 
Bowdoinhnm,  40  ;  Gardiner,  51  ;  liallnwell,  55 ;  Augusta,  GO  ; 
Sidney,  70;  Waterville,  75;  Norridfrewnck,  91  ;  Solon,  101  ; 
Moscow,  114;  Kennebec  River,  131  ;  Monumct,  189;  (Quebec, 
275. 


m 
ot 
po 

Wl 


ATLANTIC    AND  ST.  LAWRENCE    RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  5./ 

RouTR  FROM  Portland,  north. — This  iinportunt  thoroii^hfiiro 
is  to  connect  the  nHvijriiblo  watorH  of  I'ortlund  harbor  with  the 
great  coinmorcial  capital  of  Canada.  Its  routo  will  pass  throufjh 
a  fertile  and  productive  country,  }rf>nerally  under  fine  cultivation, 
the  streams  in  its  vicinity  aboundinjr  in  water  privilefjcs  of  tfio 
first  importance.  From  Portland  it  passes  onward  to  the  valley 
of  Koyars  river,  on  its  way  to  Lewiston,  33  miles:  this  part  of 
the  road  was  opened  for  travel  on  the  2d  of  Dec,  1848 ;  and 
the  Androscoggin  and  Kennebec  Railroad,  imiting  with  it  at 
this  place,  was  opened  for  trade  and  travel  in  November, 
1849.  From  the  Falls,  it  follows  up  the  valley  of  the  Little  An- 
droscojjfjiii.  It  strikes  and  crosses  that  river  at  Mechanic  Fails. 
l.'l  miles  from  Portland,  at  which  place  the  Buckfield  Branch 
Railroad  will  connect  with  it.  Pursuing  its  course  upward,  it 
passes  in  the  vicinity  of  the  "  Mills"  on  its  way  to  Paris  Cape, 
in  tho  neitrhborhood  of  Norway  and  Paris,  drawing  in  upon  it 
the  travel  and  business  of  that  rich  and  populous  region.  Still 
following  up  tho  valley  of  the  Little  Androscoggin,  pausing  on 
the  way  two  important  falls,  it  reaches  Bryant's  Pond,  tho  source 
of  that  river.  This  point  is  15  miles  from  Rumford  Falls,  on  the 
Great  Androscoggin,  one  of  the  greatest  and  most  available  wa- 
ter-powers in  the  state.  Passing  hence  into  the  valley  of  Alder 
stream,  the  route  strikes  the  Great  Androscoggin,  near  Bethel,  a 
distance  of  75  miles  from  Portland.  Crossing  that  stream,  it  fol- 
lows up  its  picturesque  and  romantic  valley,  bordered  by  the  high- 
est mountains  in  New  England,  till,  in  its  course  of  about  20  miles 
from  Bethel,  it  reaches  Gorham  in  Now  Hampshire,  distant  from 
the  base  of  Mount  Washington  five  miles  only.     From  this  point 


"ll> 


ATLANTIC  AND  ST.  LAWRENCE   RAILROAD. 


61 


Aiat  celebrated  mountuin  may  bo  approached  and  f^Mended  with 
moro  ease,  in  a  shorter  distance,  and  loss  time,  than  from  any 
other  accessible  quarter  in  the  vicinity  of  the  White  Hills.  This 
point  also  is  only  five  miles  distant  from  Berlin  Falls,  the  greatest 
wnterfull  in  New  England,  where  the  waters  of  the  Groat  An- 
droscoggin, larger  in  volume  than  the  waters  of  tho  Connecticut, 
descend  nearly  200  feet  in  a  distance  of  about  two  miles.  From 
the  valley  of  the  Androscoggin  the  road  passes  into  the  valley  of 
tho  Connecticut,  reaching  the  bunks  of  that  river  in  tho  region 
of  Lancaster,  N.  11.  Following  up  this  rich  and  highly  pro- 
ductive valley  about  35  miles,  the  road  reaches  the  parallel  of 
45°  N.  Lut.,  and  connects  with  the  St.  Latorence  and  Atlantic 
Railroad  at  the  boundary  between  tho  U.  States  and  Canada. 

Lewiston  is  a  flourishing  manufacturing  village,  containing 
about  3,000  inhabitants,  situated  upon  the  Androscoggin,  midway 
between  Portland  and  Augusta,  upon  the  upper  stage  route. 
The  waterfall  here  is  one  of  exceeding  beauty  ;  tho  entire  volume 
of  tho  Androscoggin  is  precipitated  some  50  feet  over  a  broken 
ledge,  forming  in  their  fall  a  splendid  specimen  of  natural  scene- 
ry. The  river,  immediately  below  the  fall,  subsides  into  almost 
a  uniform  tranquillity,  and  moves  slowly  and  gracefully  along  its 
course,  in  strange  though  pleasing  contrast  with  its  wild  and  tur- 
bid appearance  at  and  above  the  cataract.  These  falls,  and 
about  700  acres  of  land  adjoining,  have  been  lately  purchased  by 
a  company  of  wealthy  capitalists,  principally  from  Boston,  for  the 
purpose  of  establishing  there  a  new  manufacturing  city,  the  fa* 
cilities  for  which  are  said  to  be  unsurpassed.  There  are  here,  as 
in  most  New  England  villages,  several  religious  societies,  with 
schools,  a  well-endowed  academy,  and  a  flourishing  public  libra- 
ry.    It  supports  also  four  temperance  hotels. 

Lewiston  is  brought  in  proximity  with  Portland  harbor,  by  a 
railroad  on  one  side,  with  the  eastern  part  of  Maiiie  and  the  Ken- 
nebec on  the  othc.-,  and  with  the  fertile  west  by  the  Atlantic  and 
Montreal  road  now  building.  There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that 
this  place  is  destined  to  be  one  of  the  largest  inland  towns  in  the 
state. 

Augusta,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Maine,  and  shire  town  of 
Keniebec  county,  is  60  miles  n.  b.  of  Portland,  and  165  from 


62 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Boston,  and  is  situatPil  at  the  head  of  Hloop  navigation,  43  miles 
from  the  sea.  It  lies  on  both  sides  of  Kennebec  river,  a  bridge 
520  feet  long  uniting  the  two  portions.  The  town  rises  by  an 
easy  ascent  from  the  river  to  a  level  surface  ;  it  is  well  laid  out, 
neatly  built,  and  contains  many  handsome  dwelling-houses. 
Some  of  the  streets  are  decorated  with  trees,  planter',  on  either 
side,  forming  a  very  delightful  shade.  A  short  .distance  above 
the  village  a  dam  has  been  constructed  across  the  Kennebec,  at 
a  cost  of  ^300,000,  forming  a  very  extensive  water-power. — The 
State  House,  built  of  white  granite,  is  a  spacious  and  elegant 
structure,  located  upon  a  beautiful  eminence  half  a  mile  south  of 
the  village.  In  front  is  an  extensive  common,  planted  with  trees, 
forming  a  delightful  promenade. — The  United  States  Arsenal, 
constructed  chiefly  of  stone,  and  presenting  a  very  fine  appear- 
ance, is  upon  the  e.  bank  of  flie  river. — Tlio  State  Insane  Hos- 
pital is  a  splendid  granite  edifice,  occupying  a  plat  of  70  acres, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  river.  Its  situation  for  beauty  of  scenery  is 
unsurpassed.  Among  the  Hotels  here,  may  be  named  the  Man- 
sion House  and  the  Augusta  House  ;  there  a^e  other  well-kept 
houses,  but  these  are  the  principal. 

Augusta  has  a  railroad  communication  extending  to  Portland, 
about  68  miles,  and  from  thence  with  Boston,  and  by  the  rail- 
roads diverging  from  this  place,  with  others  in  the  South  and 
West.  During  the  season  of  navigation,  steamboats  run  between 
this  place  and  Boston,  touching  at  Hallowcll,  Gardiner,  and  Bath, 
important  towns  on  the  Keiuiebec  river.  /Stages  leave  for  Port- 
land, Bangor,  Belfast,  Thomaston,  and  places  in  the  vicinity. 

Bangor  (see  Map  28)  lies  66  miles  e.  n.  e.  from  Augusta,  126 
N.  E.  by  E.  from  Portland,  116  due  w.from  Eastport,  and  231  n.  e. 
from  Boston,  Mass.  It  is  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  Penobscot 
river,  30  miles  n.  by  e.  from  Belfast  Bay,  and  about  60  miles  from 
the  ocean.  The  site  of  the  city  is  pleasant,  commanding  fine 
views  of  the  river  and  the  adjacent  country.  The  buildings  are 
constructed  in  a  neat  and  tasteful  manner,  while  some  approach 
a  style  of  superior  elegance.  Ship-building  is  extensively  car- 
ried on,  but  trade  in  lumber  is  the  principal  occupation.  This 
place  is  one  of  the  greatest  lumber  depots  in  America.  Pop. 
about  10,000.    Conveyances  from  the  city  to  places  in  the  vicin- 


^B 


ATLANTIC   AND   ST.   LAWRENCE   RAILROAD. 


63 


ity,  and  also  to  those  at  a  distance,  are  numerous  and  comforta- 
ble. During  the  season  of  navigation,  which  continues  for  about 
two-tliiriU  of  the  year,  steamboats  run  between  Bangor  and  Port- 
land, atul  also  Boston. 

A  railroad,  12  miles  in  length,  runs  to  Old  7hwn,  a  village  sit- 
uated on  an  island  in  the  I'enobscot  river.  It  was  opened  in 
1830,  and  cost  ^;}50,000. 

ItouTK  FROM  Portland  to  South  Paris. — To  Falmouth,  5  miles, 
fare  20cts. ;  Cumber'and,  D,  HO  cts. ;  Yarmouth,  11,  35  cts. ; 
Jund'um  K.  tO  P.  It.  IL,  12,  35  cts.;  North  Yarmouth,  15,  45 
cts. ;  Webbers,  19,  60  cts. ;  New  Gloucester,  22,  70  cts. ;  Junction 
A.  (k  K.  Ji.  Ji.,  27,  85  cts. ;  Mechanic  Falls,  30,  $1,10  ;  Oxford, 
40,  ^1,20  ;  South  Paris,  47,  $1,40. 

Route  from  Portland  to  Water ville. — To  Danville  Junction, 
27  miles,  (see  preceding  route,)  85  centd  ;  Auburn,  32,  $1,00 ; 
Lewlsion,  33,  $1,00  ;  Greene,  41,  $1,25  ;  Leeds,  44,  $1,35  ;  Mon- 
mouth,  47,  $1,40;  Winthrop,  53,  $1,50;  lieadfield,  59,  $1,65; 
Belgrade,  67,  $2,00 ;  West  Watervillc,  76,  $2,25  ;  Waterville, 
82,  $2,25.  Stages  leave  Winthiop  for  Augusta  and  HallowelU 
on  arrival  of  the  trains  from  Portland.  Leave  Readfield  daily 
for  Mount  Vernon,  Vienna,  Parmington,  Phillips,  and  New 
Portland,  and  every  other  day  from  Tuesday,  for  Fagette,  Liver- 
more  Falls,  Jag,  Chesterville,  and  Wilton,  Leave  Belgrade  on 
Tuesdays,  Tlmrsdays,  and  Saturdays,  (in  the  afternoon,)  for 
Rome,  New  Sharon,  fiercer,  Stark,  Industry,  &c.  Leave  Water- 
ville for  Bangor,  returning  in  time  to  connect  with  trains  for 
Portland.  A  stage  runs  in  connection  with  the  cars,  from  Water- 
ville to  Belfast,  via  China  and  Vassalboro'. 

Route  from  Portland  to  Bath. — To  PVeeport,  17  miles,  fare 
50  cents;  Brunswick,  25,  75  cts.;  Bath,  34,  $1,00.  At  Bruns- 
wick, stages  leave  for  Gardiner,  Hallowell,  aud  Augusta. — The 
railroad  will  soon  be  continued  to  these  places.  Stages  leave 
Bath  for  Wiscasset,  Waldoboro\  Thomaston,  Belfast,  and  Bangor. 
Katahdin  Mountain  is  the  gre.atest  elevation,  and  the  most 
celebrated,  iu  the  state  of  Maine.  It  lies  80  miles  n.  n.  w.  from 
Bangor,  and  120  n.  n.  e.  from  Augusta ;  its  height  has  been  as- 
certained to  be  5,300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  On  a  clear 
day  it  may  be  seen  from  Bangor.     It  is  steep  and  rugged,  and 


64 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


stands  in  almost  solitary  grandeur.  Visiters  to  its  summit  have 
pronounced  the  scenery  unrivalled  in  sublimity. 

Moose  Head  Lake,  Me.,  lies  ]  3  miles  n.  from  the  town  of 
Monson,  from  which  place  stages  leave  for  Bangor,  60  miles.  A 
steamboat  usually  plies  up  and  down  the  lake,  for  the  purpose  of 
transporting  passengers.  Its  form  is  irregular,  its  length  about 
45  miles,  and  its  breadth  in  the  widest  part  about  13  miles.  It 
contains  a  number  of  islands,  which  are  fertile,  similar  to  the 
country  surrounding  the  lake,  except  in  some  places  where  the 
banks  are  steep  and  elevated.  A  little  above  the  centre  of  the 
lake  is  a  narrow  pass,  of  rather  less  than  a  mile  across.  Here, 
on  the  w.  side,  is  Mount  Keneo,  an  elevation  of  about  600  feet, 
projecting  over  the  water.  From  this  heij^ht  is  presented  a  pic- 
turesque view  of  the  lake,  its  islands,  and  a  boundless  wilderness. 
The  waters  of  this  lake  are  deep,  and  abound  in  trout  of  the 
finest  description. 

From  Portland  to  Eastport. — To  Brunswick,  27  miles ; 
Bath,  34  ;  Wiscasset,  49  ;  Waldohorough,  67  ;  Warren,  76  ; 
Thumaston,  80  ;  Camden,  91 ;  Belfast,  109  ;  (the  Penobscot  is 
now  crossed)  to  Castine,  118 ;  Ellsworth,  142  ;  Franklin,  152  ; 
Steuben,  177;  Columbia,  189;  Machias,  204;  Eastport,  234 
miles  from  Portland. 

Travellers  proceeding  by  the  latter  route  to  the  eastern  frontz-^r 
of  the  state,  on  leaving  Portland,  will  pass  round  to  the  h^ad  of 
Casco  Bay,  through  North  Yarmouth  and  Freeport,  tj  Bruns- 
wick, on  the  Androscoggin,  which  is  the  seat  of  Eowdoin  Col- 
lege. It  is  situated  on  the  navigable  waters  of  the  above  large 
and  beautiful  river,  which  extends  140  miles  into  the  heart  of  a 
fertile  country.  The  falls  at  this  place  furnish  such  a  supply  of 
water-power  that  it  cannot  fail  becoming  a  large  manufacturing 
town. 

Bath  is  situated  on  the  Kennebec,  16  miles  from  the  ocean  ; 
its  principal  trade  is  ship-building,  for  which  it  is  admirably 
located.  It  has  regular  lines  of  steamboats  to  Portland  and 
Boston,  and  is  also  now  united  with  those  places  by  railroad. 

Wiscasset  is  one  of  the  principal  ports  of  the  state  :  its  harbor 
is  excellent. 

Waldohorough,  Warren,  and  lliomaston  contain  quarries  of 


w 


NEW  BRUNS\^'ICK  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA. 


65 


marble  and  limestone :  from  the  latter  place  large  quantities  of 
lime  are  annually  exported.  It  is  also  the  seat  of  the  State  Pris- 
on, a  building  occupying  a  plat  of  10  acres,  including  a  marble 
quarry.  The  convicts  are  principally  employed  in  cutting  gran- 
ite into  various  forms  for  building,  and  which,  when  prepared,  is 
transported  by  water.  Thomastou  is  a  beautiful  Atlantic  town, 
and  commands  a  great  variety  of  marine  scenery. 

Belfast,  a  pleasant  tow^n  situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  is  irreg- 
ularly built.  It  is  an  important  winter  mart  of  the  trade  of  the 
Penobscot  river.     Stages  and  steamboats  run  to  Bangor. 

Eastport  is  situated  on  the  s.  e.  part  of  Moose  Island,  in  Fas- 
samaquoddy  Bay,  and  on  the  extreme  eastern  frontier  of  the 
United  States.  Its  harbor  is  very  fine.  The  tide  here  is  verj- 
rapid,  and  rises  25  feet.  Its  chief  trade  is  in  lumber  and  the 
fisheries.  In  1790,  Eastport  contained 244  inhabitants:  the  pop- 
ulation of  the  village  now  is  not  less  than  5,500.  It  contains  (JO 
wharves,  about  90  stores,  several  meeting-houses,  and  a  United 
States  garrison.  There  is  a  steamboat  communication  from  this 
place  to  Boston  via  Portland.  A  steamer  also  runs  between 
Eastport  and  St.  John,  N.  B.,  60  miles.  Fare  $2.50.  There  is 
a  daily  communication  by  steamboat  on  the  St.  Croix  river  to 
Calais,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  30  miles,  touching  at  the  in- 
termediate places  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  Farry-boats  ply 
regularly  between  Eastport,  Pembroke,  and  Lu!)'-:  and  the 
British  islands  adjoining. 


NEW   BRUNSWICK  AND    NOVi^,    SCOTIA. 

St.  John  is  in  New  Brunswick,  60  miles  from  Eastport.  It  is 
built  upon  an  immense  rocky  bluff,  and  from  the  water  presents 
a  fine  appearance.  The  population  is  about  14,000.  At  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Johns  river  are  very  curious  falls.  A  reef  of 
rocks,  extending  across  the  river,  is  covered  at  high  water  dcf  n 
enough  to  admit  vessels  of  all  kinds,  steamboats,  &-c..  lo  pass 
over,  and  penetrate  30  miles  in  the  interior  ;  this  is  the  cri'ic;J 
moment  to  be  embraced,  for  when  the  tide  begins  to  fall,  a  slignt 
break  or  ripple  begins  at  the  Narrows,  that  increases  as  the  tide 


66 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


falls,  until  the  entire  winding  rocky  chasm  is  exposed  one-fourth 
of  a  mile  in  width,  through  which  the  mighty  torrent  of  the  great 
St.  Johns  river  pours  in  all  its  force  for  several  hours,  until  the 
rise  of  the  next  tide,  when  for  a  similar  period  vessels  ascend  as 
before. 

A  steamboat  runs  between  St.  John  and  Portland,  touching  at 
Eastport.  Fare  $6.00.  Staamboats  ply  rejrularly  between  St. 
John  and  Frederickton,  (the  seat  of  government  of  New  Bruns- 
wick,) 90  miles,  leaving  each  place  every  morning  and  evening, 
touching  at  intermediate  places  on  the  river.  Steamers  run  from 
Frederickton  up  the  St.  Johns  river  to  Woodstock,  60  miles ;  they 
also  make  occasional  trips  as  far  up  as  the  Great  Falls,  a  distance 
of  130  miles  above  Frederickton.  Above  the  falls,  a  steamer  runs 
(when  the  depth  of  water  permits)  to  Little  Falls,  40  miles,  which 
are  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Madawaska  river. 

Stages  leave  Frederickton  daily,  for  places  in  the  vicinity,  and 
also  for  Canada,  a  distance  of  300  miles.  Stages  also  leave  twice 
a  week  for  Miramichi,  Chatham,  and  intermediate  places  ;  and  for 
Liverpool,  on  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  there  forming  a  commu- 
nication with  Prince  Edward's  Island.  A  steamer  leaves  St. 
John,  once  a  week,  for  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia,  and  touching  at 
places  on  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  From  Windsor  stages  leave  daily 
for  Halifax,  45  miles.  Steamers  also  cross  the  Bay  of  Fundy 
from  St.  John  to  Annapolis  ;  whence  stages  leave  for  most  of  the 
principal  places  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  for  Halifax,  125  miles  distant. 

Frederickton,  the  seat  of  government  of  New  Brunswick, 
stands  upon  a  flat  sandy  ton^'ue  of  land,  formed  by  a  bend  of  the 
St.  Johns  river  ;  the  plain  is  three  miles  in  length,  varying  in 
breadth  from  a  narrow  strip  to  half  a  mile ;  the  river  here  is 
about  1,000  yards  across,  winding  past  in  front,  with  an  amphi- 
theatre of  richly  wooded  hills  for  its  background. 

"  The  view  both  up  and  down  the  valley  is  most  interesting, — to  the 
north  an  uncleared  range  of  highlands,  with  detached  cones  and  broken 
hills  thrown  out  in  bold  relief  upon  the  landscape.  Villas  enclosed  in 
the  woods,  and  farms  upon  the  clearings,  are  the  chief  objects  it  pre- 
sents ;  while  to  the  south  the  river  is  seen  winding,  like  a  silver  cord, 
ihrough  the  dark  woodlands,  until  it  disapper.rs  among  the  islands  in 
he  distance." 

Frederickton  is  a  long  and  rather  straggling  place,  laid  out 


NEW  BRUNSWICK  AND  NOVA  SCOTIA. 


67 


regularly  in  quadrangles,  with  wide  and  airy  streets ;  the  princi- 
pal  of  them  are  a  mile  in  length,  and  run  parallel  with  the  river. 
The  public  buildings,  with  the  exception  of  the  government  house 
and  the  college,  both  massive  stone  edifices,  have  little  to  recom- 
mend them.     Its  population  is  about  4,500. 

St.  Andrews,  in  the  British  province  of  New  Brunswick,  is 
situated  on  a  peninsula,  formed  by  the  St.  Croix  river  and  an  arm 
of  Passamaquoddy  Bay.  Its  local  advantages  for  commerce  are 
very  great,  possessing  a  harbor,  which,  for  safety  and  extent,  is 
equal  to  any  on  the  coast.  This  is  the  starting-point  of  "  The 
St.  Andrews,  Woodstock,  and  Quebec  Railroad,"  a  route  which 
is  to  unite  the  Bay  of  Fundy  with  the  St.  Lawrence.  This  line, 
which  extends  a  distance  of  nearly  300  miles,  has  been  mostly 
surveyed,  and  that  portion  of  it  extending  from  St.  Andrews  to 
Woodstock,  a  distance  of  about  80  miles,  is  now  under  contract, 
and  will  probably  be  completed  during  the  year  1849.  A  capital 
of  $800,000  has  been  subscribed,  and  a  portion  of  it  paid  in,  the 
remainder  to  be  called  in  by  iuBtalments  during  the  progress  of 
the  work.  The  government  has  granted  free  all  the  land  and 
materials  required,  where  the  road  passes  through  the  public  lands, 
and  a  further  grant  of  20,000  acres ;  and  a  guaranty  of  five  per 
cent,  upon  one-half  of  the  stock,  for  ten  years. 

The  government  engineers  are  now  engaged  in  exploring  and 
surveying  a  railroad  route  extending  from  Halifax,  through  Nova 
Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  to  Canada,  uniting  with  "  The  St. 
Andrews,  Woodstock,  and  Quebec  Railroad,"  at  Great  Falls  on 
the  St.  Johns  river. 

Halifax. — This  city,  the  capital  of  the  province,  is  situated 
on  Chebucto  Bay,  on  the  s.  e.  coast  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  N.  Lat. 
44°  36',  and  W.  Long.  63°  28'.  Its  population,  exclusive  of  the 
army  and  navy,  is  about  25,000.  The  town  is  seated  on  the  de- 
clivity of  a  hill,  about  250  ft.  high,  rising  from  one  of  the  finest 
harbors  on  the  continent.  The  streety  are  generally  broad,  and 
for  the  most  part  macadamized.  Viewed  from  the  water,  or  from 
the  opposite  shore,  the  city  is  prepossessing  and  animated.  In 
front,  the  town  is  lined  with  wharves,  which,  from  the  number 
of  vessels  constantly  loading  and  discharging,  always  exhibit  a 
spectacle  of  great  commercial  activity.     "  Warehouses  rise  over 


68 


RAILROAD  AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


.he  wharves,  or  tower  aloft  in  different  parts  of  the  town,  and 
dwelling-houses  and  public  buildings  rear  their  heads  over  each 
other,  as  they  stretch  along  and  up  the  sides  of  the  hill.  The 
spires  of  the  different  churches,  the  building  above  the  town,  in 
which  the  town-clock  is  fixed,  a  rotunda-built  church,  the  signal- 
posts  on  Citadel-Hill,  the  different  batteries,  the  variety  of  style 
in  which  the  houses  are  built,  some  of  which  are  painted  white, 
some  blue,  and  some  red ;  rows  of  trees  showing  themselves  in 
different  parts  of  the  town  ;  the  ships  moored  opposite  the  dock- 
yard, with  the  establishments  and  tall  shears  of  the  latter ;  the 
morchunt  vessels  under  sail,  at  anchor,  or  along  the  wharves  ; 
thu  wooded  and  rocky  scenery  of  the  background,  with  the 
is'iiu'.' 
ire 


s,  and  the  small  town  of  Dartmouth  on  the  e.  shore, — 
11  objects  which  strike  most  forcibly  on  the  view  of  the  be- 
holder." 

Oi'  (he  public  buildings,  the  chief  is  a  handsome  edifice  of 
stoiu,  called  the  Province  Building,  140  ft.  long  by  70  broad, 
and  ornamented  with  a  colonnade  ol'  the  Ionic  order.  It  com- 
prises chambers  for  the  council  and  legislative  assembly,  the  su- 
preme court,  various  government  offices,  and  the  public  library  of 
the  city. — The  Government  House,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
town,  is  a  solid,  but  gloomy-looking  structure,  near  which  is  the 
residence  of  the  military  commandant. — The  Admiral's  residence, 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  town,  is  a  plain  building  of  stone. — The 
Dockyard,  which  covers  14  acres,  and  forms  the  chief  depot  of 
naval  8tci">'?s  in  the  British  North  American  colonies,  is  reported 
to  be  the  fiaest  in  the  world,  if  the  works  of  a  similar  kind  in 
England  be  excepted.  The  n.  and  s.  barracks  are  capable  of 
accommodating  three  regiments. — There  is  also  a  Military  Hos- 
pital, erected  by  the  late  Di:i;)  of  Kent. — Dalhousic  College  is 
a  handsome  edifice  of  freestone. — The  Church  of  England  and 
the  Presbyterians  have  each  churches ;  and  there  are  besides 
a  Roman  Catholic  chapel,  and  several  chapels  belonging  to 
different  religious  denominations — There  are  two  private  bank- 
ing companies  in  the  town,  and  a  chamber  of  commerce,  com- 
posed of  15  members. — It  is  said  tlu  t  the  hotels  and  boarding- 
houses  are  very  indifferent.  The  inhabitants  of  Halifax  are  in- 
telligent and  social,  and  travellers  have  remarked  that  the  tone 


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FITCHBURG  RAILROAD. 


69 


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of  society  is  there  more  decidedly  English  than  in  most  of  the 
other  colonial  cities. 

The  harbor  opposite  the  town  is  more  than  a  mile  wide,  and 
has,  at  medium  tides,  a  depth  of  12  fathoms.  About  a  mile  above 
the  upper  end  of  the  town  it  narrows  to  one-fourth  of  a  mile,  and 
then  expands  into  Bedford  Basin,  which  lias  a  surface  of  10  sq. 
miles,  and  is  completely  land-locked.  On  an  -land  opposite  the 
town  are  some  strong,  mounted  battorirs. 
defended  by  some  other  minor  fortification; 

Halifax,  ever  since  its  settlement  in  174P 
of  a  profitable  fishery.  Its  trade,  which  is  m 
condition,  is  principally  with  the  W.  Indies  and  other  British  col- 
onies, with  the  U.  States,  and  the  mother  country.  It  is  also  tho 
chief  rendezvous  and  naval  depot  for  the  British  navy  on  the 
North  American  station.  Tho  British  government  having  made 
Halifax  one  of  tho  stopping-places  of  the  Cunard  line  of  steam- 
ers, in  their  trips  either  way  across  tho  Atlantic,  has  added  great- 
ly to  its  importance  as  a  maritime  city,  as  well  as  advanced  its 
commercial  prosperity. 


Im^   harbor  is  also 

been  tho  seat 
a  very  prosperous 


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FITOHBURO-   RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  6.) 

The  new  depot  of  the  above  railroad  is  situated  in  Boston,  on 
the  corner  of  Causeway  and  Haverhill  sts.  It  is  316  ft.  long,  96 
wide,  and  two  stories  high,  and  built  of  Fitchburg  granite,  at  a 
cost  of  upwards  of  ^70,000,  without  tho  land :  it  is,  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  the  handsomest  depot  in  the  United  States. 

Th's  road  was  opened  for  travel  from  Charlestown  to  Fitch- 
burg, in  March,  1845,  and  extends  a  distance  of  50  miles.  Its 
cost,  including  bridge  over  Charles  river,  and  depot  in  Boston, 
with  ground,  &c.,  was  about  ,^2,115,400.  The  Fitchburg  Rail- 
road is  one  of  the  best  roads  in  the  country ;  the  business,  both 
in  freight  and  passengers,  is  yearly  increasing,  and  will  be  great- 
ly augmented  by  the  completion  of  the  roads  loading  from  it,  and 
uniting  with  those  destined  to  reach  Montreal.  The  construction 
of  the  Fitchburg  road  has  been  the  means  of  developing  the  re 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M5S0 

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70 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


■onrces  of  the  towiu  through  which  it  pasBes,  to  a  very  great 
extent. 

RocTK  BETWEEN  BoBTON  AND  FiTCHBURO. — CharUstown,  the 
first  place  reached  after  crossing  the  viaduct  over  Charles  river, 
is  built  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  Charles  and  Mystic  rivets, 
and  is  connected  with  Boston  by  two  public  bridges — by  one  with 
Chelsea  and  Maiden,  over  the  Mystic — and  with  Cambridge,  by 
a  bridge  over  Charles  river.  It  contains  many  handsome  private 
dwellings.    Pop.  about  17,550.      The  Bunker  Hill  Monument 

is  in  this  city,  the  site  of  which 
is  62  feet  above  the  level  oi'  the 
sea.  It  is  a  plain  granite  shaft 
220  ft.  in  height,  31  square  at  the 
base,  and  15  at  the  top.  The 
corner-stone  was  laid  June  17th, 
1825,  on  the  50th  anniversary  of 
the  battle,  by  the  Marquis  La 
Fayette,  and  the  work  was  com- 
pleted  June  17th,  1842.  From 
the  top,  which  is  a  chamber  11 
ft.  in  diameter  with  four  win- 
dows, the  visiter  has  one  of  the 
finest  panoramic  views  in  the 
country.  —  The  United  States 
NavyYard  was  established  about 
the  year  1798.  It  contains  about 
60  acres,  and  is  enclosed  by  a  high  wall  built  of  stone  in  a  sub- 
stantial manner.  It  has  four  large  shiphouses,  where  vessels  of 
war  of  the  first  class  are  built,  houses  for  the  ofiicers,  and  many 
other  buildings.  The  Ropewalk,  which  isl,300feet  in  length,  is 
indeed  a  curiosity,  and  should  not  be  overlooked  by  visiters.  It 
is  a  long,  low  building,  entirely  fire-proof,  being  built  of  granite, 
and  covered  with  slate.  The  machinery  here  is  of  the  most 
elaborate  and  ingenious  description.  The  Dry  Dock^  at  the  up- 
per end  of  the  yard,  is  a  stupendous  work,  and  worthy  the  ad- 
miration of  all  lovers  of  great  architectural  skill :  it  is  unrivalled 
by  any  other  work  of  its  kind  in  the  country,  is  built  of  hewn 
granite,  and  is  341  feet  long,  80  wide,  and  30  deep,  and  cost 


FITCHBDKG  RAILROAD. 


71 


$670,089.  It  was  completed  in  June,  1833,  and  the  first  venel 
it  received  was  the  frigate  Constitution. — Charlestown  contains 
also  the  State  Prison,  which  was  founded  in  1800.  Visiters  are 
admitted  within  the  walls  by  paying  a  fee  of  25  cents. 

West  Cambridge  is  a  very  pleasant  place,  containing  nuner^ 
ous  country-seats  and  well-cultivated  farms.  Spy  Pond  aijd  a 
part  of  Fresh  Pond  lie  in  this  town  ;  they  both  abound  with  fish, 
and  are  popular  places  of  resort  in  the  summer  season.  They 
also  furnish  large  quantities  of  ice,  much  of  which  is  exported. 
Fare  to  West  Cambridge,  15  cents. 

Waltham,  10  miles  from  Boston,  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
towns  in  its  vicinity.  From  Prospect  Hill,  which  is  elevated 
nearly  500  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  there  is  a  fine  view  of 
the  surrounding  country,  with  Boston  and  its  noble  harbor  in  the 
distance.    Fare  20  cents. 

Weston,  formerly  a  part  of  Watertown,  from  which  it  was 
taken  in  1713,  is  a  well-cultivated  town  13  miles  from  Boston. 
Fare  25  cents  ;  to  Lincoln  35  cents. 

Concord  is  situated  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  20  miles 
from  Boston.  It  is  celebrated  as  the  place  where  the  first  effect- 
ual resistance  was  made,  and  the  first  British  blood  shed,  in  the 
Revolutionary  war.  On  the  19th  of  April,  1775,  a  party  of 
British  troops  was  ordered  by  Gen.  Gage  to  proceed  to  this  place 
to  destroy  some  military  stores,  which  had  been  deposited  here 
by  the  province.  The  troops  were  met  at  the  north  bridge  by 
the  people  of  Concord  and  the  neighboring  towns,  and  forcibly 
repulsed.  A  handsome  granite  monument,  erected  in  1836,  com- 
memorates the  heroic  and  patriotic  achievement  Pop.  about 
2,000.    Fare  45  cents. 

Acton,  till  1735,  formed  a  part  of  Connrd.  Nagog  Pond,  in 
this  town,  is  much  visited.  Fare  to  South  Acton,  25  miles,  50 
cents ;  to  West  Actonf  27  miles,  ^5  cents ;  and  to  Littletont  32 
miles,  62  cents. 

Harvard  is  becoming  important  for  its  manufacture  of  papei. 
An  industrious  community  of  Shakers,  who  own  a  considerable 
tract  3f  land  about  three  miles  from  its  centre,  reside  in  this  towui 
and  supply  its  market  with  a  variety  of  articles.  There  are  here 
some  fine  fish-ponds.    Fare  70  cents. 


72 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


(hoton,  37  miles,  is  one  of  the  finest  towns  in  Middlesex  coun- 
ty, and  hus  great  local  beauty.  Its  schools  (for  which  it  is  fa- 
mous) are  admirably  conducted.  Fare  70  cents :  to  Shirley ^  40 
miles,  80  cents ;  Lunenburg^  43  miles,  85  cents ;  Leominster, 
45  miles,  92  cents. 

Fitchburg,  50  miles,  since  the  completion  of  the  railroad,  has 
increased  both  in  population  and  importance.  It  is  situated  on  a 
branch  of  Nashua  river,  which  affords  an  extensive  and  constant 
water-power.  The  manufactures  of  the  town  consist  of  cotton 
and  woollen  goods,  leather,  boots  and  shoes,  paper,  and  a  variety 
of  other  articles.  Fop.  about  4,000.  Fare  $1.00 :  usual  time 
front  Boston  2^  hours. — For  continuation  of  routes  from  Fitch- 
burg, see  page  87. 

LEXmaTON  AND  WEST  CAMBRIDGE  RAILROAD,  (See 
Map  No.  6.) — This  road,  seven  miles  in  length,  was  opened  for 
travel  in  Sept.  1846,  and  cost  about  $200,000.  It  is  a  branch  of 
the  Fitchburg  Railroad. 

From  Boston  to  Lexington. — Over  the  Fitchburg  Railroad, 
5  miles,  and  through  West  Cambridge  to  Lexington,  11  miles 
from  Boston.  Fare  25  cents.  Lexington  will  ever  be  a  mem- 
orable place  :  it  was  here  the  first  blood  was  shed  in  the  cause 
of  American  Independence,  19th  of  April,  1775.  On  the  village 
green,  near  the  church,  and  on  the  site  of  the  battle,  a  monu- 
ment is  erected,  with  an  inscription  commemorating  the  event. 


WATERTOWN  BRANCH  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  6.)- 
This  road,  a  branch  of  the  Fitchburg,  was  opened  for  travel  in 
June,  1847 ;  it  is  three  miles  in  length,  and  cost  $112,000.  Cars 
leave  Charlestown  several  times  daily  the  places  on  this  route, 
passing  over  the  Fitchburg  road  to  F.  Pond,  five  miles,  a  de- 
lightful sheet  of  water,  and  a  great  resort  during  the  summer 
season.  Boating  and  fishing  are  the  chief  amusements.  Fare 
12  i  cents. 

Mount  Auburn  Cemetery  is  half  a  mile  from  Fresh  Pond,  and 
a  mile  from  Harvard  L^niversity :  it  is  a  lovely  place  for  the  re« 
poee  of  the  "  mighty  dead,"  and  one  of  the  spots  most  worthy  of 
the  tourist's  observation  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston.    It  containi 


BOSTON  AND  WORCESTER  RAILROAD. 


about  100  acres  of  land,  and  is  laid  out  with  gravelled  walks,  and 
embellished  with  all  the  varieties  of  trees,  shrubbery,  and  flowers. 
There  are  numerous  monuments,  many  of  which  are  of  exquisite 
workmanship.  The  labyrinthine  walks  are  named  after  various 
trees  and  flowers,  thus:  Woodbine,  Poplar,  Violet,  Narcissus, 
Ivy,  Lily,  Moss,  &c.,  &.c.  This  cemetery  was  dedicated  iu  Sept. 
1831,  and  the  first  person  interred  here  was  Mrs.  Hannah  Adams, 
one  of  the  earliest  female  writers  of  New  England.  Visiters  are 
fined  $25,  if  they  disturb  or  take  any  thing  away  from  the  cem- 
etery. The  grounds  are  kept  well  regulated,  and  in  the  best 
condition,  and  every  attention  is  paid  to  preserve  order  and  de- 
corum. 

Watertown,  eight  miles  from  Boston,  is  situated  on  Charles  river, 
which  is  navigable  to  the  village  for  vessels  of  light  draught.  In 
the  town  are  several  manufactories,  with  paper  and  cotton  mills, 
print  works,  &c.  The  United  States  Araenal  is  on  the  n.  bank 
of  the  river,  a  short  distance  below  the  village ;  it  contains  a  large 
amount  of  munitions  of  war,  and  covers  about  40  acres  of  ground. 
Mr.  Cushing's  beautiful  garden  is  in  this  town,  two  and  a  half 
miles  w.  from  Harvard  University,  and  cue  and  a  half  from  Mount 
Auburn.  It  comprises  al  out  60  acres  of  choice  laud,  so  elevated 
in  its  situation  as  to  command  a  view  of  the  fine  scenery  which 
surrounds  it.  Strangers  desirous  of  seeing  this  delightful  spot 
can  do  so  by  obtaining  an  order  from  the  President  of  the  Horti« 
cultural  Society,  School-st.  This  place  can  be  visited  at  the  same 
time  with  Fresh  Pond  and  Mount  Auburn,  being  6n  the  same 
route,  and  only  a  short  distance  apart 


BOSTON  AND   WORCESTER  RAILROAD. 

This  road  was  commenced  in  1831,  and  opened  for  travel  m 
.1835  ;  it  is  44  miles  in  length,  and  according  to  the  company*! 
last  annual  report,  ending  Dec.  31st,  1849,  the  cost  of  the  road 
to  the  present  time  has  been  $3,767,939,  and  of  engines  and  can 
$345,670,  making  the  total  cost  of  road  and  equipment  $4,1 13,609. 
The  transportation,  botti  in  freight  and  travel,  on  the  road  has 
greatly  mcreased  during  the  last  year,  much  beyond  that  of  any 


M 


BAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


former  year ;  arrangements  have  accordingly  been  made  for  the 
erection  of  additional  freight-houses,  within  the  city  of  Boston^ 
and  also  for  the  enlargement  of  the  passenger  depot  building. 
Tracks  are  to  be  set  off  for  departing  trains,  with  rooms  for  pas- 
sengers, distinct  from  those  which  are  appropriated  for  trains  on 
their  arrival. 

The  branch  roads,  uniting  with  the  Boston  and  Worcester,  are : 
— the  Brookline,  Brighton,  Newton  Lower  Falls,  Natick,  and 
Saxonville  ;  the  Milford  branch  from  South  Framington  depot  to 
Milford  ;  and  the  Millbury  branch  from  Grafton  to  Millbury.  A 
route  for  a  branch  from  HoUistou  to  Medway  has  been  surveyed, 
and  found  favorable. 

From  Boston  to  Worcester,  (see  Map  No.  6.) — Passengers 
leave  for  places  on  this  route  from  the  depot,  Lincoln-st.,  corner 
of  Beach -St.,  opposite  the  United  States  Hotel. 

Brighton,  the  first  stopping-place  on  this  route,  five  miles  from 
Boston,  is  a  pleasant  town  on  the  s.  side  of  Charles  river.  It  is 
noted  for  its  cattle  market,  the  largest  in  New  England.  Mon- 
day is  the  market-day,  when  buyers  and  sellers  congregate  in 
large  numbers,  to  traffic  in  live-stock.  This  town  has  become 
the  residence  of  many  persons  of  wealth  and  taste,  who  occupy 
beautiful  country-seats,  with  splendid  gardens  attached.  Win- 
ship's  garden  is  famed  for  its  nursery  of  fine  fruit-treea  and  shrub- 
bery, and  for  its  grand  display  of  fruits  and  flowers  of  every 
variety.  It  is  free  to  visiters.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Brighton, 
15  cents. 

Newton  is  both  an  agricultural  and  a  manufacturing  town. 
Its  borders  are  washed  by  Charles  river  for  several  miles.  There 
are  two  sets  of  falls  on  that  river  in  this  town,  two  miles  apart, 
called  the  Upper  and  Lower  Falls,  on  which  are  extensive 
paper-mills,  and  other  manufacturing  establishments.  There  is 
here  a  Theological  Seminary,  established  in  1825.  Newton 
Corner,  or  Angier'a  Corner,  and  West  Newton,  villages  in  this 
town,  are  growing  places.  A  branch  railroad  running  along  the 
west  bank  of  Charles  river,  connects  Lower  Falls  with  the  Wor< 
oester  Railroad.  Fare  to  Newton  Corner,  7  miles,  20  cents,  and 
to  West  Newton,  9  miles,  25  cents. 

Needham  is  now  quite  a  manufacturing  town,  having  severa] 


I 


BOSTON  AND  WORCESTER  RAILROAD. 


75 


paper-mills,  a  chocolate-mill,  a  coach  and  car  manufactory,  and 
manufactnrieB  of  shoes,  hats,  &c.  It  has  also  quarries  of  stone, 
which  are  becoming  yearly  more  valuable.  Fare  to  East  Need' 
ham,  13  miles,  35  cents ;  to  West  Needham,  15  miles,  35  cents. 

Natickf  17  miles,  called  by  the  Indians  <<the  place  of  hills," 
is  watered  in  part  by  Charles  river :  it  contains  several  delightful 
ponds,  well  stored  with  fish.  The  southern  part  of  Long  Pond 
is  in  this  town,  and  is  seen  from  the  cars  while  passing.  The  first 
Indian  Church  in  New  England  was  established  here  in  1660, 
under  the  direction  of  the  apostle  Elliot.  Pop.  1,500.  Fare  45 
cents.  The  Saxonville  Branch  Railroad,  four  miles  in  length, 
extends  from  Natick  to  Saxonville,  and  is  a  branch  of  the  Wor- 
cester Railroad.    Fare  10  cents  ;  from  Boston  55  cents. 

Framingham,  21  miles  from  Boston,  has  the  Sudbury  river 
passing  through  its  centre.  Its  fishing,  fowling,  and  other  sports, 
make  it  an  agreeable  place  of  resort.  Saxonville,  in  the  north- 
eastern section  of  the  town,  is  where  the  chief  water-power  lies. 
From  Long  Pond  in  Framingham,  the  city  of  Boston  is  to  be 
supplied  with  excellent  water.  Pop.  of  the  town  about  3,250. 
Fare  55  cents. 

Hopkinton,  24  miles  from  Poston,  is  rapidly  increasing  in  pop- 
ulation and  wealth.  The  Mi.  leral  Spring  in  this  town  is  much 
resorted  to.  [Persons  desirous  of  visiting  this  celebrated  place, 
should  leave  the  cars  at  West')oro',  eight  miles  west  from  Hop- 
kinton, and  three  and  a  half  northwest  of  the  Springs.]  It  is 
situated  near  Whitehall  Pond,  a  popular  fishing -place,  with  the 
attraction  also  of  a  fine  hotel,  at  which  visiters  for  health  or  pleas- 
ure meet  with  most  agreeable  entertainment.  The  waters  of  the 
Mineral  Spring  contain  carbonic  acid,  and  carbonate  of  lime  and 
iron.  Fare  to  Hopkinton,  65  cents  ;  to  Southboro*,  28  miles, 
80  cents ;  and  to  Westboro',  32  miles  from  Boston,  90  cents. 

Grafton,  38  miles.  The  Blackstone  river  and  other  streams 
give  this  town  a  constant  and  valuable  water-power.  After  leav- 
ing Grafton,  the  Millbury  Branch  Railroad  passes  through  the 
N.  corner  of  the  town  of  Millbury,  whence  a  branch  road  ex- 
tends to  the  village,  on  Blackstone  river. 

Worcester,  capital  of  the  county  of  the  same  name,  is  a  large 
and  flourishing  town,  situated  in  the  "  heart  of  the  common- 


#. 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


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wealth,"  and  is  the  centre  of  a  great  inland  trade.  It  is  distant 
44  miles  from  Boston,  45  from  Providence,  54  from  Springfield, 
42  from  Nashua,  N.  H.,  59  from  Norwich,  79  from  Hartford,  156 
from  Albany,  and  194  from  New  York  via  Norwich.  Pop.  in 
Dec.  1849,  was  16,950,  being  a  gain  since  1840  of  9,804.  Wor- 
cester is  the  centre  of  an  important  railroad  communication,  which 
makes  it  one  of  the  greatest  thoroughfares  in  the  country,  and 
contributes  much  to  its  growth  and  prosperity.  It  has  railroads 
diverging  from  it,  on  the  e.  to  Boston  ;  on  the  w.  to  Springfield 
and  Albany ;  in  a  s.  e.  direction  to  Providence,  R.  I. ;  on  the  8. 
to  Norwich  and  Allyn's  Point,  Conn., — from  the  latter  of  which 
places  there  is  communication  by  steamboat  with  Now  York :  it 
i&  also  conuected,  in  a  n.  e.  direction,  with  Nashua,  N.  H.  The 
Blackstone  Canal  extends  from  Worcester  to  Providence,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Blackstone  river,  45  miles.  The  village,  pleasantly 
situated  in  a  valley  surrounded  by  hills  of  slight  acclivity,  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  New  England.  It  is  abundantly  supplied  with 
water,  brought  through  an  aqueduct  from  the  neighboring  hills 
Mairt'Street,  the  most  important,  is  broad  and  handsome,  shaded 
with  trees,  and  more  than  a  mile  long,  containing  many  fine 
buildings  both  public  and  private. 

The  American  Antiquarian  Society  at  this  place  was  founded 
in  1813,  by  the  late  Isaiah  Thomas,  LL.  D.,  the  father  of  print- 
ing in  New  England.  The  Hall  of  this  society,  erected  in  1820, 
has  a  central  building  46  ft.  long  and  36  wide,  with  a  neat  Doric 
portico,  and  two  wings  28  ft.  long  and  21  wide.  The  Society 
has  a  library  of  12,000  vols.,  a  large  and  valuable  cabinet  of  an- 
tiquities, and  many  interesting  specimens  of  early  printing. — The 
State  Lunatic  Asylum,  established  here  in  1832,  consists  of  a 
centre  building  76  ft.  long,  40  wide,  and  four  stories  high,  with 
two  wings,  each  96  ft.  long,  36  wide,  and  three  stories  high.  At 
each  end  of  the  wings  are  two  other  buildings  134  ft.  long  and 
34  wide,  forming,  with  the  main  building,  three  sides  of  a  spacious 
square,  all  built  of  brick.  The  interior  arrangements  are  admi- 
rably suited  to  the  accommodation  of  the  different  classes  of  pa- 
tients, and  on  the  whole  it  is  one  of  the  best  institutions  in  the 
country.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Worcester  $1.25 :  usual  time 
about  2  hours.    From  Worcester  a  railroad  is  in  progress  of  con- 


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ftniction  to  the  town  of  Barre,  a  distance  of  20  miles.  (For  Pro?* 
idenco  and  Worcester  Kuilroad,  see  Index.)  There  is  also  cue 
uniting  Worcester  with  Nashua,  N.  H. 

Wachusett  Mountain,  16  miles  n.  n.  w.  from  Worcester,  rises 
2,018  feet  above  the  ocean :  it  is  ascended  by  an  easy  path, 
and  is  now  much  visited  during  the  pleasant  months  of  summer. 
The  view  from  this  mountain  is  wide  and  extensive,  while  the 
atmosphere  is  in  a  high  degree  exhilarating. 


NASHUA  AND  WOROESTER  RAILROAD. 
(See  Maps  Nos.  6  and  9.) 

This  route  extends  frum  Worcester,  Mass.,  to  Nashua,  N.  H., 
45  miles.  It  forms  a  direct  inland  communicution  from  Long 
Island  Sound  to  the  Merrimack  river,  whore  it  unites  with  a 
chain  of  railroads  leading  from  Boston  to  Lake  Champlain.  It 
also  forms  one  of  the  inland  routes  from  N.  York  to  Canada.  The 
following  are  the  depots,  with  distances  and  fares  : — From  Wor- 
cester to  West  Boylston,  9  miles,  20  cents ;  Oakdale,  10,  26  cts. ; 
Sterling,  12,  35  cts.;  Clintonville,  16,  45  cts.;  New  Boston,  18, 
50  cts. ;  Lancaster,  19,  50  cts. ;  Still  River,  23,  66  cts. ;  Harvard 
25,  70 cts.;  Groton  Junction,  28,  80  cts.;  Grutou  Centre,  31,  90 
cts.;  Pepperell,  36,  $1,00;  Hollis,  39, $1,10;  Nashua, 45,  $1,26. 


WESTERN    RAILROAD. 
(See  Maps  Nos.  7  and  8.) 

This  road  connects  with  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad 
at  Worcester,  and  is  118  miles  long ;  and  the  Albany  and  West 
Stockbridge  Railroad,  connecting  with  the  Western  at  the  State 
Line,  is  38  miles.  The  entire  length  of  the  road  from  Boston  to 
Albany  is  200  miles. 

The  merchandise  depot  of  this  railroad  is  said  to  be  the  largest 
in  the  country,  being  120  ft.  wide,  and  460  long,  occupying  an 
area  of  55,200  square  feet,  or  nearly  two  acres  of  land.  The 
roof,  which  is  120  ft.  span,  rests  wholly  on  the  walls,  without  any 


i! 


11 


1 1 


78 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  C03IPANI0N. 


other  support  The  walls,  built  of  brick,  are  18  ft.  high,  and  20 
inches  thick,  and  where  the  rafters  rest  upou  them  the  thickness 
is  doubled.  The  entire  space  within  these  w  ills  is  one  immense 
room,  unbroken  even  by  a  single  pillar,  and  is  usually  filled  with 
piles  of  merchandise.  The  cars  from  Albany  on  the  east  track 
deliver  their  freight — consisting  chiefly  of  the  produce  and  pro- 
visions  of  Western  New  York,  and  the  varied  manufactures  of 
Worcester,  Springfield,  and  the  towns  adjacent  to  the  road — on 
an  ample  platform  furnished  with  scales,  on  a  level  with  the  cars. 
The  cars  on  the  west  track  for  Albany,  and  the  intermediate 
places,  are  at  the  same  time  receiving  groceries,  dye-stuffs,  wool, 
cotton,  and  a  variety  of  other  articles,  in  incredible  quantities. 

This  railroad  was  chartered  in  March,  1833,  and  opened  for 
travel  from  Worcester  to  Springfield  in  1839,  and  as  far  as  Al- 
bany on  the  Hudson,  in  1842.  The  cost  of  this  road  (156  miles) 
has  been  $8,185,788.  Its  gross  receipts  between  Worcester  and 
Albany,  in  1847,  were  $1,335,336,  an  increase  of  $380,918.11 
over  1846.  It  is  built  in  the  most  substantial  manner,  and  is 
considered  a  model  work  of  its  kind.  The  engineering  difHcul- 
ties  upon  it  were  very  great,  in  consequence  of  the  elevated  and 
rugged  sections  of  country  through  which  it  passes  to  reach  the 
western  boundary  of  Massachusetts.  Between  Worcester  and 
Spencer,  a  distance  of  12  miles,  it  crosses  a  chain  of  hills  eleva- 
ted 950  ft.  above  tidewater  in  Boston  harbor.  After  leaving 
Springfield,  it  ascends  by  the  valley  of  Westfield  river,  crossing 
and  recrossing  that  stream  and  its  branches  27  times,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  rocky  and  unfavorable  nature  of  this  part  of  the 
state.  In  the  township  of  Washington  it  crosses  a  summit  1 ,480 
feet,  and  20  miles  further  another  918  feet  above  tidewater,  with 
grades  80  feet  to  the  mile. 

"  That  section  of  the  Western  Railroad  which  traverses  the  wild  hills 
of  Berkshire  is  a  work  of  immense  labor,  and  a  wonderful  achieve- 
ment of  art. 

'*  After  leaving  the  wide  meadows  of  the  Connecticut,  basking  in 
their  rich  inheritance  of  alluvial  soil  and  unimpeded  sunshine,  you  wind 
through  the  narrow  valleys  of  the  Westfield  river,  with  masses  of  moun- 
tains before  you,  and  woodland  heights  crowding  in  upon  you,  so  that 
at  every  puff  of  the  engine  the  passage  visibly  contracts.  The  Alpine 
character  of  the  river  strikes  you.  Th  J  huge  stones  in  its  wide  chan 
nel,  which  have  been  torn  up  and  roll  >".  down  by  the  sweeping  torrents 


WESTERN  RAILROAD. 


79 


of  spring  and  autumn,  lie  bared  and  whitening  in  the  summer's  sun 
You  cross  and  recross  it,  as  in  its  deviations  it  leaves  space,  on  one 
side  or  the  other,  for  a  practicable  road. 

"  At  *  Chester  Factories'  you  begin  your  ascent  of  80  feet  in  a  mile 
for  13  miles!  The  stream  between  you  and  the  precipitous  hill-side, 
cramped  into  its  rocky  bed,  is  the  Pontoosne,  one  of  the  tributaries  of 
the  Westfield  river.  As  you  trace  this  stream  to  its  mountain  home,  it 
dashes  along  beside  you  with  the  recklessness  of  childhood.  It  leaps 
down  precipices,  runs  forth  laughing  in  the  dimpling  sunshine,  and  then, 
shy  as  the  mountain  nymph,  it  dodges  behind  a  knotty  copse  of  ever- 
greens. In  approaching  the  'summit  level,'  you  travel  bridges  built  a 
hundred  feet  above  other  mountain  streams,  tearing  along  their  deep- 
worn  beds  ;  and  at  the  '  deep  cut'  your  passage  is  hewn  through  solid 
rocks,  whose  mighty  walls  frown  over  you. 

"  Mountain  scenery  changes  with  every  changing  season— we  might 
almost  say  with  every  change  of  atmosphere.  In  the  spring,  while  the 
skirts  of  winter  still  hang  over  this  high  cold  region,  and  the  trees  seem 
afraid  to  put  out  their  buds,  the  Pontoosne  breaks  forth  from  its  icy 
bars,  and  leaps  and  rushes  on  as  if  with  conscious  joy  for  its  recovered 
liberty. 

*'  In  summer,  as  there  is  little  on  these  savage  hills  of  what  is  pecu- 
liar to  summer,  flowers  and  fruitfulness,  it  is  a  happy  chance  to  make 
this  pass  when  piles  of  clouds  hide  the  hot  sun,  and  the  rain  is  pouring 
down  in  sheets,  when  every  little  dropping  rill  that  has  dried  away  in 
the  summer's  heat,  is  suddenly  swelled  into  a  waterfall,  and  over  the 
bank  and  down  the  cliff's  they  come  pouring  and  leaping. 

"  In  autumn,  the  beeches  and  maples  on  the  hill  sides  are  glowing 
with  a  metallic  brightness,  softened  and  set  off"  most  exquisitely  by  the 
evergreen  of  the  towering  pines,  the  massive  cones  of  the  Norway  ftrs, 
and  the  graceful,  plumy  hemlocks  that  intersperse  them. 

"  In  winter,  the  art  that  sends  you  swiftly  and  securely  through  these 
stern  solitudes,  is  most  gratefully  felt.  The  trees  bend  creaking  before 
the  howling  blast,  the  snow  is  driving  and  drifting, — here  it  is  piled  on 
either  side  in  solid  walls  above  your  car,  and  there  the  hideous  roots  of 
the  upturned  stumps  are  bare. 

"  On  you  glide,  by  the  aid  of  the  most  recent  discoveries  and  inge- 
nious contrivances  of  art,  through  a  country  whose  face  is  still  marked 
with  the  savage  grandeur  of  its  primeval  condition." 

The  importance  of  this  road  to  Boston,  and  that  section  of  the 
country  through  which  its  route  lies,  is  demonstrated  by  the  iu- 
creasiug  amount  of  business  yearly  transacted  upon  it,  both  in 
passengers  and  freight.  It  is  said  that  such  is  the  regularity  and 
precision  with  which  the  locomotives  and  trains  from  Boston  to 
Albany  perform  the  distance  of  200  miles,  that  the  farmers  on 
the  line  set  their  clocks  by  them. 


80 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


:  'I 


THE  FITTSFIELD  AND  NORTH  ADAMS  RAILROAD 
leaves  the  Western  Railroad  at  Pittsfield,  and  extend?  to  North 
Adams,  30  miles:  it  was  opened  in  Oct.  1846,  and  cost  about 
$450,000.     Fare  60  cents. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Albany,  (see  Maps  Nos.  6,  7,  and  8.) 
— Trains  leave  Boston,  from  the  Worcester  depot,  Beach-st.,  op- 
posite the  United  States  Hotel,  three  times  daily  for  Albany, 
Sundays  excepted.  Those  leaving  in  the  morning  reach  Spring- 
field in  time  to  dine,  and  stop  half  an  hour  ;  those  leaving  Boston 
in  the  afternoon  stop  overnight  at  Springfield,  and  leave  next 
morning  for  Albany,  arriving  there  about  noon.  Usual  time  be- 
tween Boston  and  Albany,  10  hours.  Fare  $5.00.  The  trains 
for  Troy  leave  Greenbush  on  the  arrival  of  the  trains  from  Boston. 
Stages  and  other  conveyances  will  be  found  at  most  of  the  depots 
on  the  route,  to  convey  passengers  to  the  various  hotels  and  places 
in  the  vicinity.  (For  the  route  from  Boston  to  Worcester,  see 
page  74. 

The  stopping-places  between  Worcester  and  Springfield,  (see 
Map  No.  7,)  with  fares  and  distances  from  Boston,  &c.,  are  as 
follow :  Clappville,  53  miles,  $1.50  ;  Charlton  Depot,*  57,  $1.60; 
Spencer,  62,  $1.70 ;  E.  Brookfield,  64,  $1.75 ;  S.  Brookfield, 
67,  $1.95  ;  West  Brookfield,  69,  $1.96 ;  Warren,  73,  $2.05  ; 
Palmer  Depot,  83,  $2.25  ;  N.  Wilbraham,  89,  $2.55 ;  Wilbra- 
ham,  92,  $2.65. — We  now  arrive  at 

Sfringfield,  the  most  important  of  the  towns  on  this  route, 
lying  upon  the  e.  bank  of  Connecticut  river,  98  miles  from  Bos- 
ton, 102  from  Albany,  18  from  Northampton,  36  from  Green- 
field, 26  from  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  142  from  the  city  of  N.  York. 
It  is  the  centre  of  a  large  inland  and  river  trade,  its  natural  as 
well  as  artificial  advantages  rendering  it  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant commercial  depots  on  Connecticut  river.  It  has  railroads 
diverging  from  it,  on  the  e.  to  Boston,  on  the  w.  to  Albany,  N.Y., 
on  the  N.  to  Greenfield,  (this  road  is  being  extended  to  Bellows 
Falls,  Vt.,)  on  the  s.  to  Hartford  and  New  Haven  ;  and  the 
New  Y(*rk  and  New  Haven  Railroad,  which  now  connects  it 

*  From  Charlton  Depot,  it  is  designed  to  extend  a  branch,  to  be  called 
the  Southbridge  Branch  Railroad,  to  Southbridge,  10  miles.  It  will  proba- 
bly be  opened  for  travel  during  the  present  year. 


PITTSFIELD  AND  NORTH  ADAMS  RAILROAD. 


81 


with  the  great  commercial  depot  of  the  Union.  The  houses  here 
are  well  made  and  uniformly  built  of  brick,  and  the  appearance 
of  the  town  is  lively  and  cheerful.  Main-st.,  the  principal,  ia 
about  two  miles  and  a  half  long,  and  runs  parallel  with  the  river 
The  chief  part  of  the  business  of  Springfield  is  transacted  in  this 
street.    Pop.  in  Jan.  1850,  20,721. 

Cars  leave  Springfield  for  Hartford  on  the  arrival  of  the  trains 
from  Boston  ;  and  for  Greenfield  three  times  daily.  During  the 
season  of  navigation,  steamboats  ply  between  this  place  and  Hart- 
ford, and  other  towns  on  the  river. 

The  United  States  Armory,  at  this  place,  is  the  most  exten- 
sive in  the  country.  It  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  village.  The  buildings,  which  are  of  brick, 
are  arranged  around  a  square  of  about  20  acres,  presenting  a 
handsome  appearance.  A  cupola  on  one  of  them  affords  a  de- 
lightful view  of  the  river  and  surrounding  country.  There  are 
about  300  men  employed  in  the  Arsenal.  About  15,000  muskets 
are  annually  made  here,  and  150,000  are  stored  in  the  buildings 
connected  with  this  establishment.  There  are  several  well-kept 
hotels  in  Springfield,  that  offer  excellent  accommodations  at  a 
reasonable  rate.     Fare  from  Boston,  $2.50 :  time  about  5  hours. 

West  Springfield,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  100  miles  from 
Boston,  and  two  miles  from  Springfield,  is  connected  with  the 
latter  place  by  a  bridge  over  the  Connecticut,  four  ferries  and 
also  by  the  Western  Railroad,  which  passes  through  it.  It  is 
equidistant  from  Boston  and  Albany.     Fare  $2.85. 

Westfield,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  is  a  delightful  'own, 
with  great  natural  beauties.  It  is  108  miles  from  Boston,  lying 
in  a  valley  about  four  miles  in  diameter,  and  surrounded  by  hilis 
of  considerable  height.  Here  the  canal  road  from  New  Haven 
joins  the  Western.  Fare  '$2,95.  Russell,  116  miles  from  Bos- 
ton, $3.05;  Chester  Village,  119,  $3.15;  Chester  Factory, 
126,  $3.35  ;  N.  Beaket,  135,  $3.60  ;  Washington  Summit,  138, 
$3.70  ;  Hinsdale,  143,  $3.85  ;  Dalton,  146,  $3.90. 

PiTTSFiELD,  151  miles  from  Boston,  is  a  large  manufacturing 
and  agricultural  town,  elevated  1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  It  is  151  miles  w.  from  Boston,  and  49  e.  from  Albany.  The 
village  is  beautifully  situated,   and   contains    many  handsome 

6 


82 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


dwellings.  lu  this  village  there  is  still  standing  one  cf  the  origi* 
nal  forest  trees — a  large  elm,  120  feet  high,  and  90  feet  to  the 
lowest  limb— an  interesting  relic  of  the  primitive  woods,  and 
justly  esteemed  a  curiosity  by  persons  visiting  this  place.  Pitts- 
field  contains  a  medical  institution,  and  a  seminary  of  learnmg 
The  town  received  its  present  name  in  1761,  in  honor  of  William 
Pitt,  (Earl  of  Chatham,)  the  celebrated  British  statesman.  Fare 
from  Boston,  $4.00. 

Shaker  Village,  156  miles  from  Boston,  Fare  $4.30 ;  Rich- 
mond, 159,  $4.35. — The  State  Line,  162  miles  from  Boston  and  38 
from  Albany,  is  the  point  from  whence  diverges  the  Housatonic 
Railroad,  terminating  at  Bridgeport,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  98 
miles,  and  also  that  of  the  Hudson  and  Berkshire  Railroad  to 
Hudson,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name,  33  miles. — Canaan,  167 
miles  from  Boston,  $4.60  ;  E.  Chatham,  172,  $4.70  ;  Chatham 
Four  Comers,  177,  $4.90  ;  Kinderhook,  184,  $4.95  ;  Schodac, 
192,  $5.00, — arrive  at  Greenbush,  and  cross  the  ferry  to  Albany, 
200  miles  from  Boston.     Fare  $5.00. 


OONNEOTIOUT  RIVER   RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  8.) 

This  road  extends  from  Springfield,  Mass.,  to  Greenfield,  36 
miles:  it  is  being  continued  to  Brattleboro',  Ver.,  and  from 
thence  to  Bellows  Falls,  where  it  will  meet  the  railroads  from 
Boston  on  their  routes  to  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  West.  The 
road  from  Springfield  to  Northampton,  a  distance  of  17  miles, 
was  opened  in  1845,  and  from  thence  to  Greenfield,  19  miles,  in 
1846.    This  road  cost  $1,010,542. 

Route  from  Springfield  to  Northampton  and  Greenfield. 
— To  Cabot  Junction  is  four  miles.  Here  is  situated  Cabotville, 
a  large  manufacturing  village  on  the  Chickopee  river.  There 
are  three  cotton  manufacturing  establishments,  with  a  capital  of 
$1,700,000  giving  employment  to  upwards  of  1,500  operatives. 
The  Ames  Company  are  largely  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of 
swords,  brass  cannon,  bells,  machinery,  and  cutlery. — Chickopee 
Falls,  another  important  manufacturing  village,  is  united  with 


CONNECTICUT  RIVER  Ry^^LROAD. 


83 


Cabotville  by  the  Chickopee  Branch  Railroad,  two  miles  long 
There  is  a  cotton  manufacturing  company  established  here  with 
a  capital  of  $700,000,  giving  employment  to  about  800  operatives. 
There  are  also  extensive  manufactories  of  paper,  iron  castings, 
fire-arms,  machinery,  &c. — Willimansettf  7  miles,  Fare  20  cents  ; 
SmitJi's  Ferry,  13  miles,  37^  cents. 

Northampton,  17  miles  from  Springfield,  is  delightfully  situ- 
ated on  the  w.  side  of  Connecticut  river,  on  rising  gr'  und,  about 
a  mile  from  the  river,  and  is  surrounded  by  large  tracts  of  fertile 
meadow  land.  It  is  a  favorite  place  of  resort  for  travellers,  and 
is  ono  of  the  most  beautiful  villages  in  New  England.  Agricul- 
tural unci  manufacturing  pursuits  are  the  chief  employments  of 
the  people.  For  some  years  past  it  has  prosecuted  with  spirit  and 
success  the  rearing  of  the  silkworm,  and  large  quantities  of  sew- 
ing silk  are  annually  produced.    Pop.  about  5,000.    Fare  50  cts. 

Mount  Tom  is  in  the  town  of  Northampton,  on  the  w.  side  of 
Connecticut  river,  and  Mount  Holyoke  on  the  e.  or  opposite  side  ; 
the  former  is  elevated  1,314  feet,  and  the  latter  1,120.  To  visit 
Mount  Holyoke  the  traveller  must  cross  the  ferry,  which  lands 
him  at  the  base  of  this  renowned  elevation,  where,  by  a  rather 
steep  ascent,  he  can  attain  its  very  summit,  upon  which  houses 
for  the  accommodation  of  visiters  have  been  erected.  Here  he 
will  be  amply  rewarded  by  a  view  of  the  vast  panorama  of  varied 
beauty  which  lies  spread  at  his  foet,  and  extends  to  the  very 
verge  of  the  horizon.  Immediately  beneath,  the  beautiful  Con- 
necticut winds  through  one  of  the  richest  valleys  of  New  Eng- 
land,— a  valley  checkered  with  fields  and  woods,  hillock  and  dale. 

Passing  Northampton,  we  proceed  to  Hatfield.  Fare  65  cents. 
In  this  town  large  quantities  of  broom-corn  are  grown,  and  brooms 
manufactured  to  a  great  extent ;  also  vehicles,  boots,  shoes,  &c. 

Whately,  26  miles  from  Springfield.  Fare  75  cents.  It  is 
watered  by  Mill  river  and  West  Brook,  on  which  streams  are  tan- 
neries, manufactories  of  woollen  goods,  of  gimlets,  hammers, 
&c.  Like  the  above  town,  it  produces  broom-corn  in  abun- 
dance, which  is  manufactured  into  brooms.  A  few  miles  w.  of 
the  Connecticut,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  West  Whately,  is  Mount 
Eaher,  which  rises  neuly  1,000  feet  above  the  river,  from  which 
the  prospect  is  very  imposing. 


f.l 


84 


RAILROAD  AND  tTEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


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Bloody  Brook  village  is  noted  as  tho  place  whore,  in  1675j 
Capt.  Lathrop  and  7G  out  of  84  tnou  under  his  command  were 
siuin  by  the  Indians.  In  1838,  a  monument  was  erected  here 
commemorating  the  event. 

Deerjield  is  a  town  of  considerable  trade.  In  one  year  the 
goods  nianufucturod  at  this  place  amounted  to  about  $250,000. 
Fare  $1.00. — Deerfield  and  Sugarloaf  Mountains  are  in  this 
vicinity.  The  former  rises  700  feet  above  tho  plain,  and  the  lat- 
ter, which  is  an  isolated  hill  of  a  conical  form,  rises  600  foot  above 
the  river. 

Greenfield  is  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  on  the  margin  of 
Green  river,  and  contains  many  handsome  buildings.  The  man- 
ufactures of  the  town  consist  of  a  great  variety  of  useful  articles. 
Fate  from  Springfield,  3G  miles,  $1.10.  (For  continuation  of 
this  route  into  Vermont,  see  Map  No.  9,  and  for  routes  from 
Greenfield,  see  page  90.) 

South  Hadley  Falls  are  in  the  Connecticut  river,  seven  miles 
N.  from  Cabotville  :  they  extend  a  distance  of  two  miles,  the  en- 
tire fall  from  the  upper  dam  being  50  feet.  A  canal  is  construct- 
ed around  these  falls,  with  five  locks,  and  a  cut  through  solid  rock 
40  feet  in  depth  and  300  feet  in  length.  There  is  a  dam  across 
the  river  of  1,100  feet,  which  was  constructed  to  overcome  the 
principal  fall  in  the  river  :  it  produces  a  water-power  of  great  ex- 
tent. The  cataract  rushes  over  a  confused  mass  of  rocks,  pre- 
senting varied  forms  of  beauty  and  wildness.  At  South  Hadley 
village^  three  miles  n.  of  the  falls,  is  situated  the  Mount  Holyokc 
Female  Seminary,  a  school  designed  to  givo  a  practical  domestic 
education  with  intelligent  instruction. 

Amherst,  seven  miles  n.  e.  from  Northampton,  is  conspicu- 
ous for  its  elevated,  healthy,  and  commanding  situation,  being 
surrounded  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills.  Amherst  College  ranks 
among  the  most  respectable  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  coun- 
try It  is  located  on  high  ground,  in  the  centre  of  the  village, 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  commanding  a  prospect  of 
cue  of  the  most  picturesque  sections  of  the  state.  A  regular  line 
of  stages  leaves  Northampton  for  Amherst  on  the  arrival  of  the 
cars  from  Springfield.  From  Amherst,  we  can  proceed  n.  through 
Sunderland  to  the  foot  of  Mount  Toby,  au  elevation  which  rises 


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NORTHERN    RAILROAD. 


85 


1,000  feet  abovo  the  Connecticut  river :  it  is  composed  of  pud- 
ding-stone, and  the  small  stones  within  it,  of  various  sizes  and 
3f  every  color,  are  round  and  smooth,  as  though  washed  by  the 
ocean.  There  is  a  cavern  on  one  side  of  the  mountain,  which 
Is  about  GO  feet  deep  and  150  in  length  ;  and  on  the  n.  w.  side, 
in  the  n.  part  of  Sunderland,  are  a  curious  cave  and  fissure. 
From  Sunderland  the  traveller  can  cross  the  bridge  over  the  Con- 
necticut to  Whately,  and  thence  to  Deerfiold. 

ROUTES  FROM  CONCORD,  N.  H.,  (See  Map  No.  9.)— From 
this  place  a  chain  of  railroads  leads  in  a  s.  and  s.  e.  direction  to 
Boston,  and  in  a  n.  w.  to  the  Connecticut  river  at  Lebanon :  an- 
other runs  towards  Winnipiseogeo  Lake  in  the  n.,  and  one  on  the 
E.  to  Portsmouth. 


BOSTON,  CONCORD,  AND  MONTREAL  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  5.) 

This  road  will  extend  from  Concord,  N.  H.,  to  Plymouth,  on  the 
Pemigewasset  river,  45  miles ;  thence  to  Haverhill,  on  the  Con- 
necticut, there  connecting  with  a  road  leading  to  Montreal.  The 
cost  to  Meredith  Bridge,  27  miles,  is  about  $343,703.  Fare  from 
Boston  to  E.  Concord,  $1.60  ;  N.  Concord,  $1.70 ;  Canterbury, 
$1.75  ;  Northfield,  $1.85  ;  Sanbornton  Bridge,  $2.00  ;  Union 
Bridge,  $2.10  ;  Meredith  Bridge,  $2.25  ;  Lake  Village,  $2.30. 

Stages  leave  Meredith  daily  (connecting  with  other  lines)  for 
all  the  principal  towns  in  northern  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
and  the  Canadas. 


THE   NORTHERN   RAILROAD,    N.  H. 
(See  Map  No.  9.) 

This  highly  important  thoroughfare  is  a  continuation  of  the 
route  from  Boston  to  Concord  via  Lowell  and  Nashua,  to  the  vil- 
lage of  Lebanon,  which  is  within  about  five  miles  of  the  Con- 
necticut river ;  the  completion  of  which  to  the  mouth  of  White 
river,  Vt.,  including  the  construction  of  a  truss-bridge,  some  600 
feet  long,  over  the  Connecticut,    was    effected  in  season  for  the 


86 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


» 


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opening,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1848,  of  tlio  Vermont  Contrnl  Rail- 
road to  Northfield,  ami  thence  to  MontiK'lier.  The  latter  road 
(see  Map  No.  10)  now  unites  the  Connecticut  river  with  Lake 
Champlain,  and  by  tho  oxtcnsi.n  road  from  Burlington  to  the 
St.  Lawrence,  will  connect  will:  Montreal.  It  will  alHO  form, 
with  that  of  the  OgdeuHburj;;  rond,  a  continuous  lino  to  the  wa- 
ters of  the  great  lakes.  The  Northern  Railroad,  from  the  valley 
of  the  Morrimac  to  that  of  tho  Connecticut,  Gi)  miles,  pusseft 
over  a  rough  and  forbidding  country,  and  severe  natural  obstacles 
have  been  overcome  in  its  construction.  More  than  3,354,000 
cubic  yards  of  earth  and  87,000  of  solid  rock  have  been  removed, 
and  64,354  perches  of  bridge  and  culvert  masonry  constructed, 
at  a  cost  of  about  $2,000,000.  The  summit  of  tho  road  is  in 
Orange,  and  is  about  700  feet  above  the  Merrimac  and  500 
above  the  Connecticut.  It  is  overcome  by  a  grade  of  50  foet, 
which  is  the  highest  on  the  whole  line.  The  Northern  Railroad 
between  Concord  and  Franklin  was  opened  Dec.  28,  1846,  and 
to  Lebanon  Nov.  17,  1847.  Tho  whole  original  capital  stock  of 
this  company  was  $1,500,000,  with  the  right  to  increase  it  if 
found  necessary. 

Route  from  Concord  to  Lebanon,  (see  Map  No.  9.) — On 
leaving  the  Concord  depot  it  passes  along  upon  tho  interval  e.  of 
the  village,  and  crossing  Horse-Shoe  Pond  takes  the  course  of 
the  Merrimac  river,  keeping  the  w.  bank,  (to  enable  it  to  do 
which  the  river  has  been  turned  from  its  ancient  bed,)  and  pass- 
ing along  not  far  from  the  West  Parish  in  Concord,  where  a  depot 
is  established  with  the  name  of  West  Concord. 

The  next  stopping-place  is  near  Fisherville,  a  bustling  little 
village  upon  Contoocook  river.  Here  the  track  crosses  Mrs.  Dus- 
tan's  Island,  made  illustrious  by  the  notable  exploit  of  that  lady 
with  the  Indians,  in  March,  1698.  Passing  on,  the  next  depot 
is  at  Boacawen,  a  very  excellent  farming  town  ;  thence  to  North 
Boscawen  and  to  Franklin,  18  miles  from  Concord,  a  place  of 
considerable  importance,  at  the  head  of  Merrimac  river,  or  at  the 
junction  of  Pemigewasset  and  Winnipiseogee  rivers.  Franklin 
contains  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

This  route  is  one  of  considerable  interest  and  picturesque  beau- 
ty :  it  passes  through  the  Webster  farm,  an  object  of  curiosity  to 


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VERMOnT   AND   MASSACHUSETTS   RAILROAD. 


87 


Rtrangerft,  as  being  the  placo  where  the  Hon.  Daniel  Webiter 
nawed  his  youth.  Fare  'roni  Cone  urd  to  W.  Concord,  10  conti; 
to  Fisherville,  20  ;  to  lioscitwen,  25  ;  to  W.  ttoacatven,  35  ;  to 
Franklin,  50 ;  to  E.  Andover,  G5  ;  to  Andover,  80  }  to  W.  An- 
dover,  85  ;  to  Danhury,  $1.00;  to  Grafton,  $1.15;  to  Canaan, 
$1..35  ;  to  Enfield,  $1.50  ;  to  E.  Lebanon,  $1.55  ;  to  Lebanon, 
$1.65  ;  to  W.  Lebanon,  $1.75.  Fare  from  Boston  to  the  latter 
place,  $3.25.     Distance  142  miles. 

Hanover,  N.  li.,  la  situated  a  few  miles  n.  of  W.  Lebanon,  on 
an  exteiiHivo  plain,  half  a  mile  from  the  Connecticut  river,  and 
180  foet  above  the  level  of  its  waters.  The  principal  houses  are 
erected  around  a  square  of  12  acres  ;  the  remainder  stand  on  dif- 
ferent streets,  leadin^r  from  the  {rrecn  in  all  directions.  This  is 
the  seat  of  Dartmouth  College,  founded  in  1769,  for  the  educa- 
tion of  Indians,  and  named  after  William,  Earl  of  Dartmouth. 
It  is  an  institution  which  holds  a  very  respectable  rank  for  learn- 
ing and  inHuonce,  and  the  ability  of  its  officers. — {For  the  con- 
tinuation  of  this  route  through  Vermont,  see  «  Vermont  Central 
Railroad.") 

Routes  from  Fitohburo. — At  Fitchburg,  the  traveller  will  find 
stages  to  convoy  him  to  places  in  the  vicinity,  and  also  to  those 
at  a  distance,  away  from  the  line  of  railroads.  Trains  leave 
Fitchburg  for  Boston  four  tir^os  daily  ;  trains  also  connect  with 
the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts  Railroad,  and  also  with  the 
Cheshire  Railroad. 


VERMONT  AND   MASSACHUSETTS   RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  9.) 

This  road  leaves  the  Fitchburg  Railroad  at  Fitchburg,  passing 
through  Athol,  Northfield,  &c.,  to  Brattleboro',  Ver.  ;  thence 
up  the  Connecticut  river  to  Bellows  Falls,  where  it  will  unite 
with  the  chain  of  railroads  through  Western  Vermont  to  Bur- 
lington, and  also  with  those  following  up  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut. It  is  open  for  travel  to  Athol,  33  miles  from  Fitchburg 
and  83  from  Boston.    An  attempt  has  been  made  to  obtain  a 


I  I 


88 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


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charter  for  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from  Greenfield,  Mass., 
to  Troy,  N.  Y.  At  Greenfield,  the  Vermont  and  Massachusetts 
Railroad  would  then  connect  Troy  with  Boston,  making  a  new 
route  from  the  latter  city  to  the  Hudson  river. 

From  Boston  to  Atiiol. — To  Fitchhurg,  50  miles,  $1.00, 
(sec  this  route  ;)  thence  to  W.  Fitchhurg,  52,  $1.10  ;  Westmin- 
ster, 55,  $1.12;  S.  Ashburnham,  60,  $1.25;  Gardner,  65, 
$1.37;  Templeton,  70,  $1.50;  Baldwinsville,  71,  $1.55;  S. 
Royalston,  77,  $1.75  ;  Athol,  83,  $1.85  ;  S.  Orange,  87,  $1.95 ; 
Wendell,  91,  $2.05  ;  Ewing,  94,  $2.15. 

Athol,  a  manufacturing  place,  receives  great  water-power  from 
Miller's  river. — Northfield  consists  of  one  street  a  mile  long  :  the 
houses  have  a  neai  and  comfortable  appearance. 

Brattlehoro\  Vt.  is  a  very  pleasant  place,  situated  on  an  ele- 
vated plain  above  the  Connecticut.  The  vicinity  is  noted  for  its 
invigorating  air,  pure  water,  and  fine  mountain  scenery.  The 
town  is  connected  with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  by  a  hand- 
some covered  bridge.  There  are  several  factories  and  mills  here, 
which  derive  their  power  from  a  creek,  whose  water  falls  over  a 
ledge  of  rocks. 

Bellows  Falls  are  a  series  of  rapids  in  the  Connecticut,  ex- 
tending about  a  mile  along  the  base  of  a  high  and  precipitous 
hill,  known  as  "  Fall  Mountain,"  which  skirts  the  river  on  the 
New  Hampshire  side.  At  the  bridge  which  crosses  the  river  at 
this  pl-ace,  the  visiter  can  stand  directly  over  the  boiling  flood ; 
viewed  from  whence,  the  whole  scene  is  wild  and  exciting  in  the 
extreme.  The  Connecticut  is  here  compressed  into  so  narrow  a 
compass  that  it  seems  as  if  one  could  almost  leap  across  it.  The 
water,  which  is  almost  one  dense  mass  of  foam,  rushes  through 
this  chasm  with  such  velocity,  that  in  striking  on  the  rocks  be- 
low, it  is  forced  back  upon  itself  for  a  considerable  distance.  In 
no  place  is  the  fall  perpendicular  to  any  considerable  extent,  but 
in  the  distance  of  half  a  mile  the  waters  descend  about  50  feet 
A  canal  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long,  with  locks,  was  coustructec] 
round  the  falls,  many  years  since,  at  an  exponse  of  $50,000. 


CHESHIRE  RAILROAD — SULLIVAN  RAILROAD. 


89 


OHESHIHE   RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  9.) 

This  route  is  also  an  extension  of  the  Fitchburg  road  :  it  leaves 
the  junction  at  South  Ashburnham,  Mass.,  and  when  completed 
will  pass  through  Keene,  N.  H.,  to  Bellows  Falls,  at  which  place 
it  will  connect  with  the  Rutland  road  and  the  valley  of  Lake 
Champlain ;  and  also  with  the  Sullivan  road,  a  branch  uniting 
the  Cheshire  with  the  Vermont  Central  Railroad.  This  road 
will  receive  a  great  part  of  the  travel  and  business  of  the  Rut- 
land, with  which  and  the  Fitchburg  it  will  form  the  shortest, 
cheapest,  and  one  of  the  best  railroad  lines  between  Boston  and 
Burlington.  It  will  have  an  equal  chance  of  doing  the  business 
created  by  the  opening  of  the  Ogdensburg  Railroad,  and  also  of 
Montreal.  The  Cheshire  Railroad  is  now  opened  through  to 
Bellows  Falls,  110  miles  from  Boston,  and  18  from  Keeno,  N.  H. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Bellows  Falls. — To  Fitchburg,  50 
miles,  $1,00;  South  Ashburnham,  61,  $^1,25  ;  Winchendon,  Q'd, 
$1,50 ;  Fitzwilliam,  78,  $1,65  ;  Trot/,  83,  §1,70 ;  Kcene,  93,  $1,90 ; 
Westmoreland,  105,  $2,15  ;  Walpole,  111,  $2,30  ;  Bellows  Falls, 
115,  §2,35. 

Keene,  one  of  the  prettiest  places  in  the  state,  is  situated  on  a 
flat  E.  of  the  Ashuelot  river.  It  is  particularly  entitled  to  notice 
for  the  extent,  width,  and  uniform  level  of  its  streets.  The 
main  street,  extending  one  mile  in  a  straight  line,  is  almost  a 
perfect  level,  and  is  well  ornamented  with  trees.  It  is  a  place 
of  coiisiderable  business,  there  being  several  manufacturing  estab- 
lishments here.  Passengers  will  find  stage  conveyance  at  Win- 
chendon  to  Rindge  and  Jaffrey  ;  at  Fitzwilliam,  on  Tuesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  on  arrival  of  the  first  train  from  Bos- 
ton, to  Richmond,  Winchester,  Hinsdale,  and  Brattleboro' ;  and 
on  opposite  days  from  those  places  to  Fitzwilliam. — At  Troy, 
stages  will  connect  with  all  the  trains,  through  Keene  and  Bel- 
lows Falls,  to  and  from  all  Western  New  Hampshire,  Vermont, 
Canada,  and  Northern  New  York. 


THE  SULUVAN  RAILROAD,  25  miles  in  length,  connects 
with  the  Cheshire  road  at  Bellows  Falls,  and  unites  it  with  the 


90 


RAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT   COMPANIOX. 


Ill 


Vermont,  Central,  and  Passumpsic  Railroads.  Bellows  Falls 
TO  Windsor,  <fec. — To  Charlestown,  8  miles,  fare  25  cents ;  N. 
Charlestown,  13,  40  cts. ;  Claremont,  17,  50  cts. ;  Windsor,  25, 
15  cts.;  Hartland,  29,  90  cts.;  N.  Hartland,  33,  $1,05  cts.; 
Hartford,  Vt.,  40,  §1,25. 

Routes  from  Greenfield. — Trains  leave  Greenfield  for  North- 
ampton and  Springfield  three  times  daily ;  at  the  latter  place  con- 
necting with  the  trains  for  Boston,  Albany,  Hartford,  and  N.  Ha- 
ven. Fare  from  Greenfield  to  Springfield,  $1,10  ;  from  the  lat- 
ter place  to  Boston,  $2,75  ;  to  Albany,  $2,25  ;  to  Hartford,  75 
cents  ;  and  to  New  Haven,  $1,87.  From  N.  Haven  to  N.  York  by 
steamboat.    Fare  to  New  York  from  Springfield  about  $3,00. 

Passengers  can  leave  Greenfield  by  the  Vermont  and  Massa- 
chussetts  K.  R.,  for  Fitchburg,  Lowell,  Nashua,  Concord,  and  Bos- 
ton.   Stages  leave  Northampton  for  Aralierst,  Easthumpton,  <fec. 

From  Greenfield,  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad  is  now  con- 
tinued to  Brattleboro',  (see  Map  No.  9,)  uniting  with  the  Ver- 
mont and  Massachusetts  at  the  State  Line.  This  railroad  com- 
pletes the  connection  with  the  roads  in  progress  pervading  the 
valley  of  the  Connecticut,  which,  when  finished,  will  open  a 
railroad  communication  between  New  York  city  and  the  extreme 
northern  boundary  of  Vermont,  and  by  other  roads  yet  to  be 
built,  will  open  the  communication  with  Montreal  and  Quebec 


THE  RUTLAND  RAILROAD. 
(See  Maps  Nos.  9  and  10.) 
Tills  road  is  now  open,  and  extends  from  Bellows  Falls  to  Bm*- 
lington,  117  miles:  it  forms  a  continuation  of  the  Cheshire  Rail- 
road in  New  Hampsliire,  and  opens  a  new  route  and  the  shortest 
from  Boston  via  Fitchburg  to  Lake  Champlain  and  Canada.  Start- 
ing from  Bellows  Falls,  it  runs  up  the  valley  of  Williams  river  ; 
it  then  passes  into  the  valley  of  Black  river,  and  continues  to  the 
Green  Mts. ;  upon  passing  Mt.  Holly  Gap,  it  runs  into  the  valley 
of  Mill  river,  and  the  valley  of  Otter  creek,  till  it  reaches  the  val- 
ley of  Lake  Champlain.  For  almost  the  whole  of  its  course,  it 
runs  through  valleys  of  rivers  and  the  valley  of  the  lake  with  easy 


•.;.' 


vs  Falls 
3ents ;  N. 
ndsor,  25, 
L,05   cts. ; 


|j^t«^'u?%-l4f'^»WHi.  ^^'^-'-wre-'^i.-tttWtf'^J&niM^ 


4. 


ji|p^|idji'ljV^itl^  irr  n  Mm-' ■-'■•"  I  i  "ry'ir-iririr  r  :nrn— 'tr-|fijj; 


f. 


S'-^.;  3i 


tor  North- 
place  con- 
lul  N.  Ha- 
ll the  lat- 
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t  .^3,00. 
id  Massa- 
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iipton,  &c. 
now  con- 
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road  com- 
ading  the 
il  open  a 
e  extreme 
yet  to  be 
Quebec 


dls  to  Bnr- 
shire  Rail- 
le  shortest 
ida.  Start- 
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[lues  to  the 
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les  the  val- 
8  course,  it 
3  with  easy 


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.in' 


RUTLAND   RAILROAD. 


91 


gradual  slopes.  A  branch  road  extends  to  Whitehall,  at  which 
it  unites  with  the  Saratoga  and  Washington  Railroad,  thus  open- 
ing a  route  to  New  York. 

From  Bellows  Falls  to  Chester,  12  miles,  40  cents;  Ludlow, 
26,  80  cts. ;  Mount  Holly,  33,  $1,05  ;  Clarendon,  A%,  $1,45  ;  Rut- 
land, 51,  $1,65  ;  Piitsford,  60,  $2,00 ;  Brandon,  68,  $2,25  ;  Mid- 
dlebury,  85,  $2,65  ;  New  Haven,  92,  $2,90 ;  Vergennes,  97,  $3,00 ; 
Fcrrisbnrg,  103,  $3,20;  Charlotte,  107,  $3,25;  Shelburn,  111, 
$3,25  ;  Burlington,  116,  $3,30. 

Chester  is  a  thriving  place.  Ludlow  is  mountainous,  but  con- 
tains good  land  for  the  grazing  of  sheep,  <fec.  Mt.  Holly  is  a  plea- 
sant town,  situated  on  the  summit  of  the  Green  Mountains.  The 
soil  is  well  adapted  for  grazing,  and  here  are  produced  large 
quantities  of  wool,  beef,  butter,  and  cheese. 

Rutland  is  a  very  neat  village,  well  built  and  handsomely 
located :  it  is  the  centre  of  trade  for  a  large  section  of  fertile 
country.  Its  agricultural  products  are  large  and  valuable.  The 
town  is  watered  by  Otter  creek  and  its  tributaries,  which  sup- 
ply it  with  good  water-power,  and  upon  which  are  several  man- 
ufacturing establishments.  (For  continuation  of  this  route,  see 
Map  No.  10.)  From  the  Rutland  Railroad  at  this  place,  a  branch 
will  be  built  to  Whitehall,  N.  Y.,  via  Castleton. 

Brandon,  on  the  route  of  the  Rutland  Railroad,  is  a  flourishing 
town,  finely  watered  by  Otter  creek,  Mill  river,  and  Spring 
Pond,  on  which  streams  are  good  mill-seats.  Minerals  of  fine 
quality  are  found  in  this  town.  There  are  here  two  curious  cav- 
erns formed  of  limestone,  the  largest  containing  two  apartments, 
each  from  16  to  20  feet  square.  It  is  entered  by  descending  from 
the  surface  about  20  feet. 

Salisbury  is  watered  by  Otter  creek  and  by  Middlebury  and 
Leicester  rivers.  The  latter  affords  a  good  water-power,  which 
propels  a  number  of  valuable  manufacturing  establishments. 

Middlebury  is  a  beautiful  and  flourishing  town  on  Otter  creek : 
at  the  falls  on  this  stream  are  extensive  manufacturing  establish- 
ments ;  and  large  quantities  of  white  and  variegated  marble,  with 
which  the  town  abounds,  are  sawed  and  polished  for  various  uses, 
and  transported  to  market  It  is  the  shire  town  of  Addison 
county. 


Il 


i- 


W  lUll.ttnAit  ANIi  r«l  I.AIMIIUA  r  (unil'ANION. 

Vcr^jrtMMN  hiiM  It  tlii«>  Mtli^tl  11)11  oil  Ollio  i'IokK,  novnii  iiillm 
lV«Mil  liitKo  riiiinipliiiii.  'I'iio  <<li>i>k  III  lliiN  jiVtro  In  MMI  lvo\  vvlilo, 
hikI  III  Mm  IiiIIh  in  Ni'iMiitiliMi  liy  Iwn  imIiiii«|h,  wliirli  luiiii  Ilir«<n 
(hii|lii«<l  IiiIIn  III' .'17  Irrl,  'riioNO  |ti«Mliii<n  it  ((ii'iil  liyiliiiiilii<  |iowi<r, 
hMlilorotl  viiliiiililo  Ity  Ihmii^  niIiiiiIimI  hi  IIio  IioiiiI  uI'  ii  loililo  riiiiil* 
try.  iiiitl  III  llio  viiMiiily  ol  llio  liiKo.  iiiiil  will  Im<  iiiiirli  iiiit|'nitNti<l 
III  viilii*«  iiy  llio  o|M>iiiiif>:  oC  llio  Kiiiliiiiil  Kitilroiul.  l*'ioiii  Vt^r* 
|}t«niioN  llir  iiiilioiiil  in  riiirioil  iiluiiu  llii«  «MiMli>rii  nIhuo  oC  liitktt 
('ll<llll|>liilii  lo  lllirlliiuloii,  Mini  I'toiii  lliriliMi  il  will  iiiiilo  with 
IM«uilri>iil.     ^I''(it'  (lrMoii|iliiui  ol  Uiiiliii|jliui,  Hoo  liiilux.) 


i    ' 


nrrnunoHiv  and  »utnu:iY  hailhoad.  TliiH  miui.i^x. 

ttMiiliiiu  Ihtiu  lli««  l''il«<liliin){  mini,  ill  (tioloii.  lo  \Vi<nI  'rowiiNiMid, 
UitM  o|»oiio«|  III  lli«>  lull  ol'  ISU,  mill  JH  l\.'|  iiiiloN  ill  lonirlli. 

I"'ll»>\l    lUmiON    iO   >V.  'I'OWNHKNU.       Ovof    lll(«     l''lll'lll»IIIH    Ullil- 

Milil  lo  (itoion,  'M  iiiiIrN,  l'\nr>  W  immiIn  ;  Si|iiiiiiiiiu'onK,  11, 
|ll.O;> ;  TowiiHiMiil  Miirlioi-,  tS,  itiid  'rowiiNriiii  iViiMo,  47,  $l:^{) ; 
\V.  TownNoiul,  IJJ,  III.'J.'k 

WlLl'ON  UAILKOAO.  N.  U  Tliis  loiul  is  in  Now  llmin»Hliin<, 
inul  oouno«'(siil  Ntt^^livillo  willi  llio  roiicortl  iiiul  Kowoll  ruilioiitlH  ; 
niui  iilso  wiili  iho  Nasliiia  iiiitl  WoivoMlor.  It.  is  opoii  lo  Am- 
Itoi'sl,  I'.*  inilos,  iuitl  will  l>o  oonliiiuoil  lo  Kooiio,  via  Wilton  iukI 
rotorlH>n»',  llioio  iulorsooliiif;-  llio  mails  lo  (^tiiaila. 


THE  VERMONT  CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 
(S,H'  Miip  No.  1U.> 

This  n»ii«l  \mitos  willt  (ho  Now  Hampshiro  Xorthcni,  ami  llio 
}\isstii)ipsu'  U'itYf  railroails,  at  Whiti*  Kivor  .lunotion,  and  with 
tho  Sullivan  nvjtd  at  \V  indsor  ;  thus  oontiniiin^  tho  routos  throui>;h 
Now  llamivshiiv.  and  «»t"thoso  inootiiiiLj  at  Hollows  Kails,  through 
Vormont  to  l^tko  Ohauiplain,  at  Umlinijton.  Anothor  lino  oon- 
luvtjs  this  n^td  at  Kouso's  Point  w  ilh  tho  H«j;donslnni;  road,  and 
also  with  (ho  lino  of  tiavol  to  Montroal.  It  opons  an  oxpodi- 
tious  t\>\ito  Ivtwoon  Cai\ada  and  Htvston.  and  in  oonnootion  w'th 
tho  linos  in  tho  vallov  o(  (ho  (.\nuuvtiont,  with  Now  York  city. 


CONNKrTH'll  I*    AN|»    I'ANHl/IVII'HU;    IIIVCKH    |(  All  llnA  li. 


m 


INmiii;  kmom  WiNitMMii  'i4t  Itniii.iNoiuM,  To  llinllninl,  I  inilfw, 
inriM,  ;  S'uilh  ll,ii'tlii>til,\\,  ;i(MU,  ;  Whih'  lihwr  .hiiii'linn,  II, 
•IfM'lM,  ;  W'hitr  Uiiuv  \'i/f,i>/i',  Ifi,  r.d  rlM,  ;  S/hirnn,  '.!'/,  Hr»  rT^,  , 
.S',.////<  /.^.//,(/^l«,  II'.'.  fl.Od;  linjinlfon,  HI,  Ij^l.or.  ;  //r///-/,  ;|«»; 
^l.'.'d.  l:„i„l„li>li,  Id,  )|i<l,|(»;  ft'nxhufif,  <WI,  IS*I,H(»;  Ni,ilhj'i<l,l, 
<r/.  #••,<!:.  ;  Mn,iti„l,n\  77,  *'i,'^f» ;  Walnlmrn,  HM,  ^'//.O  ;  //,,/. 
/../(.  \tr»,  #V!.'/r.  ;  h'i,fnnn„>f.  lOl.  *'.!,'.irt  ;  WiIUhIoii,  Kill,  *.;i,M>; 
A'.rsrr.  I  l(t.  *:i.','il;   HV/«.)r,«/./.  I  I  I,  f;i.:if. ;  Hiiih.inoiun,  IIV,  J*:!,!*). 

Slii)',)'>t  tun  ill  Duiiit'cliitii  Willi  IIiIm  I'«mm|,  Im  nil  jiiirlMdl' (/'chItiiI, 
Noillinii,  iiiiil  WcHlnii  Vcniioiit. 

Mniitiirlii'v,  tlin  iMi|tiliil  til'  Vi'iiiioiil,  \n  Hihiiili'd  vry  ii'Mir  llin 
ctuilro  ol'  llio  nIiiIo,  Ii  im  Niirniiinilntl  Ity  IiIIIm  of  ntiiHiiloruhIn 
ritwiilioii  ;  iiikI  iillli)Mi|.r|i  it.  in  Ino  low  In  roniiiiiiiiil  an  «^xl<MiNivo 
|it'itH|ifM'l,  il  IN  vtM'y  |tliMiNiinlt  )iii(i  <|tiiln  iniiiiinlift  in  ilH  ii|)< 
|M<iii'iiiicn.  Il  iN  II  {L(i'(iil.  llintiMi;;lii'iirM  IVomi  all  ilit'rr.liiiiiN,  anil 
oniiii.iiuiilN  II  lai|{n  iind  valiiuhin  Irmln.  (|''or  Jtiirlii^^loii,  nvo 
|»aj(o  17!K) 


OONNBOTlOtJT  AND    rAaSUMPHlO    HIVERri    KAFLROAD. 

(Mi'ii  Map  No.  10  ) 

TliiN  HOW  loiilo  will  oxlnml  I'loin  tlio  nioiitli  of  VVIiilo  riv<*r,  iu 
lliiiii'onl,  Vl.,  o|•|loNil(^  llin  town  of  lichanon,  N.  II.,  iollowiiiK  np 
tlio  viillxy  of  iIk^  ( 'OiiiicrliiMil  and  PnHHiiinpNic  rivoru,  lo  llio  north 
lino  of  llio  Nditn  at.  Dnliy. 

Tho  vallny  of  llio  aliovn  riviTM  N.  of  ilio  VVIiito,  forinH  flio  nat- 
ural l»iiNiti«>HN  (M^nlns  and  tll«^ollllol  of  omtof  llio  brHt  ajrriiMdtnrui 
diHlrirlH  in  N<>vv  l')ii|<;land,  abounding  alHo  with  availaldo  wrUor- 
jxiwt'r  to  any  doNiralilo  r,\tf'nt.  NiiiiK^roiiH  liUHiiidHH  villii^»'H,  and 
Hoiiio  of  coiiHidnraiilo  iinporlancts  ari)  lo';alfd  upon  tlio  iintiicdiutu 
liniMtf  thin  road  within  tlic^  tirNt  75  niiloH. 

This  roiid  nu'cis  at  tli<!  Oaiiiula  liiu)  tlio  *SV.  Lavirnicr  ana 
(\iii(i(lif  luii/road,  willi  which  it  coMtiiiucn  the?  routi;  of  tli(^  roads 
iu  (lu!  valh'y  of  the  (/oiiucclicut,  lo  tho  city  of  Montreal.  A  road 
has  hi'cu  aulhori/cd,  <'otnu'ctiu<j^  this  route  with  tiuchcc,  at  a 
jiuiul  near  Shcilirookt!,  ;{<»  miles  disluiit  from  liui  Nortluirn  ternii- 
iius  (tf  the  tloniiecticut  and  l'assumj)sic  rivers  road.  'I'la;  placo 
of  iuters^ection  is  nearly  etjuidistant  from  liuebec  and  Moutniul. 


94 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Route  from  White  River  Junction  to  Wells  River. — To 
Norivich  and  Hanover,  5  mWes,  fare  10  cents  ;  Thetfordawd  Lime, 
15,  45  cts.;  North  T/ietford,  17,  55  cts.;  Fairlec  ai.d  Or/vrd,  22, 
Bradford  und  Picrmont,  29, 90  cts. ;  Newbury,  36,  $1,10 ;  Wella 
River,  40,  81,25. 

Starves  leave  the  Wella  River  station  on  the  arrival  of  the  cars, 
for  all  tlie  principal  places  in  Northern  Vermont.  Also  for  Lit- 
tleton, Guildfiall,  Colebrook,  and  Stewartstown,  towns  in  New 
Hampshire. 

Tiio  completion  of  these  roads  will  form  almost  a  direct  lino 
of  coinmunicution  from  Boston  to  Quebec  and  Montreal,  and,  in 
connection  with  the  lines  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  will 
open  a  new  thoroughfare  between  New  York  city  and  the  above 
important  places  in  Canada:  for  a  description  of  which,  see 
pages  181  and  186. 


OLD   COLONY   RAILROAD, 
(See  Map  No.  12.) 

This  road  was  opened  for  travel  on  the  19tk  of  Nov.  1845,  and 
extends  from  the  South  Cove  in  Boston  to  Plymouth,  37  miles. 
It  is  designed  to  extend  it  through  Sandwich  to  Barnstable  on 
Cape  Cod,  a  further  distance  of  28  miles.  The  cost  of  this  road 
was  $1,397,058.  The  depot  in  Boston  is  at  the  corner  of  Kneel- 
and  and  South  sts.,  where  tickets  are  procured  before  taking 
Beats  in  the  cars.  Stages  and  other  conveyance^)  are  always  in 
attendance  to  convey  passengers  to  or  from  the  depot,  or  to  any 
part  of  the  city.     Fare  25  cents  each  person. 

The  Dorchester  and  Milton  trains  leave  Boston  five  times 
daily  :  the  arrangement  is  similar  from  those  places  to  Boston. 

Dorchester,  four  miles  from  Boston,  lies  on  Dorchester  Bay, 
in  Boston  harbor.  It  is  under  s  high  state  of  cultivation, — fruits, 
vegetables,  and  fiowers  being  raised  here  in  great  abundance. 
This  town,  in  consequence  of  the  facilities  for  reaching  Boston, 
has  become  a  faA  orite  place  of  residence  for  many  of  its  citizena 
Fare  12  cents 


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OLD  COLONY  RAILROAD. 


95 


■.  -I 


Neponset  Village,  situated  in  tlie  town  of  Dorchester,  is  on 
the  Neponset  river,  near  its  mouth.  It  has  considerable  trade, 
and  the  population  is  rapidly  increasing. 

Quincy,  eight  miles  from  Boston,  is  situated  on  Quincy  Bay, 
in  Boston  harbor.  The  village,  which  is  built  on  an  elevated 
plain,  is  remarkable  for  its  neatness  and  beauty.  The  ancestral 
estate  of  the  Quincy  family,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  residences 
in  New  England,  is  in  this  town.  In  a  church  in  the  village, 
erected  in  1828,  at  a  cost  of  ^40,000,  is  a  beautiful  monument 
to  the  memory  of  John  Adams  and  his  wife.  This  town  supplies 
the  "  Quincy  granite,"  noted  for  its  durability  and  beauty.  Im- 
mense quantities  are  annually  quarried  and  sent  to  various  parts 
of  the  U.  States.  By  means  of  a  railroad  from  the  quarries  to 
Neponset  river,  this  material  is  transported  at  a  small  cost.  Fare 
from  Boston,  25  cents. — N.  Braintree,  10^  miles,  25  cents  ;  S. 
Braintree,  11^,  30  cents  ;  S.  Weymouth,  15, 40  cents  ;  N.  Ahing- 
ton,  18,  45  cents ;  Abingion,  19^,  50  cents  ;  S.  Ahington,  21, 
55  cents  ;  JV.  Hanson,  23i,  60  cents ;  Hanson,  24|,  65  cents ; 
Plympton,  30,  80  cents  ;  Kingston,  33,  90  cents. 

Plymouth,  37  miles  s.  e.  from  Boston,  is  celebrated  as  being 
the  landing-place  of  the  "  Pilgrims,"  who  disembarked  here  on 
the  22d  of  Dec.  1620.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  New  England. 
Pilgrim  Hall,  the  building  most  worthy  of  notice,  contains  a 
valuable  painting  representing  the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  from 
the  "  May  Flower."  It  is  13  by  16  feet,  and  is  valued  at  $3,000. 
The  cabinet  of  the  Pilgrim  Society  contains  many  valuable  an- 
tiquities. From  Burying  Hill,  in  the  rear  of  the  town,  which  is 
elevated  160  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  is  a  fine  view  of  the 
village,  the  harbor,  and  shipping  beyond,  with  the  coast  for  some 
miles  in  extent.  "  Plymouth  Rock,"  a  deeply  interesting  spot  to 
New  Englanders,  is  near  the  termination  of  Leyden-st.  The 
town  contains  about  200  ponds :  the  largest,  called  the  Billing- 
ton  Sea,  is  about  six  miles  in  circumference.  It  is  situated  two 
miles  s.  w.  of  the  village,  and  contains  a  good  supply  of  pickerel 
and  perch.  Fare  from  Boston  to  Plymouth,  $1.10:  usual  time 
1|  hours.  Stages  convey  passengers  from  Plymouth  to  Barn- 
stable, 28  miles,  and  to  other  places  on  Cape  Cod.  Stages  also 
Veave  Kingston  for  Duxbury,  three  miles  distant.     Stages  will 


U 


■  ■  iilWliiiJWfttenKri?5©ii'TS 


96 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


also  1)0  found  at  most  of  the  depots  on  the  route  to  carry  to  any 
of  tlio  neighboring  towns  or  villages.     Pop.  7,088. 

THE  BRIDGEWATER  BRANCH,  six  and  a  half  miles  in 
length,  connects  with  the  Old  Colony  road  at  S.  Abington,  and 
l)a.sses  from  thence  through  Northville  and  E.  Bridgcwater  to 
UridiTcwater,  27i  miles  from  Boston.     Fare  G5  cents. 

THE  SOUTH  SHORE  RAILROAD  ooinnu'MCos  at  tho  Old  Col- 
ony Railroad  in  Qulncy,  and  is  opened  to  Cohussct. 

FiioM  IJosTON  TO  CoiiAssKT. — To  Quinci/,  8  in'iliis,  fare  25  cts. ; 
E.  Brabdrcc,  11,  34  cts.;  ITrv/xo?*^//,  12,35  cts.;  N,  Wci/mouth, 
14,  40  cts.;  K  Wn/inouth,  15,  43  cts.;  H'mgUam,  18,  45  cts.; 
Nantnxkd,  20,  50  cts. ;  Cohasset,  22,  GO  cts. 

Hiiigham,  a  pleasant  town  situated  on  Boston  harbor,  lies  12 
miles  E.  of  Boston  by  water,  and  14  by  land.  It  is  also  five  miles 
8.  w.  from  Nantasket  Btach,  and  an  equal  distance  from  Cohas- 
set  village.  It  is,  during  the  summer  months,  an  agreeable  place 
of  resort  for  the  people  of  Boston,  and  also  for  strangers  visiting 
that  city.  The  ride  by  steamboat  through  Boston  harbor,  and 
the  passage  among  the  many  beautiful  islands,  is  truly  delightful. 
Tho  scenery  from  the  hills  in  the  village  present  fine  and  exten- 
sive views  of  the  bay  and  surrounding  country.  A  steamboat 
plies  regularly  between  Ilingham  and  Boston,  making  three  trips 
daily  during  the  summer  months.  Fare  25  cents.  The  Old 
Colonv  House,  an  excellent  hotel,  is  within  a  short  distance  of 
the  steamboat  landing. 

Cohasset,  five  miles  from  Hingham,  is  of  easy  access  from  the 
latter  place.  Tho  situation  being  cool  and  refreshing  of  a  hot 
summer's  day,  large  numbers  are  attracted  thither.  The  bathing, 
fishing,  and  marine  scenery  are  equal  to  any  on  the  coast. 

In  the  s.  part  of  the  town  of  Marshjield  is  situated  the  Hon. 
Daniel  Webster's  country  seat :  it  lies  12  miles  n.  from  Plymouth, 
in  full  view  of  the  open  sea,  and  is  surrounded  by  highly  cultivated 
grounds. 

Duxbury,  a  maritime  town,  is  six  miles  n.  from  Plymouth  and 
30  8.  E.  from  Boston.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  elevated  ground, 
and  commands  a  view  of  the  ocean.     At  present  the  most  con- 


FALL  RIVER  RAILROAD. 


97 


arry  to  any 


ilf  miles  in 
)ington,  and 
Igcwater  to 

the  Old  Col- 
za re  25  cts. ; 
'■.  Wci/moufh, 
18,  45   ct.8.; 

irbor,  lies  12 
Iso  five  miles 
from  Cohas- 
reeable  place 
igers  visiting 
harbor,  and 
ly  delightful. 
0  and  exten- 
\.  steamboat 
»g  three  trips 
i.  The  Old 
;  distance  of 

ess  from  the 
ing  of  a  hot 

'he  bathing, 
3oast. 

ed  the  Hon. 
n  Plymouth, 

y  cultivated 

ymouth  and 
ted  ground, 
le  most  con- 


venient way  of  reaching  this  place  from  Boston  is  by  the  Old 
Colony  Railroad  to  Kingston,  and  thence  by  stage  to  Duxbury, 
three  miles. 


FALL  RIVER  RAILROAD. 

This  road  extends  from  the  Old  Colony  at  S.  Braintree,  11 J 
miles  from  Boston,  to  the  town  of  Fall  River.  It  is  42  miles  in 
length,  and  cost  $1,050,000,  or  $25,000  per  mile.  It  was  open- 
ed for  travel  in  184(). 

Route  from  Boston  to  Fall  River. — Trains  leave  the  Old 
Colony  depot,  Boston,  daily,  passing  over  that  road  to  S.  Brain- 
tree,  (see  Map  No.  12  ;)  from  thence  to  Randolph,  15  miles.  Fare 
35  cents  ;  to  E.  Stoughton,  17,  40  cents  ;  to  N.  Bridgewater, 
20,  50  cents;  to  E.  and  W.  Bridgewater,  25,  60  cents;  to 
Bridgewater,  27,  65  cents,  (now  see  Map  No.  11  ;)  Titicut,  31, 
70  cents ;  Middlehoro",  35,  80  cents ;  Myrick's  Station,  42, 
$1.00;  Assonet  or  Freetown,  45,  $1.10  ;  Terry's,  47^,  $1.20  ; 
Somerset,  48i,  $1.25  ;  Fall  River,  53,  $1.35. 

Fall  River,  a  flourishing  and  important  manufacturing  town, 
is  situated  on  the  falls  of  the  outlet  of  the  Watuppa  Ponds,  at  the 
junction  of  the  stream  with  Taunton  river,  and  near  Mount 
Hope  Bay.  These  ponds  contain  about  5,000  acres,  being  11 
miles  long,  and,  on  an  average,  about  one  mile  broad.  They  are 
produced  by  deep,  never-failing  springs,  and  are  two  miles  e.  of 
the  village.  The  descent  of  the  river  is  136  feet  in  a  regular 
volume  of  water,  not  liable  to  excess  or  diminution,  and  adequate 
to  heavy  manufacturing  operations.  The  harbor  of  Fall  River  is 
safe,  and  of  easy  access,  and  has  sufficient  depth  of  water  for 
ships  of  the  largest  class.  Several  vessels  from  this  port  are  en- 
gaged in* the  whale-fishery,  and  many  others  are  employed  in 
the  coasting  trade.  The  principal  business  of  the  place  consists 
in  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  wool,  machinery,  stoves,  the  print- 
ing  of  calico,  &c.  The  establishment  for  the  manufacture  of 
iron,  wholly  operated  by  steam,  is  on  a  very  large  scale,  employ- 
ing between  400  and  500  hands,  and  using  up  about  30  tons  of 
pig  and  hoop  iron  per  day.    Pop.  in  Jan.  1850,  11,805 


98 


UAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


On  Sunday,  July  2d,  1843,  Fall  River  was  visited  by  a  de- 
structive fire,  in  which  200  buildings,  including  the  Pocasset  Hotel, 
a  splendid  structure,  were  consumed.  The  loss  of  property  was 
estimated  at  upwards  of  half  a  million  of  dollars. 

There  are  regular  stage  routes  to  New  Bedford,  Taunton, 
Bristol,  and  Providence.  There  is  also  a  steamboat  line  to  the 
latter  place,  a  distance  of  28  miles,  which  plies  daily,  each  way. 


Route  from  Boston  to  New  York  via  Fall  River  and  New- 
port.— Passengers  take  the  cars  in  Boston,  at  the  Old  Colony 
depot,  corner  of  Kneeland  and  South  sts.  (For  the  route  to  Fall 
River,  see  page  97.)  At  Fall  River  the  railroad  from  Boston  ter- 
minates, and  passengers  are  conveyed  from  thence  in  one  of  the 
splendid  steamers  belonging  to  this  Hue,  through  Narragansett 
Bay  (see  Map  No.  14)  to  Newport,  R.  I.,  18  miles  distant,  where 
the  steamer  stops  to  land  and  receive  passengers,  and  are  con- 
veyed from  thence  round  Point  Judith,  and  through  Long  Island 
Sound  (see  Map  No.  15)  and  the  East  River,  passing  over  the 
boiling  waters  of  "  Hurl  Gate,"  to  the  city  of  New  York,  arri- 
ving at  an  early  hour  the  next  morning ;  distant  from  Boston, 
236  miles.  Fare  $5.00  ;  state-room  $1.00  extra.  (For  city  of 
New  York,  see  page  118.) 

Newport,  one  of  the  towns  where  the  state  legislature  holds 
its  sessions,  is  situated  on  Rhode  Island,  (the  island  from  which 
the  name  of  the  state  is  derived,)  in  Narragansett  Bay,  and  is, 
by  the  channel,  5  miles  from  the  sea,  30  miles  s.  e.  from  Provi- 
dence, 71  from  Boston,  and  165  from  New  York.  The  harbor, 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  is  safe,  and  accessible  by  ships  of 
the  largest  class.  The  town,  lying  on  ground  gradually  rising 
from  the  water,  has  a  beautiful  site  facing  the  harbor,  in  a  south- 
easterly direction.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  salubrity  of  its  climate, 
its  cooling  ocean  breezes,  and  its  fine  views,  which  hate  made  it 
a  favorite  resort  during  the  summer  season.  Visiters  and  inva- 
lids will  here  find  every  accommodation,  either  at  hotels  or  board- 
ing-houses. Sea-bathing,  fishing,  sailing,  and  riding,  are  the 
chief  amusements.  In  the  waters  in  this  vicinity  there  are  about 
60  different  kinds  of  fin  and  shell  fish,  which  are  taken  in  great 
abundance. 


NEW  BEDFORD    AND    TAUNTON    RAILROAD. 


99 


OAPE  OOD  BRANCH  RAILROAD. 

This  road  leaves  the  Old  Colony  at  Middleboro'  Four  Corners, 
and  extends  to  Warehani,  and  from  thence  to  Sandwich,  28  miles. 

Route  from  Bostox. — From  the  depot  of  the  Old  Colony  Rail- 
road to  Middleboro',  35  miles,  fare  80  cents  ;  to  Rock  Meeting- 
House,  38i,  95  cts.;  S.  Middleboro',  42i,  $1,10;  W.  Wareham, 
46,  81,20  ;  Wareham,  49i  §1,25  ;  Agawam,  60^,  §1,33 ;  Cohas- 
set  Narrows,  55,  $1,45;  Monument,  57,  $1,50;  N.  Sandwich,  24, 
$1,50;  W.  Sandwich,  26,  $1,50  ;  Sandwich,  28,  $1,50. 

Wareham,  at  the  head  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  is  favorably  situated 
for  trade  and  commerce.  Its  harbor  is  safe  for  vessels  drawing 
12  feet  of  water :  240  coasting  vessels  arrived  here  in  1844, 
bringing  and  taking  away  50,000  tons  of  merchandise.  There 
were  also  belonging  to  this  port  three  ships  and  three  brigs  en- 
gaged in  the  whaHng  business,  at  an  outfit  of  ^131,000.  In  the 
town  of  Wareham  are  several  ponds  containing  a  great  variety 
of  fish,  whilst  the  shores  abound  with  oysters,  lobsters,  clams,  &c., 
and  the  forests  with  game.  This  and  the  adjoining  towns  afford 
a  great  field  for  the  sportsman. 


TAUNTON  BRANCH  RAILROAD,  AND  NEW  BEDFORD  AND 
TAUNTON  RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No,  11.) 

The  former  of  these  leaves  the  Providence  Railroad  at  Mans- 
field, and  extends  to  Taunton,  11  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel 
in  1836,  and  cost  ^250,000.  The  latter  road  is  a  continuation 
of  the  former  to  the  city  of  New  Bedford :  it  was  opened  in  1840, 
is  20  miles  long,  and  cost  $400,000. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Taunton  and  New  Bedford. — Pas- 
sengers by  this  route  will  take  the  cars  of  the  Providence  Rail- 
road at  their  depot  in  Boston,  near  the  foot  of  the  "  Common," 
to  Mansfield,  25  miles,  (for  this  part  of  the  route,  see  page  102;) 
thence  to  Norton,  29,  Fare  70  cents  ;  Taunton,  36,  75  cents  ; 
Myricks,  42,  $1.00  ;  New  Bedford,  56,  $1.50  :  usual  time  from 
Boston,  3  hours. 


#'■; 


^' 


100 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Taunton,  a  beautiful  town,  is  situated  on  Mill  river,  at  its 
junction  with  Taunton  river.  The  latter  is  navigable  to  Taun- 
ton for  vessels  of  small  draft,  and  affords  great  water-power.  The 
village,  in  the  centre  of  the  township,  contains  many  handsome 
public  and  private  buildings,  located  around  a  fine  enclosure, 
culled  Taunton  Green,  a  public  walk  ornamented  with  trees. — 
The  Mount  Pleasant  Cemetery,  near  Taunton  Green,  is  laid  out 
in  a  tasteful  manner,  on  the  plan  of  Mount  Auburn  Cemetery, 
near  Boston. 

New  Bedford,  an  important  place  of  business,  and  port  of 
entry,  is  on  the  w.  side  of  Acushnet  river,  a  small  stream  which 
falls  into  an  estuary  of  Buzzard's  Bay.  It  is  situated  in  N.  Lat. 
41°  37'  43",  W.  Long.  75°  59',  and  is  56  miles  from  Boston,  230 
from  New  York,  14  from  Fall  River,  and  55  from  Nantucket. 
Between  the  latter  place  and  New  Bedford  there  is  a  regular 
steamboat  communication. 

The  city  of  New  Bedford  is  built  upon  rising  ground,  and  the 
streets  are  laid  out  with  much  regularity,  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles.  The  buildings  are  mostly  of  wood,  although 
more  durable  materials  are  now  used  to  some  extent.  Many  of 
the  houses  are  neatly  surrounded  by  extensive  and  well-cultivated 
gardens,  and  the  streets  on  which  they  are  built  are  bordered 
with  ornamental  trees.  A  mong  the  public  buildings  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Town  Hall,  Custom-House,  and  Court-House.  The 
former  is  a  magnificent  structure  of  granite,  100  feet  long,  60 
wide,  and  three  stories  high — the  lower  of  which  is  used  as  a 
public  market.  The  Custom-House,  built  of  granite,  is  also  a 
fine  structure.  In  this  building  is  the  Post-OfRce.  The  Court- 
House  is  a  plain  structure,  built  of  brick.  The  County  Jail  and 
House  of  Correction  are  near  it. 

The  people  of  New  Bedford  are  extensively  engaged  in  the 
whale-fishery.  This  branch  of  trade  is,  however,  declining,  ow- 
ing to  the  diminution  of  profits.  We  copy  from  the  Whalemen's 
Shipping  List  of  New  Bedford  the  following  statistics  in  regard 
to  it : — Whole  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  fishery,  Jan. 
1,  1848,  617  ships  and  barks,  25  brigs,  and  17  schooners — 210,541 
tons.  Whole  number  employed  in  the  fishery,  Jan.  1,  1847,  67C 
ships  and  barks,  31  brigs,  50  schooners,  1  sloop— 230,218  tons . 


1 

i 
I 


MILFORD  BRANCH — NORFOLK  COUNTY  RAILROAD.       101 


rev,  at  its 
to  Taun- 
ver.  The 
handsome 
enclosure, 
,h  trees. — 
is  laid  out 
Cemetery, 

id  port  of 
am  which 
in  N.  Lat. 
oston,  230 
fautucket. 
a  regular 

j,  and  the 
ach  other 

although 

Many  of 
cultivated 

bordered 
V  be  men- 
use.    The 

long,  60 
used  as  a 

is  also  a 
\e  Court- 
y  Jail  and 

ed  in  the 
ning,  ow- 
lalemen's 
in  regard 
lery,  Jan. 
-210,541 
1847,  670 
218  tons . 


showing  a  diminution  of  53  ships  and  barks,  6  brigs,  3  schooners, 
and  1  sloop^l9,677  tons.  The  population  of  New  Bedford,  in 
Jan.  1850.  was  18,370. 

A  steamboat,  running  in  connection  with  the  cars  from  Bos- 
ton, leaves  here  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays,  (on 
arrival  of  the  early  train,)  for  Nantucket :  time  five  hours,  and 
from  Boston  eight  hours.  A  boat  also  leaves  New  Bed'brd,  (on 
arrival  of  the  first  train  from  Boston,)  on  Mondays,  Wednesdays, 
Fridays,  and  Saturdays,  for  Martha^s  Vineyard,  Wood^a  Hole, 
and  Holmes's  Hole.  Passfligers  from  New  York  to  Stonington 
'ake  the  cars  for  New  Bedford,  and  arrive  at  Nantucket  by 

steamer  the  day  after. 

« 

MILFORD  BRANCH  RAILROAD,  (See  Maps  Nos.  6  and  14.) 
— This  is  a  branch  of  the  Boston  and  Worcester  Railroad,  opened 
in  Dec.  1847.  It  leaves  that  line  at  S.  Framingham,  and  ex- 
tends to  Milford  :  length  13  miles. 

From  Boston  to  Holliston  and  Milford. — From  the  Wor- 
cester Railroad  depot,  over  that  route  to  S.  Framingham,  21 
miles  ;  from  thence  to  Holliston,  8  miles.  Fare  70  cents  ;  and  to 
Milford,  5  miles ;  total,  34  miles.  Fare  $1.00. 

From  Boston  to  Depiiam,  (see  Map  No.  6.) — Passengers  by 
this  route  are  taken  over  the  Providence  Railroad  to  Low  Plain, 
eight  miles.  From  this  place  a  branch  runs  to  Dedham,  two 
miles,  a  very  pleasant  place,  and  the  conveniences  for  reaching 
it  from  Boston  make  it  a  desirable  residence.    Fare  25  cents. 

THE  NORFOLK  COUNTY  RAILROAD  extends  from  the  Provi- 
dence road  to  Blackstone,  there  intersecting  the  Providence  and 
Worcester  Railroad.  It  will  imite  with  the  other  lines  leading 
to  the  Hudson  river. 

From  Boston  to  Blackstone. — To  Dedham,  10  miles, /ar*?  25 
cents;  S.  Dedham,  14,  35  cts.;  Durfee\s,  15, 40cts. ;  Plympton's, 
18,  50  cts.;   Walpolc,  19,  55  cts.;  JV.   Wrcntham,  23,  70  cts. 
Franklin,  27,  80  cts. ;  Bellingham,  30,  80  cts. ;  Mill  River,  33 
90  cts. ;  Blackstone,  35,  $1,00. 


•.-■•i^^-WVf 


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;/ 


102 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


FROVIDENOE   AND  WORCESTER  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  14.) 

This  road,  which  extends  from  Providence,  R.  I.,  to  Worces- 
ter, Mass.,  45  miles,  was  opened  to  Millville,  on  Tuesday,  Sept. 
28th,  1847,  and  to  Worcester,  on  the  25th  Oct.  following ;  on 
which  occasion  a  train  of  20  cars  drawn  by  two  locomotives,  and 
containing  1,500  persons,  made  a  pleasure  trip  over  the  road, 
during  the  course  of  which  they  wore  saluted  by  the  discharge 
of  artillery  along  the  whole  line,  and  were  received  at  Worcester 
with  every  demonstration  of  joy.    Cost  $1,226,223. 

From  Providence  to  Worcester. — Trains  stop  at  Pawtuck' 
et,  Central  Falls,Valley  Falls,  Lonsdale,  Ashton,  Albion,  Man- 
ville,  Hamlet,  Woonsocket,  Waterford,  Blackstone,  Millville, 
Uxhridge,  Whitih's,  Northhridge,  Farnumville,  Grafton,  Sut- 
ton, and  Millhury.  The  trains  arrive  in  Worcester  in  time  to 
connect  with  the  trains  for  Springfield,  Hartford,  and  Albany  ; 
and  the  down  train  arrives  in  Providence  in  time  for  the  steam- 
boat train  for  New  York.  Fare  through  $1  25. 


BOSTON  AND  PROVIDENCE,  AND  STONINGTON 

RAILROADS. 

The  former  of  these  railroads,  which  connects  Boston  with 
Providence,  was  opened  in  1834 :  it  is  42  miles  long,  and  cost 
$1,928,600.  The  latter  road,  which  is  properly  a  continuation 
of  the  above  to  the  head-waters  of  Long  Island  Sound,  was  com- 
pleted iu  1838,  at  a  cost  of  $1,920,000. 

Route  from  Boston  to  Providence. — Cars  leave  the  depot  in 
Boston  for  Providence  daily,  stopping  at  the  following  places  on 
the  route  to  land  and  receive  passengers,  (see  Map  No.  6 :) — Rox- 
bury,  two  miles,  Fare  10  cents.  This  place,  a  handsome  sub- 
urb of  Boston,  is  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  and  abounds 
witn  beautiful  gardens  and  pleasure-grounds.  Omnibuses  ply 
regularly  betwsen  this  city  and  Boston. — Jamaica  Plains,  four 
miles.  Fare  10  cents.  Jamaica  Pond,  in  this  vicinity,  is  a  de- 
lightful and  attractive  spot ;  the  cars  pass  within  a  short  distance 


:o  WorceS' 
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BOSTON  AND  FUOVIDENCE  UAILROAD. 


103 


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of  it. — Toll  Oate,  five  miles,  Fare  12  cents  ;  Kenney'g  Bridge, 
7  miles,  20  cents  ;  Dedhum  Low  Plain,  8  inilos,  20  cents. 

Canton*^  (see  M  ip  No.  14)  is  14  miles  from  Doston,  Fare  40 
cents.  It  is  a  beautifully  diversitiod  and  picturewiue  town,  wa- 
tered by  the  Neponsot  river,  which,  with  the  numerous  ponds 
•n  its  vicinity,  gives  it  an  extensive  water-power.  The  rail- 
road bridge,  which  crosses  the  river  at  Canton,  is  one  of  the 
fuicst  pieces  of  masonry  in  the  country.  It  is  of  hewn  granite, 
is  G12  feet  long,  and  elevated  63  feet  above  the  foundation,  rest- 
ing on  six  arches,  with  a  succession  of  arches  on  top.  Its  cost 
exceeded  $90,000. 

Sharon,  eight  miles,  Fare  50  cents.  This  town  occupies  the 
highest  land  between  Boston  and  Providence  :  its  natural  scenery 
is  exceedingly  fine.  Mashapoag  Pond,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water 
over  a  mile  in  length,  rests  upon  a  bed  of  iron  ore.  During  the 
low  stages  of  the  water,  the  ore  is  extracted  by  machines  made 
for  the  purpose.  Fishing  and  pleasure  parties  frequent  this  pond 
in  the  summer  season. 

Foxboro\  21  miles,  Fare  56  cents.  This  place,  together  with 
Wrentham,  the  latter  being  situated  off  the  line  of  the  railroad, 
is  noted  for  the  large  quantities  of  cotton  and  straw  annually  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  bonnets.  In  the  last-named  place  is  a 
curious  cavern,  called  WampunCa  Rock,  nine  feet  square  and 
eight  feet  high.  Wrenthan  is  29  miles  from  Boston,  and  about 
seven  w.  from  the  depot  at  Foxboro'. 

Mansfield  is  2'i  nrles  from  Boston  and  17  from  Prov'dence. 
The  New  Bedford  tnd  Taunton  Railroad  here  joins  the  Boston 
and  Providence.  Tare  from  Boston  70  cents. — Toheifa  Corner, 
27  miles,  Fare  80  cents;  Attlehor6',\  31,  95  cents;  Seekonk, 
38,  $1.15. 

Providence,  a  city  and  port  of  entry,  and  the  semi-capital  of 
Rhode  Island,  is  situated  in  41°  49'  22",  N.  Lat,  and  71°  24'  48", 
W.  Long.,  and  is,  next  to  Boston,  the  second  ci*y  in  New  Eng- 
land for  population  and  trade.     It  is  42  miles  s.  s.  w.  from  Boston, 

*  Stoughton  Branch  runs  from  this  depot  to  Stoughton  Centre,  four 
miles. 

t  From  this  station,  a  branch  roaJ,  four  miles  long,  runs  to  the  Prov- 
dence  and  Worcester  road  at  "Valley  Falls. 


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104 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


173  E.  from  New  York,  30  n.  from  Newport,  55  n.  e.  from  New 
Loudon,  45  s.  e.  from  Worcester,  and  70  e.  from  Hartford,  Conn. 
The  population  in  1840  was  upwards  of  23,000.  The  city  is  built 
on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  is  connected  by  wide  and  substan 
tial  bridges.  On  the  e.  side  are  three  principal  streets,  running 
parallel  with  the  river — Water,  Main,  and  Benefit  streets.  On 
Main-st.  stand  a  number  of  public  buildings,  and  many  elegant 
brick  edifices.  On  this  side  of  the  river  the  land  rises  abruptly, 
and  the  cross  streets  have  a  steep  ascent.  Benefit-st.  has  an 
elevated  situation,  and  east  of  it  the  city  is  laid  out  with  much 
regularity,  the  streets  generally  running  in  an  e.  and  w.  direction, 
crossed  by  others  nearly  at  right  angles.  On  the  hill,  overlook- 
ing the  city,  is  Brown  University,  a  Baptist  institution,  established 
in  1770.  From  this  place  there  is  a  delightful  view  of  the  city, 
with  a  great  extent  of  the  surrounding  country. 

Among  the  public  buildings  are  a  State-House,  City  Hall, 
Hospital,  Jail,  State  Prison,  Custom-House,  Athenoeum,  the 
buildings  of  Brown  Universitj',  a  Theatre,  and  a  number  of 
Churches.  The  Arcade,  one  of  the  finest  buildings  of  its  kind 
in  the  country,  is  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  and  fronts  on  two 
streets,  extending  from  Weybosset-st.  on  one  front,  to  Westmin 
ster-st.  on  the  other,  with  a  fine  Ionic  portico  on  each.  It  is  225 
feet  long,  80  feet  broad,  and  72  feet  high,  divided  into  three  sto- 
ries, containing  upwards  of  80  shops,  the  whole  lighted  by  a  glass 
roof  It  is  built  of  granite,  and  was  completed  in  1828,  having 
cost  $130,000. 

The  citizens  of  Providence  have  long  been  celebrated  for 
their  commercial  spirit,  and  their  large  investments  of  capital  in 
foreign  commerce ;  but  of  late  years,  much  of  it  has  been  di- 
verted to  the  pursuit  of  domestic  manufactures.  The  amount 
of  capital  invested  in  manufacturing  establishments,  within  as 
well  as  without  the  city,  is  very  great.  The  manufactures  con- 
sist chiefly  of  cotton  goods,  steam-engines,  machinery,  and  cop- 
per, brass,  iron,  and  tin  wares. 

Lines  of  packets  ply  regularly  to  New  York,  Albany,  Phila- 
delphia, and  Baltimore.  The  Blackstone  Canal  extends  from 
Providence  to  Worcester,  45  miles,  passing  through  numerous 
manufacturing  towns  and  villages  scattered  along  the  whole 


1-m 


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rVfHu 


PROVIDENCE  AND  STONINGTON  RAILROAD. 


105 


course  of  Blackstone  aud  Pawtucket  rivers.  Fare  from  Boston » 
$1.25 :  uatial  time  2  hourB. 

Steamboats  run  from  Providence  to  Fall  River,  and  also  from 
Jie  former  place  to  Newport.     Usual  fare  50  cents. 

Stages  leave  the  Manufacturers'  Hotel,  Providence,  for  places 
in  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  Massachusetts.  Fare  to  Pom- 
fret  Depot  and  Danielsonville,  Conn.,  $1.00  ;  to  Hartford, 
$3.00,  (stopping  at  the  intermediate  towns  ;)  to  Norwich,  $1.65 ; 
to  New  London,  $2.00. 

A  charter  has  been  obtained  for  constructing  a  railroad  from 
Providence,  R.  I.,  to  Willimantic,  in  Windham  county.  Conn., 
and  from  thence  to  Hartford,  and  from  the  latter  place  to  Fish- 
kill,  on  the  Hudson  river,  opposite  the  Newburg  branch  of  the 
New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  At  Willimantic,  it  will  connect 
with  the  one  (about  to  be  built)  from  New  London,  Conn.,  to  the 
Western  Railroad,  Mass.,  at  Palmer  depot. 

From  Providence  to  StoningtoiN,  (see  Map  No.  14.*) — To 
Warwick,  5  miles,  12  cents ;  Apponaug,  9,  25  cents ;  Green- 
wich,  12,  35  cents  ;  Wickford,  18,  55  cents  ;  Kingston,  25,  75 
cents ;  Richmond,  33,  90  cents  ;  Charlestown,  38,  $1.10  ;  Wes- 
terly, 42,  $1.30  ;  Stonington,  48,  $1.50. 

Warwick,  an  important  manufacturing  town  in  Rhode  Island, 
is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Narraganset  Bay,  six  miles  from 
Providence.  From  some  of  the  elevations  here,  a  large  part  of 
the  state  and  the  bay  can  be  seen  in  clear  weather. — Apponaug 
village,  in  its  south  part,  is  on  a  branch  of  Narraganset  Bay, 
and  has  a  good  harbor,  a  mile  distant,  for  vessels  of  any  size,  and 
those  of  from  20  to  50  tons  come  up  to  the  village.  A  mile  from 
Apponaug  is  "  Drum  Rock,"  a  huge  rock  so  perfectly  balanced 
upon  another,  that  a  boy  14  years  of  age  can  set  it  in  motion, 
causing  a  noise  more  sonorous  than  that  of  a  drum,  and  which 
in  a  still  evening  may  be  heard  a  distance  of  six  or  eight  miles. 
This  curiosity  is  much  visited  in  the  summer  season. — Pawtuxet 
Village,  in  Warwick  township,  at  the  mouth  of  Pawtuxet  river, 
four  miles  s.  from  Providence,  is  noted  for  the  manufacture  of 
cotton  goods,  which  is  here  extensively  carried  on. 


The  distances  on  the  map  are  from  Boston. 


ttmmmitmiSammtm 


ii'  i 


106 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Stonington,  Conn.,  is  situated  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  Long 
Island  Sound.  Being  the  termination  of  the  railroad  from  Provi- 
dence, it  is  an  important  point  on  this  route,  between  New  York 
and  Boston.  Its  harbor  is  well  protected  by  a  breakwater,  made 
by  the  United  States,  at  a  cost  of  $50,000. 

Route  from  Boston  to  New  York  via  Providence  and 
Stonington. — Travellers  by  this  route  will  take  the  splendid  cars 
of  this  highly  important  and  well-managed  thoroughiare,  at  the 
Providence  depot  in  Boston,  and  are  thence  conveyed  over  the 
railroad  to  Providence  and  Stonington,  see  pages  102,  105.  The 
cars  in  future  will  go  through  direct,  either  way,  without  the 
interruption  of  crossing  the  ferry  at  Providence  :  a  branch  road 
now  extends  around  the  head  of  the  Cove,  uniting  the  Stoning- 
ton and  Providence  railroads.  At  Stonington,  (see  Map  No. 
15,)  passengers  take  the  steamboat,  and  are  conveyed  thence 
through  Long  Island  Sound  and  the  East  River  to  the  city  of 
New  York,  arriving  there  early  the  next  morning.  Fare  from 
Boston  to  New  York,  $5.00  ;  deck  passage,  $3.50 :  time  about 
12  hours. 


NORWICH   AND  WOROESTER   RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  14.) 

This  road  extends  from  Norwich,  Conn.,  to  Worcester,  Mass., 
where  it  unites  with  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Boston  to  Albany, 
and  also  with  those  pervading  the  states  of  New  Hampshire  and 
Vermont.  This  line,  including  the  branch  to  AUyn's  Point,  is 
66  miles  in  length :  it  was  opened  for  travel  in  1839,  and  cost 
$2,400,000. 

Route  from  Worcester  to  Norwich. — To  Auburn,  5  miles. 
Fare  10  cents ;  Oxford,  12,  25  cents  ;  Webster,  16,  35  cents ; 
Fishersville,  22,  50  cents ;  Thompson,  25,  60  cents ;  Pomfret 
Depot,  28,  65  cents ;  Daysville,  32,  75  cents ;  Danielsonville, 
35,  85  cents  ;  Central  Village,  40,  $1.00  ;  Plainfield,  43,  $1.10 ; 
Jewett  City,  49,  $1.25 ;  Norwich,  59,  $1.50  ;  AUyn's  Point, 
66,  $1.75.  " 

Stages  leave  Central  Village  for  Providence,  on  Tuesdays, 


NORWICH  AND  WORCESTER  RAILROAD. 


107 


ty  of  Long 
rom  Provi- 
New  York 
liter,  made 


)ENCE    AND 

lendid  cars 
are,  at  the 

d  over  the 
105.  The 
nthout  the 
ranch  road 
e  Stonuig- 

Map  No. 
red  theuce 
;he  city  of 
Fare  from 
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D. 

ster,  Mass., 
I  to  Albany, 
npshire  and 
I's  Point,  is 
9,  and  cost 

rn,  5  miles, 
,  35  cents ; 
3;  Pomfret 
lielsonville, 
43,^1.10; 
yn's  Point, 

i  Tuesdays, 


Thursdays,  and  Saturdays  ;  also  from  Danielsonville,  on  Mou* 
days,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays.     Fare  $1.25. 

Norwich  is  situated  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Thames 
river,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Siietucket  and  Yantic  rivers, 
whoso  united  waters  constitute  the  Thames.  It  is  13  miles  n. 
from  New  London,  38  s.  e.  from  Hartford,  38  s.  w.  from  Provi- 
dence, and  50  n.  e.  from  New  Haven.  The  city  is  built  on  a 
steep  acclivity  facing  the  s.,  the  houses  rising  in  terraces,  street 
beyond  street,  and  as  approached  from  the  s.  in  coming  up  the 
river,  it  exhibits  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  interesting  views 
on  the  route.  The  falls  at  Yanticville,  a  flourishing  manufac- 
turing village  about  a  mile  from  Norwich,  are  a  curiosity,  being 
singularly  wild  and  picturesque.  From  a  high  projecting  rock 
which  overhangs  the  foot  of  these  falls,  the  Mohegan  Indians 
fc^'vterly  plunged  to  destruction,  when  pursued  by  the  Narragan- 
9"t'  pi  ^ferring  thus  to  perish  than  fall  into  the  hands  of  their 
e;  n  r"  About  a  milg  E.  of  Norwich  is  the  flourishing  manu- 
facturing village  of  Greenville,  situated  on  Shetucket  river.  A 
dam  across  the  river  at  this  place  furnishes  a  large  amount  of 
water-power  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Paper  is  made  here 
to  a  great  extent. 

Route  from  Boston  to  New  York  via  Worcester  and  Nor- 
wich.— Passengers  leaving  Boston  by  this  route,  take  the  cars  of 
the  Worcester  Railroad  at  the  depot  on  Beach-st.,  opposite  the 
United  States  Hotel,  whence  they  are  conveyed  to  Worcester, 
44  miles,  (see  Boston  and  Worcester  route,  page  73  ;)  thence  to 
Norwich,  Conn.,  59  miles  ;  and  thence  to  Allyn's  Point,  7  miles 
further,  a  distance  from  Boston  of  110  miles,  (see  Norwich  and 
Worcester  route,  page  106.)  From  Allyn's  Point,  the  traveller 
is  conveyed  in  a  splendid  and  commodious  steamer  to  New  York, 
128  miles,  (arriving  there  early  the  next  morning,)  which,  on  its 
way  down  the  river  Thames,  stops  at  New  London  to  land  and 
receive  passengers.  The  total  distance  from  Boston  to  New  York 
by  this  route  is  238  miles :  time  13  hours.  (For  map  of  Long 
Island  Sound,  see  No.  15.)     Fare  through  $5.00  ;  deck,  $3.50. 

Nero  London  is  admirably  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  the 
Thames,  about  three  miles  n.  of  the  Sound.    It  is  13  miles  s. 


if 


108 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


from  Norwich,  42  s.  e.  from  Hartford,  54  e.  of  New  Haven,  and 
120  from  New  York.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  U. 
States,  with  water  of  sufficient  depth  for  the  largest  vessels,  and 
is  seldom  frozen.  The  city  is  defended  by  forts  Trumbull  and 
Griswold,  the  former  being  on  the  New  London  side  of  the  river, 
a  mile  below  the  city,  and  the  latter  on  the  opposite  side,  on  an 
eminence  overlooking  the  city  of  New  London. 

A  few  years  after  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  the  mer- 
chants of  New  London  turned  their  attention  to  the  whale  and 
seal  fisheries,  which  have  become  an  important  branch  of  com- 
merce. About  $3,000,000  are  invested  in  this  trade.  There  is 
also  a  number  of  vessels  employed  in  the  shore  fisheries,  which 
supply  the  markets  of  New  York,  and  most  of  the  neighboring 
cities,  with  fish. 

On  the  6th  of  Sept.  1781,  a  large  portion  of  New  London  was 
laid  in  ashes  by  the  British,  under  the  traitor  Arnold.  Fort  Gris- 
wold was  captured,  and  great  part  of  the  ^rrison  put  to  the  sword. 
A  granite  obelisk,  125  feet  high,  erected  near  the  spot,  commem- 
orates the  event ;  and  on  a  tablet  are  inscribed  the  names  of  those 
who  fell  on  that  occasion.  During  the  last  war  New  London 
was  blockaded  for  some  time  by  a  British  squadron  under  Com- 
modore Hardy. 

THE  NEW  LONDON,  WILLIMANTIO  AND  PALMER  RAIL- 
ROAD extends  from  New  London  to  Willimantic,  28  miles,  and 
thence  to  tlie  Mass.  Western  road,  at  Palmer  depot,  35  miles 
farther.  The  entire  cost  is  about  $1,182,000.  It  joins  at  Willi- 
mantic with  a  railroad  to  Hartford,  which  is  continued  from 
thence  to  the  Hudson  river,  opposite  Newburg.  Here  it  forms 
a  union  with  the  N.  Y.  and  Erie  road,  by  means  of  the  Newburg 
branch.  From  Willimantic,  roads  will  diverge  towards  Provi- 
dence and  Blackstone,  uniting  the  foregoing  roads  at  these  places 
with  the  roads  leading  to  Boston. 

Willimantic  lies  28  miles  n.  from  N.  London,  and  about  26  e* 
from  Hartford ;  it  is  a  flourishing  manufacturing  village.  Its 
water  power  is  immense,  and  from  the  facilities  possessed  for 
communicr*ting  with  all  parts,  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  will  be- 
come a  place  of  the  first  importance. 


ROUTI  FROM  N.  YORK  TO  N.  HAVEN,  ETC. 


109 


DAT  LINE   PROM  BOSTON  TO  NEW  YORK  VIA  SPRINGJ- 
FIELD,   HARTFORD,  AND  NEW    HAVEN. 

Passengers  preferring  day  travel  between  these  two  cities,  will 
avail  themselves  of  the  above  route.  The  railroad  train  leaves 
Boston  from  the  Worcester  depot,  Beach-st.,  at  7  a.  m.,^  whence 
we  are  conveyed  over  the  Worcester  and  the  Western  railroads 
to  Springfield,  98  miles,  (see  this  route  at  page  77  ;)  thence  to 
Hartford,  124  miles,  and  to  New  Haven,  160  miles.  At  the  lat- 
ter place  we  continue  the  route  by  the  New  York  and  New 
Haven  Railroad,  76  miles,  making  the  entire  distance  236  miles, 
occupying  abor.t  10  hours.  (See  these  routes  respectively.)  Fare 
$5,00.  By  referring  taMap  No.  2,  the  route  will  be  more  readily 
understood.    (For  New  York  city,  hotels,  Ac.  see  page  118.) 

Route  from  New  York  to  New  Haven,  Hartford,  an« 
Springfield,  (see  Maps  Nos.  15  and  13.) — Passengers  leave 
New  York  daily  by  steamboat  from  Peck  Slip,  East  River,  for 
New  Haven,  distant  80  miles,  which  is  usually  reached  in  about 
five  hours.  As  he  proceeds  up  the  river,  the  traveller  has  aa 
opportunity  of  viewing  the  upper  portion  of  the  city,  bordering 
on  the  river,  with  its  shipping  and  ship-building ;  and  on  the 
Long  Island  shore,  Brooklyn,  its  Navy  Yard,  and  Williamsburg. 
Four  miles  above  New  York  is  Blackwell's  Island,  on  which  is 
the  Penitentiary.  A  short  distance  beyond  is  Astoria,  a  suburb  of 
New  York.  Presently  the  boat  is  carried  with  arrowy  swiftness 
through  the  boiling  waters  of  Hurl  Gate,  and  thence  onward  to 
Throg's  Point,  and  into  the  broad  expanse  of  Long  Island  Sound, 
which  extends  to  Fisher's  Island,  a  distance  of  100  miles.  Pro- 
ceeding up  the  Sound,  the  shore  on  either  side  becomes  dim,  in 
consequence  of  the  distance  we  are  from  it,  except  some  of  the 
more  prominent  headlands,  which  jut  out  beyond  the  general  line 
of  the  Connecticut  shore. 

New  Haven,  semi-capital  of  Connecticut,  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  a  bay  which  sets  up  four  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound, 


•  We  would  advise  travellers  to  make  inquiry  overnight  at  their  ho- 
tels, or  consult  the  newspaper  advertisement,  as  to  the  exact  hour  the 
train  starts,  as  the  above  time  of  departure  is  liable  to  be  changed. 


i!Hi 


^n 


iij 
I'll 


no 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


iu  41°  18'  30'  N.  Lat.,  and  72°  56'  45"  W.  Long,  from  Green- 
wich. Pop.  in  1849,  18,500.  The  city,  which  lies  on  a  plain, 
with  a  gentle  inclination  towards  the  water,  is  in  other  directions 
skirted  by  an  amphitheatre  of  hills,  which  at  their  termination 
present  bold  bluifs  of  trap-rocks,  rising  almost  perpendicularly  to 
the  height  of  330  to  370  feet,  and  constituting  a  striking  feature 
of  the  scenery.  From  the  summit  of  these  bluffs  is  presented 
a  fine  view  of  the  city,  of  Long  Island  Sound,  here  about  20 
miles  wide,  and  of  the  adjacent  country.  The  harbor  is  entered 
by  three  rivers — Quinnipiac  on  the  e..  West  river  on  the  w.,  and 
by  Mill  river  on  the  e.  Quinnipiac,  towards  its  mouth,  furnishes 
great  quantities  of  fine  oysters  and  clams,  to  the  trade  in  which 
the  village  of  Fairhaven  chiefly  owes  its  prosperity.  New  Ha- 
ven consists  of  two  parts — the  Old  Town  and  the  New  Town — 
and  is  laid  out  with  great  regularity.  The  Old  Town  was  laid 
out  in  the  form  of  a  square,  half  a  mile  wide,  divided  into  nine 
smaller  squares.  These  squares  have,  by  intersecting  streets, 
been  divided  into  four  parts.  The  central  was  reserved  for  pub- 
lic purposes,  and  may  vie  with  the  public  grounds  of  any  other 
city  in  the  country.  On  this  square  are  located  three  churches, 
of  various  architecture,  and  which  are  not  excelled  by  any  simi- 
lar edifices  in  New  England.  The  State-House,  a  splendid  edifice 
of  the  Doric  order  of  architecture,  after  the  model  of  the  Parthe- 
non at  Athens,  stands  near  the  centre  of  the  western  half  of  this 
square.  On  its  west  side  is  the  fine  row  of  buildings  belonging 
to  Yale  College.  There  is  a  public  cemetery  at  the  n.  w.  corner 
of  the  Old  Town,  that  has  been  denominated  the  Pere-la -Chaise 
of  America.  Beautifully  ornamented  with  trees  and  shrubbery, 
this  '•  garden  of  graves"  deservedly  attracts  much  attention  from 
visiters. 

There  are  about  20  Churches  in  New  Haven,  a  Custom-House 
a  Jail,  an  Almshouse,  a  State  General  Hospital,  three  Banks  and 
a  Savings  Institution,  a  Young  Men's  Institute,  and  an  Institu- 
tion for  the  support  of  Popular  Lectures,  with  a  well-selected 
library. — Yale  College,  founded  in  1701,  and  named  in  honor  of 
Elihu  Yale,  of  liondon,  who  bequeathed  it  JC500,  and  an  equal 
amount  in  goods,  (the  latter  of  which  were  never  received,)  is  the 
most  important  public  institution  iu  the  city.    Besides  possessing 


ROUTE  FROM  N.  YORK  TO  N.  HAVEN,  ETC. 


Ill 


rom  Green- 
on  a  plain, 
er  directions 
termination 
idicularly  to 
king  feature 
is  presented 
re  about  20 
or  is  entered 
the  w.,  and 
til,  furnishes 
de  in  which 
New  Ha- 
ew  Town — 
vn  was  laid 
led  into  nine 
ting  streets, 
ved  for  pub- 
)f  any  other 
ee  churches, 
jy  any  simi- 
endid  edifice 
the  Parthe- 
n  half  of  this 
gs  belonging 
N.  w.  corner 
re-la-Chaise 
d  shrubbery, 
tention  from 

stom-House 
9  Banks  and 
A  an  Institu- 
ivell-selected 
1  in  honor  of 
nd  an  equal 
jived,)  is  the 
es  possessing 


^ 


the  most  splendid  mineralogical  cabinet  in  the  United  States, 
consisting  of  more  than  16,000  specimens,  it  has  a  magnificent 
collection  of  paintings,  by  Trumbull  and  other  distinguished  art* 
ists.  It  has  33,000  vols,  in  its  libraries.  Though  possessing  lim- 
ited funds,  it  has  more  students  than  any  other  college  in  the 
Union. 

The  harbor  of  Nf  aven  is  safe,  but  sho^How,  nnd  is  gradu- 
ally filling  up  w..  muf  its  northwestern  p^  When  the  first 
settlers  arrived,  it  was  sufficiently  deep  for  all  the  purposes  of 
commerce,  and  ships  were  built  and  launched  where  now  are 
meadows,  gardens,  and  buildings.  The  maritime  commerce  of 
New  Haven,  however,  is  extensive,  its  foreign  trade  being  chiefly 
with  the  West  Indies. — A  line  of  steamboats  plies  daily  between 
this  city  and  New  York  ;  and  there  are  several  lines  of  packets 
running  to  the  same  place.  It  is  connected  by  railroad  with  N. 
York,  and  with  the  various  lines  pervading  the  New  England 
States.     Usual  fare  from  New  York,  $1.50. 

Fair  Haven,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  New  Haven,  is  on 
the  Quinnipiac  river.  It  is  an  enterprising  and  thriving  village. 
Its  wealth  is  chiefly  derived  from  its  trade  in  oysters,  which  is 
extensively  pursued  between  the  months  of  October  and  April. 

Sachem's  Head,  a  wild  and  picturesque  spot,  16  miles  s.  e. 
from  New  Haven,  and  three  miles  s.  of  Guilford,  is  an  attractive 
watering-place  during  the  sultry  months  of  summer.  It  has  a 
good  hotel,  with  ample  accommodations  for  visiters,  near  which 
the  steamboat  lands  its  passengers. 

See  Map  No.  13. — From  New  Haven  to  North  Haven  is  7 
miles.  Fare  25  cents  ;  to  Wallingford,  12,  37  cents ;  Meriden,* 
18,  65  cents ;  Berlin  Station,  22,  75  cents  ;  New  Britain,  25, 
87  cents  ;  and  to  Hartford,  36,  $1.12 ;  and  from  New  York  to 
Hartford,  116  miles,  $2.50. 

Hartford  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Connecticut  river,  50 
miles  from  its  mouth,  and  is  in  N.  Lat.  41°  45'  50",  and  W.  Long. 
72°  50'  45"  from  Greenwich.  The  population  is  about  15,000. 
It  is  35  N.  N.  E.  from  New  Haven,  26  s.  from  Springfield,  44  n.  w. 


*  From  this  station  stages  leave  for  Middletown  on  the  e.  and  for  Wa- 
terbury  on  the  w 


II 


llil 


I 


113 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFAinON. 


from  New  London,  15  n.  from  Middletown,  73  w.  from  Provi- 
dence, R.  I.,  124  from  Boston,  and  116  from  New  York.  The 
city,  built  on  ground  rising  gradually  from  the  river,  is  laid  out 
with  little  regularity,  appearing  to  have  been  more  the  result  of 


VxBir  or  Habtvobb.  Comv 

circumstances  than  of  foresight  and  design.  Many  of  its  streets, 
however,  are  attractive  from  the  elegance  of  their  edifices,  and 
important  from  the  extensive  business  of  which  they  are  the  seat. 
The  scene  of  the  principal  retail  business  is  in  Main-st,  which, 
broad,  but  not  entirely  straight,  extends  through  the  city  from  n. 
to  s.,  presenting  an  almost  unbroken  range  of  buildings,  many  of 
them  large  and  elegant.  Most  of  the  public  buildings  are  in 
this  street ;  and  here  Mill  river,  which  crosses  the  city  from  w. 
to  E.,  is  passed  by  a  bridge  100  feet  wide,  consisting  of  a  single 
arch  of  104  feet  span,  elevated  30  feet  9  inches  above  the  bed  of 
the  river  to  the  top  of  the  arch.  From  Morgan-st,  a  bridge  of 
six  arches  of  160  feet  each,  crosses  the  Connecticut  river  to  East 
Hartford.    It  is  a  costly  and  substantial  structure. 

Hartford,  from  its  situation,  is  calculated  to  become  a  place  of 
considerable  commerce.  The  Connecticut  river,  which  has  been 
made  navigable  120  miles  above  the  city,  brings  to  it  a  great 
amount  of  the  produce  of  the  fertile  country  through  which  it 
flows     Steamers  ply  daily  to  New  York :   and  there  are  two 


ROUTE  FROM  N.  YORK  TO  N.  HAVEN,  ETC. 


113 


from  Provi- 
ifork.  The 
',  IB  laid  out 
le  result  of 


■^^g^^p:' 


)f  its  Btreets, 
edifices,  and 
are  the  seat, 
n-st.,  which, 
city  from  n. 
igs,  many  of 
dings  are  in 
city  from  w. 
r  of  a  single 
ve  the  bed  of 
.,  a  bridge  of 
river  to  East 

le  a  place  of 
ich  has  been 
0  it  a  great 
igh  which  it 
ere  are  two 


Bteam  freight-packets — one  of  which  runs  to  Philadelphia,  the 
other  to  Albany.  There  are  also  packet  lines  to  Boston,  Albany, 
New  London,  Norwich,  Providence,  and  Full  River. 

Of  the  public  buildings,  the  State-House,  built  in  the  Doric 
style,  is  the  most  prominent.  It  fronts  on  Muin-st.,  standing  on 
the  public  square,  and  is  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing,  and  orna- 
mented with  trees.  The  legislature  holds  its  sessions  here — 
meeting  at  Hartford  and  New  Haven  on  alternate  years,  the  odd 
years  at  Hartford. — The  Citij  Hall,  also  in  the  Doric  stylo,  is  a 
large  building,  fronting  on  Market-st.,  between  Kingsloy  and 
Temple  sts. — Trinity  College,  formerly  Washington  College, 
founded  in  1834,  and  finely  located  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
the  city,  is  under  the  direction  of  the  Episcopalians. — The  Athe- 
nteuyn,  an  elegant  edifice  of  the  Doric  order,  was  erected  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  Young  Men's  Institute,  the  Historical  So- 
ciety, and  a  Gallery  of  Paintings. — Hartford  has  the  honor  of 
having  established  the  first  institution  for  the  relief  of  that  most 
unfortunate  class  of  persons,  the  deaf  and  dumb — the  American 
Asylum.  This  establishment  was  opened  for  the  reception  of 
pupils  in  1817,  the  number  of  whom  rapidly  increased  from  7  to 
140,  which  rather  exceeds  the  average.  The  institution  has  spa- 
cious buildings,  with  eight  or  ten  acres  of  ground  attached.  Con- 
gress also  granted  it  a  township  (or  23,000  acres)  of  land  in  Ala- 
bama, to  constitute  a  permanent  fund. — The  Retreat  for  the 
Insane,  an  equally  meritorious  institution,  is  on  an  elevated  site, 
a  mile  and  a  quarter  s.  w.  of  the  State-House.  The  grounds 
around  the  buildings  are  laid  out  with  much  taste,  and  orna- 
mented with  shrubbery  and  gardens. — There  are  in  the  city  sev- 
eral churches,  some  of  which  are  remarkable  for  their  architecture, 
five  banks,  a  bank  for  savings,  and  four  insurance  companies. — 
The  old  burying-ground  here,  is  a  place  of  much  interest,  con- 
taining as  it  does  the  monuments  of  some  of  the  first  settlers  of 
the  place.  Another  attraction,  and  which  must  continue  to  be 
an  object  of  interest  as  long  as  it  exists,  is  the  "  Charter  Oak,'* 
with  whose  history  every  one  is  familiar. 

During  the  season  of  navigation,  steamboats  for  the  convey- 
ance of  passengers  usually  ply  between  Hartford  and  Springfield. 

From  Hartford  to  Windsor,  7  miles,  Fare  25  cents ;  Windsor 

8 


!■! 


114 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


hoek^  13.38  cents  ;  Thompgonville,  18, 50  cents  ;  and  to  Spring- 
Jield,  26  miles  from  Hartford,  75  cents.  From  New  Haven,  C2 
miles,  $1.87;  from  New  York,  143  miles,  $3.25:  usual  time 
about  8  hours. — (For  description  of  Springfield,  see  Index.) 


THE  OANAL  RAILROAD  will  extend  north  from  New  Haven 
to  West  Springfield,  at  which  place  a  connection  will  bo  formed 
with  the  Massachusetts  Western  Railroad.  It  will  be  continued, 
so  as  to  form  a  union  with  the  Connecticut  River  Railroad. 

From  New  Havhv  to  Farmington. — To  Ilamden  Plains,  4 
miles,  12  cents  ;  Centreville,  7, 15  cts. ;  Mount  Carmel,  9,  20  cts. ; 
Cheshire,  16,  37  cts.;  Hitchcock' h,  20,  50  cts.;  Southington  Cor- 
ners, 22,  r»2  cts. ;  Southington,  23,  62  cts. ;  Flainville,  28,  87 
cts.;  Farmington,  32,  $1,00. 

Stages  leave  Hitchcock's  for  Waterbnry :  Plainville  for  ^ri«<oZ, 
Ferryville,  Plymouth,  Northfield  and  Litchfield :  Farmington  for 
Unionville,  Collinaville,  New  Hartford,  and  Winsted. 


ROUTE  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  BRIDGEPORT,  OONN.,  AND 
THE  HOUSATONIO  RAILROAD. 

Passengers  at  New  York  take  the  steamboat  from  the  foot  of 
Market-st.,  East  River,  and  in  about  four  hours  reach  Bridge- 
port on  Long  Island  Sound,  a  distance  of  60  miles.  (See  Maps 
Nos.  15, 13,  and  8.)  Hero  is  the  commencement  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  Railroad,  which  extends  to  West  Stockbridge,  96  miles.  A 
branch,  extending  thence  to  the  state  line  of  Massachusetts,  unites 
this  road  with  the  Hudson  and  Berkshire,  and  also  with  tho 
Western  Railroad  from  Boston  to  Albany.  The  Housatonic  Rail- 
road was  opened  for  travel  in  1842,  having  cost  ^2,000,000. 

Passengers  can  dispense  with  the  steamboat  route  to  Bridge- 
port, and  take  the  cars  (in  Canal-st.)  of  the  N.  Y.  and  New  Haven 
Railroad,  which  stops  at  the  Housatonic  depot,  in  Bridgeport, 
and  be  conveyed  thence  to  places  on  that  route :  if  for  Albany,  or 
places  on  the  Western  Railroad,  they  must  stop  at  the  Mass.  State 
line,  and  join  the  cars  that  run  between  Boston  and  Albany. 

Bridgeport  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  an  arm  of  Long 


HOUSATONIC  RAILROAD. 


115 


Island  Sound,  which  receives  Pequanock  river,  a  considerable 
mill-stream.  This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  flourishing 
places  in  New  England.  The  city  is  chiefly  built  on  an  elevated 
plain,  12  feet  above  highwater-mark.  Northwest  of  the  city  the 
ground  gradually  rises  to  the  height  of  50  foet,  forming  an  emi- 
nence called  Golden  Hill,  the  summit  of  which  is  a  plain,  with  a 
commanding  view  of  the  Sound  and  surrounding  country.  There 
is  a  bridge  across  the  harbor  1,236  feet  long,  with  a  draw  for  the 
passage  of  vessels.  Carriages  and  saddlery  are  extensively  man- 
ufactured for  exportation.     Pop.  in  1640,  4,570.    Fare  $1.00. 

From  Bridgeport  to  Stepney,  10  miles,  Fare  25  cents;  Botts- 
ford,  15,  50  cents  ;  Newton,  19, 62  cents ;  Hawleysville,  23,  75 
cents;  Brookfield,  28,  $1.00;  New  Milford,  36,  $1.25;  Gay- 
lord's  Bridge,  41,  $1.37  ;  Kent,  47,  $1.50  ;  Cornwall  Bridge, 
55,  $1.62  ;  Cornwall,  59,  $1.75;  Canaan  Falls,  66,  $1.87; 
N.  Canaan,  73,  $3.00:  State  Line,  133  miltd  from  New  York ; 
Sheffield,  80  ;  Great  Barrington,  85  ;  Van  Deusenville,  88  ; 
West  Stockbridge,  96  miles  from  Bridgeport.  Fare  to  each  of 
tlie  four  last  named  places  $2,00. 

Cornwall  is  whore  the  Foreign  Mission  School  was  established 
in  1818,  in  which  some  distinguished  heathen  youth  have  been 
educated  as  missionaries,  who  have  been  useful  among  the  Amer- 
ican Indians,  and  in  the  Sandwich  Islands.  In  the  village  grave- 
yard is  a  monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  Henry  Obookiah, 
a  pious  Owyheean  youth,  who  was  brought  to  this  country  in 
1808,  and  from  whom  this  school  had  its  origin,  iu  the  attempt  to 
qualify  him  for  missionary  labors. 

Canaan  Falls  is  the  most  extensive  cascade  in  the  state  of 
Connecticut.  A  ledge  of  limestone  rocks  crosses  the  Housatonic 
river  at  this  place,  causing  a  perpendicular  fall  of  60  feet,  which 
affords  extensive  water-power. 

Sheffield,  Mass.,  80  miles  n.  of  Bridgeport,  is  one  of  those  de- 
lightful towns  where  the  lover  of  majestic  mountain  scenery 
wishes  to  linger.  The  village,  which  is  very  neat,  is  situated  in 
a  beautiful  valley,  surrounded  by  hills,  one  of  which  rises  to  the 
height  of  3,200  feet.     (See  Map  No.  8.) 

Monument  Mountain,  in  the  town  of  Great  Barrington,  derives 
its  name  from  a  rude  pile  of  stones  on  its  southeastern  point, 


116 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


raised  over  the  grave  of  a  beautiful  Indian  girl,  who,  through  the 
influence  of  a  pasflionato  lovu  for  one  with  wiiom  the  religion  of 
her  tribe  would  not  allow  her  to  bo  united  in  marriage,  threw 
herself  from  the  mountain,  and  fell  u|)on  this  sjiot.  Every  In- 
dian, who  afterwards  passed  the  place,  threw  a  stone  upon  the 
grave  to  commemorate  the  event 

West  Stockhridge  is  the  terminus  of  the  Housatonic  Railroad 
from  Bridgeport ;  but  a  branch  railroad,  of  about  two  miles  iu 
length,  unites  it  to  the  Western  Railroad  at  the  stuto  lino,  where 
there  is  a  depot,  from  which  the  traveller  is  conveyed  over  th«» 
Albany  and  West  Stockhridge  Railroad  to  Groenbush  and  Albany 

Stage  Lines  connected  with  the  Ihmsatunic  Railroad.^ 
Stages  leave  Bridgeport  for  Fairfield,  Norwalk,  Stratford,  Mil 
ford,  New  Haven,  and  Derby,  A  stage  leaves  Ilavvleysville  for 
Danbury,  &c. ;  from  Cornwall  Bridge  and  New  Milfordto  Litch- 
field, fare  from  New  York,  $2.75 ;  from  Canaan  to  Norfolk 
and  Sharon,  fare  from  N.  York,  {$2.00  ;  from  West  Stockbridgp 
to  Lee,  Lenox,  Old  Stockhridge,  and  Curtisville,  fare  from  Now 
York,  $2.00. 

HUDSON  AND  BERKSHIRE  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  8.) 
— This  road  extends  from  West  Stockhridge,  Mass.,  to  the  city 
of  Hudson  on  Hudson  river,  and  connects  at  the  state  lino,  and 
also  at  Chatham  Four  Corners,  with  the  Western  Railroad  to 
Boston  and  Albany,  and  with  the  Housatonic  Railroad  to  Bridge 
port.  Its  length  is  33  miles,  and  it  was  opened  for  travel  in  Sept 
1838.  The  original  cost  of  constructing  the  whole  distance,  in- 
cluding outfit,  &.C.,  was  $575,613.  (For  description  of  Hudson, 
see  Index.)  From  Hudson  to  Claverack,  3  miles,  Fare  12  cents  ; 
Mellenville,  7,  25  cents  ;  Ghent,  12,  37  cents ;  Chatham  Four 
Corners,  16,  50  cents ;  Edward's  Depot,  28,  87  cents ;  State 
Line,  30,  90  cents;  W.  Stockhridge,  33,  $1.00. 


ROUTES  TO  NEW  LEBANON  SFRINaS. 
(See  Map  No.  8.) 

These  celebrated  springs,  one  of  the  most  delightful  watermg- 
places  in  the  country,  can  now  be  reached  with  facility  from 


ROUTES  TO  NEW  LEBANON  SFRtNOS. 


117 


various  directionH.  The  Hudson  and  Berkshire  Rail/oad  forms  a 
direct  route  for  summer  travel  from  New  York  city,  and  indeed 
from  alt  the  towns  on  the  river  below  Hudson.  By  this  route  the 
traveller  can  leave  New  York  at  7  a.  m.,  by  the  steamer,  and 
reach  Hudson  at  3  v.  m.,  where  the  cars  of  the  Hudson  and  Berk- 
shire Railroad  are  in  readiness  to  convey  him  to  Edwards  Depot, 
38  miles  from  Hudson,  and  8  miles  from  the  Spring.  Upon  his 
arrival  at  Edwards  De])ot,  the  company  have  in  readiness  a  lino 
of  stages,  with  careful  drivers,  that  in  one  hour  reach  the  Springs. 
Distance  142  miles.  Visiters  are  also  convey,  d  thither  by  thu 
Housatonic  Railroad.  Passengers  by  this  route  leave  Now  Hfork 
for  Bridgeport  in  the  steamer,  from  the  foot  of  MurKot*st.,  East 
River,  at  6^  o'clock,  a.  m.  ;  arrived  at  Bridgeport,  they  tuke  the 
fine  cars  of  the  company,  and  reach  the  Massachusetts  State  Line 
Depot  at  3^  p.  M.,  and  proceed  thence  to  Lebanon  Springs  by 
stage-coach,  arriving  at  5^  p.  m.  of  the  same  day.  Far^  i'^rough 
$2.50.    Distance  167  miles. 

From  Albany  and  the  West,  visiters  take  the  cars  of  the  Al- 
bany and  the  West  Stockbridge  Railroad  to  Canaan  Corners, 
33  miles,  at  which  place  a  stage  will  be  in  waiting  to  convey 
them  directly  to  the  Springs,  7  miles  distant.  Total  distance 
from  Albany  40  miles:  through  tickets  $1.62. 

From  Boston  and  the  Eastward,  the  Lebanon  Springs  can  like- 
wise be  reached  by  the  Western  Railroad,  stopping  at  the  State 
Line,  and  taking  the  stage  from  thence  to  tho  Springs. 

New  Lebanon  is  situated  in  the  n.  e.  corner  of  Columbia  coun- 
ty, N.  Y.,  on  the  turnpike-road  from  Aibauv  t.  Pittsfield,  Mass., 
25  miles  from  the  former  and  seven  from  tno  latter  place.  It  is 
delightfully  situated  in  a  valley,  surrounded  by  cultivated  hills, 
which  present  variegated  and  pleasing  f>  enery.  This  is  the  chief 
seat  of  the  family  of  Shakers,  a  reMgious  community  practising 
celibacy,  and  alike  remarkable  for  their  mode  of  worship,  and  the 
singular  order  and  economy  of  their  domestic  concerns.  The 
society,  which  numbers  about  600,  owns  3,000  acres  of  excellent 
and  highly  improved  land. 

This  place  has  become  a  great  resort  for  visiters  from  .all  direc- 
tions ;  some  to  enjoy  the  romantic  scenery  of  this  region,  and 
others  the  beneficial  influence  of  its  waters.    The  Spring,  a 


118 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


mile  and  a  half  from  the  village,  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  is  ten  feet 
in  diameter,  and  four  feet  deep,  and  discharges,  near  its  source, 
water  sufficient  to  turn  a  mill.  The  temperature  is  72°  Fahren- 
heit, which  being  near  summer  heat  renders  it  delightful  tot 
bathing.  The  water  is  tasteless,  pure  as  crystal,  inodorous,  and 
soft,  and  is  deemed  beneficial  in  internal  obstructions,  sailrheum 
and  cutaneous  affections  generally. 


II    :  :. 


I  1 


m. 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 

This  city,  the  great  emporium  and  metropolis  of  America,  en- 
joys from  nature  a  decided  superiority  over  every  other  city  in  the 
Union.  Its  vicinity  to  the  ocean,  and  its  direct  avenues  of  in- 
tercourse, not  only  with  every  part  of  its  own  state,  but  with  New 
England  and  the  states  bordering  south  and  west,  and  through 
these  with  every  other  section  of  the  country,  ofTer  unrivalled  fa- 
cilities for  trade  and  commerce.  Its  latitude  from  the  City  Hall 
is  40°  42'  43"  n.  ;  longitude  w.  from  Greenwich  74°  00'  41"— east 
from  Washington  3°  1'  13".  The  population  at  different  periods 
has  been  as  follows:  in  1656,  it  was  1,000;  in  1697,  4,302  ;  in 
1731,  8,622  ;  1750,  10,000  ;  1774,  22,750  ;  1800,  60,489  ;  1810, 
96,.373;  1820,123,706;  1830,  202,957;  1835,  270,089;  1840, 
312,710 :  at  the  present  time  (1850)  it  probably  exceeds  450,000 
— making  it,  among  the  commercial  cities  of  the  world,  the  third 
in  population ;  while  it  is  the  second  in  commercial  importance, 
being  surpassed  only  by  London  in  the  extent  of  its  commerce. 
The  compact  portion  of  the  city  is  built  on  the  south  end  of  Man- 
hattan Island,  at  the  junction  of  the  Hudson  with  the  East  river, 
which  connects  the  waters  of  Long  Island  Sound  with  the  harbor 
of  New  York.  The  island  is  13 i  miles  long  from  n.  to  s.,  vary- 
ing from  half  a  mile  to  somewhat  more  than  two  miles  in  width 
— the  greatest  width  being  at  88th -street — and  contains  about  22 
square  miles.  It  is  bounded  on  the  E.  by  the  East  and  Harlem 
rivers,  the  former  separating  it  from  Long  Island  Sound  ;  on  the 
w.  by  Hudson  river,  which  separates  it  from  New  Jersey  ;  and 
on  the  N.  by  Harlem  river — a  part  of  which,  between  Kingsbridge 
and  the  Hudson,  received  from  the  Dutch  tlie  name  of  Spuyteu 


NEW  YORK   CITY. 


119 


s  ten  feet 
:s  gourcey 
'  Fahren- 
ghtful  fot 
)rous,  and 
aiirheum 


lerica,  en- 
city  in  the 
ues  of  in- 
with  New 
id  tl)  rough 
rivalled  fa- 
1  City  Hall 
'  41" — east 
eut  periods 
4,302  ;  in 
189 ;  1810, 
)89  ;  1840, 
ds  450,000 
d,  the  third 
mportance, 
commerce, 
id  of  Man- 
East  river, 
the  harbor 
to  s.,  vary- 
es  in  width 
IS  about  22 
nd  Harlem 
nd ;  on  the 


ersey 


and 


iingsbridge 
of  Spuytett 


Thk  Pass,  Sbc,  vaxbw  vkom  a  wivbow  x»  ths  MnaitJU. 

Duyvel  Creek.  Constant  communication  between  the  city  and 
its  rapidly  increasing  and  picturesque  suburbs,  is  kept  up  by  means 
of  steam  ferry-boats,  the  Harlem  Railroad,  omnibuses,  &c. ;  the 
fares  being  extremely  moderate,  with  accommodations  not  ex- 
celled by  similar  conveyances  of  any  other  city. 

The  harbor  of  New  York,  which  is  perfectly  safe,  and  easy  of 
accesd,  extends  eight  miles  s.  of  the  city  to  the  "  Narrows,"  and 
is  25  miles  in  circumference,  being  sufficiently  capacious  to  con- 
tain the  united  navies  of  the  world.  The  variegated  scenery  upon 
its  shores,  together  with  the  neatly-built  cottages,  the  country- 
seats  of  opulent  citizens,  and  the  fine  Tiew  of  the  i.slands,  and  of 
the  city  of  New  York  in  approaching  it  from  the  **  Narrows," 
impart  to  this  harbor  a  beauty  unsurpassed  by  that  of  any  other 
in  the  world.  The  outer  harbor,  or  bay,  extends  from  the  Nar- 
rows to  Sandy  Hook*  where  is  a  lighthouse,  at  the  distance  of  18 
miles  from  the  city  In  the  harbor  adjoining  the  city  are  Gov- 
ernor's, Bedlow's,  and  Ellis's  Islands,  on  all  of  which  are  strong 
fortifications.  The  firnt,  which  is  the  most  important  of  the  three, 
includes  70  acres  of  ground,  and  is  situated  3,200  feet  from  the 
Battery.    It  has  Fort  Molumbus  in  the  centre,  and  on  its  north- 


I 


;! 


I 


I; 


120 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


east  point  Castle  William,  a  round  tower  GOO  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence and  60  feet  high,  with  three  tiers  of  guns.  There  is  also  a 
battery  on  the  northwest  side,  commanding  the  entrance  through 
Buttermilk  Channel,  a  strait  which  separates  it  from  Brooklyn, 
L.  I.  Besides  these  fortifications,  the  harbor  of  New  York  is  well 
defended  by  similar  works  on  Bedlow's  and  Ellis's  islands  ;  at  the 
Narrows,  on  the  Long  Island  shore,  by  Fort  Hamilton  and  Fort 
Lafayctt-*,  (formerly  called  Fort  Diamond,)  which  is  built  on  a 
reef  of  rocks,  about  200  yards  from  the  shore  ;  and  on  Staten 
Island,  opposite,  by  forts  Tompkins  and  Richmond.  The  Nar- 
rows here  is  about  two-thirds  of  a  mile  wide.  The  entrance  from 
the  Sound  on  the  East  River  is  defended  by  Fort  Schuyler,  on 
Throg's  Neck. 

The  first  settlement  of  New  York  was  made  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  city  ;  hence  many  of  the  streets  in  that  section 
are  narrow  and  crooked,  no  regular  order  having  been  observed 
in  laying  them  out.  In  later  times  many  of  them  have  been 
widened  and  improved,  at  a  great  expense.  The  streets  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  city  are  laid  out  straightly,  and  some  of  them 
are  of  considerable  width.  Many  of  the  most  splendid  mansions 
and  places  of  religious  worship  of  which  the  city  can  boast,  are 
to  be  seen  in  this  quarter.  The  most  elegant  and  fashionable 
street  is  Broadway,  which  traverses  the  city  in  a  straight  line 
from  N.  to  s.,  being  2^  miles  long,  and  80  feet  broad,  and  termi- 
nating at  Union  Square,  where  it  is  connected  with  the  Fourth 
avenue.  It  is  occupied  by  many  splendid  stores,  elegant  houses, 
and  public  buildings,  and  few  streets  in  the  world  equal  it  in  the 
splendor  and  bustle  it  exhibits.  It  is  also  the  great  promenade  of 
the  city,  bei  n^r  much  resorted  to  in  pleasant  weather  by  the  gay 
and  fashionable. 

FuBMC  Walks,  Squares,  &c. — The  Battery,  which  contains 
about  11  acres,  is  situated  at  the  extreme  s.  end  of  the  city,  at 
the  commencement  of  Broadway,  and  is  planted  with  trees  and 
laid  out  in  gravelled  walks.  From  this  place  is  a  delightful  view 
of  the  harbor  and  its  islands,  of  the  numerous  vessels  arriving  and 
departing,  of  the  adjacent  shores  of  New  Jersey,  and  of  Staten 
and  Long  islands. — Castle  Garden,  connected  with  the  Battery 
by  means  of  a  bridge,  is  used  for  public  meetings  and  ezhibitioii8» 


NEW  rORK  CITY. 


121 


and  is  capable  of  containing  within  its  walls  10,00C  persons. 
Since  the  destruction  of  Niblo's  Garden  by  fire  (Sept.  1846)  the 
fairs  of  the  American  Institute,  which  were  formerly  held  there, 
have  been  removed  to  this  capacious  place. — The  Bowling  Green, 
situated  near  the  Battery,  and  at  the  commencement  of  Broad- 
way, is  of  an  oval  form,  and  surrounded  by  an  iron  railing. 
Within  its  enclosure  is  a  fountain,  the  water  from  which  falling 
upon  a  rude  pile  of  rocks  about  15  feet  in  height,  forms  a  pretty 
artificial  cascade. — The  Park  is  a  triangular  enclosure  situated 
about  the  centre  of  the  city,  and  has  an  area  of  11  acres :  it  con- 
tains the  City  Hall  and  other  buildings.  It  is  embellished  in  its 
south  part  with  a  superb  fountain,  the  basin  of  which  is  100  feet 
in  diameter.  In  the  centre  of  the  basin  is  a  piece  of  work  in  the 
shape  of  an  Egyptian  lily.  Through  convex  iron  plates,  with 
numerous  perforations,  placed  around  the  base  of  this  work,  the 
water  is  projected  into  the  air,  and  falls  in  the  form  of  a  heavy 
mist,  around  a  column  that  rises  to  a  considerable  height,  through 
the  midst  of  the  green  leaves  of  the  lotus.  When  the  sun  is 
shiuing  full  upon  the  fountain,  the  effect  is  extremely  pleasing, 
from  the  number  of  miniature  rainbows  then  observable.  The 
basin  is  encircled  by  a  neat  coping  of  white  marble.  Sixteen  feet 
beyond  the  coping,  the  whole  is  again  surrounded  by  a  pretty  and 
substantial  railing  of  iron — the  intermediate  space  being  decora- 
ted with  various  kinds  of  handsome  shrubbery. — St.  John's  Park, 
in  Hudson-square,  is  beautifully  laid  out  in  walks,  with  shade- 
trees,  and  is  kept  in  excellent  order.  It  is  surrounded  by  an  iron 
railing,  which  cost  about  $26,000. — Washington  Square,  or  Pa- 
rade Ground,  in  the  n.  part  of  the  city,  contains  about  10  acres, 
surrounded  by  a  wooden  fence.  A  portion  of  this  square  was 
formerly  the  Potter's  Field. — Union  Square  is  situated  at  the  ter- 
mination of  Broadway  It  is  of  an  oval  form,  enclosed  with  an 
iron  railing,  and  its  centre  ornamented  with  a  fountain. — Gra- 
mercy  Park,  near  Union-square,  and  Tompkins  Square,  in  the 
N.  E.  part  of  the  city,  are  handsomely  laid  out  in  walks,  and  shaded 
with  trees.  There  are  other  squares  further  up  the  city — Mad- 
ison, Hamilton,  &c. — which  are  extensive,  but  not  yet  laid  out. 

Churches,  Public  Buildings,  &,c. — ^The  c»ty  of  New  York 
can  boast  of  many  splendid  public  buildings.    It  has  about  220 


122 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANIOF. 


churches,  many  of  which  are  ina^iincent  and  costly  etructures 
and  tho  number  is  constantly  increasinfr,  especially  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  city  The  now  Trinity  Church  may  be  regarded  as 
the  best  specimen  of  pure  Gothic  architecture  in  the  country. 
The  engraving  which  follows  represents  a  view  of  this  church 
taken  from  tho  Custom-House  steps,  Wall-at. 


..*^i>  iftr^^AoL^^- ■*— 7™^"^ -v 


The  following  is  a  brief  histor}'  of  the  origin  of  this  church. 
The  first  religious  services  of  this  society  (at  that  time  known  at 
the  "  Church  of  England  in  America")  were  held  in  a  small 
chapel  which  stood  near  the  Battery.  The  rapid  increase  of  the 
congregation  made  it  necessary  to  erect  a  larger  and  more  com- 
modious edifice,  which  was  done  in  1696,  during  the  reign  of 
William  IIL  and  Mary.    It  was  first  opened  for  divine  service 


\    .: 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


123 


ructures 
he  upper 
garded  as 
country. 
is  church 


w 


lis  church. 
I  known  as 
in  a  small 
ease  of  the 
more  com« 
B  reign  of 
ne  service 


in  February,  1697,  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Vesey,  Rector  of  New  York. 
In  1735  it  was  found  necessary  to  make  an  addition  at  its  east 
end,  and  two  years  afterwards  it  was  again  enlarged  on  the  north 
and  south  sides.  Tiiis  building  was  146  feet  long  and  72  wide, 
with  an  ornamented  steeple  180  feet  high.  During  the  awful 
conflagration  of  the  city  in  Sept.  1776,  this  spacious  edifice  was 
entirely  destroyed,  and  remained  a  heap  of  ruins  during  the  Rev- 
olutionary war.  "  From  the  size  and  height  of  this  noblo  struc- 
ture, from  the  simple  style  of  its  architecture,  from  the  lofty  trees 
which  embosomed  it,  and  the  graves  and  monuments  of  the  dead 
frhich  surrounded  it  on  every  side,  it  presented  to  the  spectator 
a  striking  object  of  contemplation,  and  impressed  him  with  ideas 
connected  with  reverence."  At  the  close  of  the  war  it  was  again 
rebuilt,  and  consecrated  in  1790  by  Bishop  Provost.  This  edifice 
was  not  as  spacious  as  the  one  destroyed,  it  being  only  104  feet 
long  and  72  feet  wide,  with  a  steeple  about  200  feet  high.  In 
1839,  this  building  was  taken  down,  and  the  present  magnificent 
edifice  erected  in  its  place.  It  is  built  throughout  of  sandstone, 
without  galleries,  and  is  capable  of  seating  with  comfort  800  per- 
sons, being  189  feet  long,  84  wide,  and  64  high.  It  cost  nearly 
$400,000.  The  height  of  the  tower,  including  the  spire,  is  264 
feet  The  tower  contains  a  chime  of  bells  and  a  clock.  In  the 
graveyard  adjoining  the  church  may  be  seen  the  monuments  of 
Hamilton,  Lawrence,  and  others,  who  occupy  an  enviable  dis- 
tinction in  the  history  of  the  country.  Trinity  Church  is  the 
oldest  and  richest  Episcopal  society  in  America ;  she  annually 
devotes  a  large  portion  of  ••'^r  vast  income  to  the  erection  and 
support  of  churches  throi<yiiout  the  state.  Her  corporation,  or 
vestry,  whose  business  it  is  to  conduct  the  aflTairsof  the  church,  is 
composed  of  men  of  high  standing  in  society,  and  who  are  usually 
characterized  as  being  just  and  liberal  in  their  official  capacity. 

Trinity  Tower. — Visiters  have  access  to  the  tower  of  Trinity 
Church,  it  being  open  to  the  public,  except  when  the  building  is 
occupied  for  religious  purposed.*  This  tower  affords  one  of  the 
most  splendid  panoramic  views  to  be  seen  on  this  continent. 
Ascending  the  stairway  we  reach  a  landing,  on  a  level  with  the 


•  A /eels  expected  from  visiters  by  the  person  in  attendance. 


124 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


ceiling  of  the  church,  from  which  there  is  a  complete  view  of  the 
elegant  interior.  Ascending  another  flight,  we  reach  the  belfry, 
where  the  bells  forming  the  chime  are  deposited,  which  so  fre- 
quently ring  out  their  sweetly  solemn  peal.  Here  on  the  out- 
side, surrounded  by  a  strong  railing,  is  a  balcony,  aflbrding  a  view 
of  the  city.  On  ascending  still  higher,  one  of  the  most  superb 
views  greets  the  beholder.  The  city,  full  of  life  and  animation, 
lies,  as  it  were,  at  his  feet,  while  far  and  wide,  in  every  direction, 
the  country,  the  rivers,  the  island-] — cities  and  villages — are 
spread  out  before  him,  arrayed  \u  all  the  attractions  with  which 
nature  and  art  have  invested  them. 

The  following  was  the  number  of  churches  of  each  denomina- 
tion in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  Jan.  1848:  Protestant  Episco- 
pal 41,  Presbyterian  33,  Methodist  Episcopal  31,  Baptist  26, 
Dutch  Reformed  15,  Reformed  Presbyterian  T3,  Roman  CathO' 
lie  13,  Jewish  9,  Congregational  7,  Friends  4,  Unitarian  3,  Lu- 
theran 3,  Associate  Presbyterian  3,  Unicersalist  3,  Associate 
Reformed  Presbyterian  2,  Welsh  2,  Methodist  Protestant  1, 
Miscellaneous  12. 

The  City  Hall,  a  building  of  the  Corinthian  and  Ionic  orders, 
displaying  a  fine  combination  of  taste  and  elegance,  is  216  feet 
long,  105  wide,  and,  including  the  attic  story,  65  high.  The  first 
stone  of  this  edifice  was  laid  in  1803,  and  its  construction  occu- 
pied, with  little  intermission,  a  period  of  10  years.  It  covers 
22,896  square  feet  of  ground,  and  is  two  stories  high  above  the  base- 
ment, with  an  attic  story  in  the  centre  of  the  building.  The  front 
and  the  ends  are  of  white  marble — the  rear,  of  Nyack  freestone. 
In  this  building  are  28  offices,  and  other  public  rooms,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  is  the  Governor's  room,  a  splendid  apartment  ap- 
propriated to  the  use  of  that  functionary  on  his  visiting  the  city, 
and  occasionally  to  that  of  other  distinguished  individuals.  The 
walls  of  this  room  are  embellished  with  a  fine  collection  of  por- 
traits of  men  celebrated  in  the  civil,  military,  or  naval  history  of 
the  country.  It  is  52  feet  long  by  20  feet  wide.  In  the  Com- 
mon Council  room  is  the  identical  chair  occupied  by  Washington 
when  President  of  the  first  American  Congress,  which  assembled 
in  this  city. 

The  Merchants'  Exchange,  in  Wall-st.,  is  built  in  the  most 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


125 


iw  of  tho 
le  belfry, 
1  so  fre- 
the  out- 
ig  a  view 
st  Buperb 
aimation, 
direction, 
iges — are 
ith  which 

lenomina- 
t  Episco- 
aptist  26, 
in  CathO' 
an  3,  Lu- 
Associate 
testant  1, 

iiic  orders, 
8  216  feet 
The  first 
tion  occu- 
lt covers 
e  the  base- 
The  front 
freestone. 
,  the  prin- 
rtment  ap- 
g  the  city, 
lals.    The 
on  of  por- 
history  of 
the  Com- 
i^ashington 
assembled 

the  most 


J 


9 


durable  manner  of  Quincy  granite,  and  is  fire-proof,  no  wood 
having  been  used  in  its  construction,  except  for  the  doors  and 
window-frames.  It  is  erected  on  the  site  occupied  by  the  Ex- 
change building  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  of  1835.  The  pres- 
ent one,  however,  covers  the  entire  block,  and  is  200  feet  long  by 
171  to  144  wide,  77  feet  high  to  the  top  of  the  cornice,  and  124 
to  the  top  of  the  dome.  The  entire  cost,  including  ground,  is 
estimated  at  $1,800,000. 

The  Custom-House  is  situated  on  the  corner  of  Wall  and  Nas- 
sau sts.  It  is  built  of  white  marble,  in  the  Doric  order,  similar  to 
the  model  of  the  Parthenon  at  Athens,  and  is  200  feet  long,  90 
wide,  and  80  high.  The  great  hall  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness is  a  circular  room  60  feet  in  diameter,  surmounted  by  a  dome, 
supported  by  16  Corinthian  columns,  30  feet  high,  and  having  a 
skylight  through  which  the  hall  is  lio-hted. 

The  Post-Office,  a  short  distance  above,  in  Nassau-st.,  was  for- 
merly the  Middle  Dutch  Church,  now  rented  to  the  general  gov- 
ernment for  $5,000  a  year,  on  a  lease  for  seven  years.  The 
inside  has  been  fitted  up  suitably  for  the  business  of  the  office,  no 
other  alteration  having  been  made  in  the  building. 

The  Halls  of  Justice,  or  "  Tombs,"  is  located  in  Centre-st., 
between  Leonard  and  Franklin  sts.  It  is  a  substantial-looking 
building,  in  the  Egyptian  style  of  architecture,  253  feet  long  and 
200  wide,  constructed  of  a  light-colored  granite  brought  from  Hal- 
lowell,  Me. 

Banks  in  the  City  of  New  York,  (arranged  alphabetically  ^ 
— American  Exchange,  50  Wall-st. ;  Bank  of  America,  4Q  Wall ; 
Bank  of  Commerce,  32  Wall ;  Bank  of  New  York,  Wall,  corner 
of  William  ;  Bank  of  the  State  of  N.  York,  30  Wall ;  Butchers' 
and  Drovers',  Bowery,  corner  of  Grand  ;  Chemical,  216  Broad- 
way ;  City,  52  Wall ;  Dry  Dock,  Avenue  D,  cor.  of  lOth-st. ; 
Fulton,  Fulton-st.,  cor.  of  Pearl ;  Greenwich,  402  Hudson ; 
Leather  Manufacturers^  45  William  ;  Manhattan,  40  Wall ; 
Mechanics',  33  Wall ;  Merchants',  42  Wall ;  Merchants'  Ex- 
change, 173  Greenwich ;  National,  36  Wall ;  North  River, 
Greenwich,  cor.  of  Dey ;  Phoenix,  45  Wall ;  Seventh  Ward, 
Pearl,  cor.  of  Burling-slip ;  Tradesmen's,  177  Chatham  ;  Union, 
34  WaU. 


126 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


(• 


1^     il 


The  Insurance  Companies  are  mostly  in  Wall-st. 

Literary  Institutions,  &c. — Of  the  literary  institutions  of 
New  York,  Columbia  College,  at  the  foot  of  Park  Place,  is  the 
oldest,  having  been  chartered  by  Geor;,  3  II.  in  1754,  by  the 
name  of  King's  College.  The  original  itime  was  changed  to 
Columbia  College  in  1784.  It  has  a  president  and  ten  professors, 
1,170  alumni,  100  students,  and  a  library  containing  14,000  vols. 
The  building  contains  a  chapel,  lecture-room,  hali,  museum,  and 
an  extensive  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus.  The  Gram- 
mar School  attached  to  the  college  has  usually  from  200  to  300 
scholars,  and  instruction  is  given  in  all  the  branches  necessary 
for  admission  into  any  college,  or  for  the  performance  of  the  busi- 
ness of  the  counting-room. — The  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York  is  in  University  Place,  opposite  Washington  Square.  It  is 
built  of  white  marble,  in  the  Gothic  style,  and  is  180  feet  long  and 
100  wide.  The  building  contains  a  chapel,  which  receives  its 
light  from  a  window  of  stained  glass  in  the  west  front,  24  feet 
wide  and  50  high.  This  institution  was  founded  in  1831,  has  a 
president  and  11  professors,  a  valuable  library,  and  an  extensive 
philosophical  apparatus. — The  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
founded  in  1836,  is  located  in  University  Place,  between  Seventh 
and  Eighth  sts.  It  has  six  professors,  about  100  students,  and  a 
library  containing  over  16,000  vols. — The  General  Theological 
Seminary  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States,  situated  at  the  corner  of  9th  avenue  and  21st-st.,  was 
founded  in  1819,  and  consists  of  two  buildings,  constructed  of 
st')ne,  in  the  Gothic  style  of  architecture. — The  Rutgers  Female 
Institute,  in  Madison-st,  has  a  fine  building,  a  valuable  library, 
and  choice  philosophical  apparatus. — The  New  York  Society  Li- 
brary  is  on  Broadway,  comer  of  Leonard-st.  This  institution, 
which  was  founded  in  1754,  has  a  library  of  about  40,000  vols., 
a  lecture-room,  and  rooms  for  the  Academy  of  Design. — The 
Apprentices*  Library,  situated  in  Crosby-st.,  has  a  library  of 
12,000  vols.,  and  offers  facilities  for  the  cultivation  of  the  mind, 
of  which  a  large  number  of  apprentices  have  availed  themselvea 
Here  is  also  the  Mechanics^  School,  which  has  many  teachers, 
and  550  pupils. — ^The  New  York  Hospital,  situated  on  Broad- 
way, opposite  Fearl-st.,  has  extensive  buildings,  and  is  finely 


NEW  YCRK  CITY. 


12" 


tutions  of 
ace,  id  the 
)4,  by  the 
hanged  to 
professors, 
1,000  vols, 
seum,  and 
he  Gram,' 
200  to  300 
necessary 
f  the  busi' 
ty  of  New 
are.  It  is 
3t  long  and 
eceives  its 
lit,  24  feet 
831,  has  a 

extensive 
Seminary, 
n  Seventh 
iuts,  and  a 
'heological 
he  United 

st-st.,  was 
structed  of 
',rs  Female 
l)le  library, 
'ociety  Li- 
institution, 
),000  vols., 
sign. — The 

library  of 

the  mind, 
hemselves. 
f  teachers, 
on  Broad- 
1  is  finely 


located.— The  New  York  Lunatic  Asylum  is  at  Blooiningdale, 
near  the  Hudson  :  attached  to  it  are  40  acres  of  ground,  laid  out 
in  gardens,  pleasure-grounds,  and  walks.  Being  on  elevated 
ground,  a  fine  view  of  Hudson  river,  with  the  surrounding  coun- 
try, is  hero  obtained.  The  principal  building,  which  is  of  stone, 
cost,  with  its  grounds,  upwards  of  $200,000.  It  contains  150 
patients. 

The  Mercantile  Library  Association  and  Reading'Room  is 
situated  in  Clinton  Hall,  at  the  corner  of  Nassau  and  Beekman 
streets.  It  contains  about  20,000  volumes,  and  a  fine  reading- 
room,  stocked  with  the  choice  periodicals  of  the  day. 

Hotels. — The  hotels  are  numerous,  well  kept,  and  not  sur- 
passed in  comfort  and  accommodation  by  those  of  any  other  city 
in  the  Union  ;  the  following  are  the  principal : 

The  Astor  House,  in  Broadway,  is  among  the  lirst  in  point  of 
attraction,  although  there  are  many  others  equally  well  kept.  This 
building  was  erected  by  the  late  John  Jacob  Astor,  and  opened 
on  the  31st  of  May,  1836  ;  it  is  built  of  Quincy  granite,  in  a  re- 
markably massive  style,  simple  and  chaste,  is  five  stories  high, 
with  a  front  oi  201  feet  on  Broadway,  directly  opposite  the  Park, 
154  on  Barclay-st,  and  146^  on  Vesey-st.  Its  height  is  77  feet, 
and  it  contains  upwards  of  300  rooms.  The  dining-room  is  108 
feet  by  42.  The  entire  cost  of  the  building,  including  the  ground, 
was  about  $750,000.  The  price  of  board  per  day  is  $2.00.— 
The  American  Hotel  is  pleasantly  situated  at  229  Broadway, 
opposite  the  Park.  Board  $2.00  per  day. — The  Atkenaum  Ho- 
tel, 347  Broadway,  is  a  well-kept  house.  Board  per  day  $1.50. 
— The  Atlantic  Hotel,  5  Broadway,  opposite  the  Bowling  Green. 
Board  per  day  $1.50. — The  Carlton  House,  350  Broadway. 
Board  $2,00  per  day. — The  City  Hotel  has  been  taken  down, 
and  handsome  stores  erected  on  its  site.  Clinton  Hotel,  in 
Beekmau-st.  Board  per  day  $2.00.— The  Croton  Hotel,  142 
Broadway.  Board  per  day  $1.50.  This  is  a  temperance  house. 
— Delmonico's,  in  Broadway,  near  the  Bowling  Green,  is  a  now 
and  handsome  building.  This  establishment  is  conducted  on  the 
European  plan. — Florence's,  in  Broadway,  comer  of  Walker-st, 
is  a  new  and  elegant  establishment,  conducted  upon  the  Euro* 
pean  plan — The  Franklin  House  is  in  Broadway,  corner  of  Dey- 


128 


RAILROAD    AND   STKAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


Bt.  Board  $2.00  per  day. — HoimtrtVa  Hotel  is  in  Jkoiidway,  cor- 
ner of  Muiden-Lanc. — Irmnfj  House,  Hroudwuy,  mrner  ol'C'ham- 
berH-st. — Judnon'a  Hotel,  <>l  IJroadway. — D)rejoy's  Hotel,  on  the 
corner  of  Purk-Row  and  Hcekmun-st.,  is  conducted  on  the  Euro- 
pean plan. — '"he  Merchants^  Hotel,  41  Courtlan<l-Ht.  Board 
$1.50  j)cr  day. — Tho  National  Hotel,  5  Courtland-Kt.  Board 
$1.50  per  day. — Tho  Neip  England  House,  111  Broadway. 
Board  $1.."»<)  per  day. — The  New  York  Hotel,  721  Broadway, 
is  retired,  but  eli)Tibly  eituated.  Board  $2.00  per  day. — Tlie  Pa- 
cific Hotel,  IG2  (ireonwich-8t.  Board  $1..50  per  day. — The 
Pearl-street  House,  88  Pearl-st.  Board  reduced  to  $1.00  per 
(lay. — The  Rochester  Hotel,  31  Court laud-st.  Board  $1.25  per 
day. — liathbun^s  Hotel,  105  Broadway,  between  Courtlund  and 
Liberty  sts.  Board  $2.00  per  day.— ^7.  Charlrs  Hotel,  Broad- 
way.—  Tammany  Hall,  corner  of  Nassau  and  Frankfort  sts,,  is 
conducted  on  tlie  European  plan. — Trnnont  Temperance  House, 
110  Broadway.  Board  $1.50  per  day.— Tho  United  ii tales 
Hotel,  formerly  Holt's,  is  on  Fulton-st.,  bounded  by  Pearl  and 
Water  sts.  Board  per  day  $1.50. — Tho  Western  Hotel,  9  Court- 
land-st.     Board  $1.25  per  day. 

Besides  the  hotels,  with  which  the  city  abounds,  there  are  nu- 
merous private  Boarding-houses  in  difForeut  parts  of  the  city.  In 
addition  to  these,  there  are  many  Eating-houses,  where  the  visit- 
er pays  in  proportion  to  what  he  consumes  ;  these,  however,  are 
principally  in  the  lower  or  business  part  of  the  city.  A  person, 
if  he  desires  it,  may  have  a  sleeping-room  at  Lovejoy's  or  else- 
where, and  take  his  meals  at  one  of  these  places  at  any  hour 
during  the  day  that  suits  his  convenience.  Bills  of  fare,  with  the 
prices  affixed  to  each  article,  are  always  at  hand,  so  that  one 
knows  exactly  what  he  has  to  pay  before  he  gives  his  order. 

Places  of  Amusement. — These  are  not  numerous ;  but  that  ie 
characteristic  of  American  cities  generally,  when  compared  with 
those  in  Europe.    They  are  as  follows : — 

Broadway  Theatre,  Broadway,  near  the  corner  of  Anthony  • 
St. ;  Astor  Place  Opera  House,  corner  of  Astor  Place  and  Eighth- 
st.,  upper  part  of  Broadway  ;  Park  Theatre,  opposite  the  Park, 
(destroyed  by  fire,  December  16, 1848,  soon  after  it  had  been  re- 
modelled and  fitted  up  in  a  superior  style  ;)  MitcheWs  Olympic 


NEW   \oiiK   CITY. 


129 


vay,  cor- 
)r('harn- 
el,  on  the 
10  Euro- 
]^>urd 
lioiird 
oudway. 
oiidvvay, 
riie  Pa- 
y.— The 
IM  per 
!l.:25per 
land  and 
,  Broad- 
it  sts.,  is 
e  House f 
States 
['arl  and 
9  Court- 
are  nu- 
city.    In 
he  visit- 
3ver,  are 
person, 
or  else- 
my  hour 
with  the 
that  one 
ier. 

[t  that  '\9 
red  with 

nthony- 
Eighth- 
e  Park, 
been  re- 
Olympic 


U^ieatre,  44 1  Broadway,  above  Cunul-st. ;  Bowery  Theatre^ 
Bowery,  alxtvu  Bayard  st. ;  National  Theatre,  near  Chatham 
Square;  linrton' a  Theatre, \\  Chambors-st. ;  American Muaeiwi, 
Broadway,  opposite  the  Astor  House ;  Nihloa  Garden,  Broad- 
way and  Prince  sts. ;  Chinene  Museum,  531)  Broadway ;  Pano- 
rama  of  the  Hudson  River,  Broadway  and  Walker  sts. ;  Castle 
Garden,  off  tlie  Battery  ;  Vauxhall  Garden,  upper  end  of  Bowery. 

ExiiiHiTioxs  OK  Tilt;  Fine  Autm. — Auicricd.  Art  Union  :  Col- 
lection of  Paintings,  497  Broadway,  above  Broome-st.  Admis- 
sion free.  The  Hall  is  a  very  handsome  one,  150  feet  long,  and 
well  arranged  for  its  purpose,  having  room  on  its  walls  for  a  very 
large  collection  of  pictures.  International  Art  Union  :  Collec- 
tion of  I'uintings,  289  Broadway,  corner  of  Reade-street.  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Desiyn,  corner  of  Broadway  and  Leonard- 
street. 

The  Croton  Wat-er-Works. — The  building  of  this  great  work 
was  deelcl(^d  on  at  the  city  charter  election  of  1835,  and  on  the 
4th  of  July,  1842,  it  was  bo  far  completed  that  the  water  was  let 
into  the  Reservoir,  and  on  the  14th  of  October  following  it  was 
brought  into  the  city.  The  whole  cost  will  be  about  $14,000,000, 
more  than  double  the  original  estimate.  Between  the  Distribu- 
ting Reservoir  in  40th-st.  and  the  Battery,  up  to  Aug.  1847,  171 
miles  of  pipe  were  laid,  from  6  to  36  inches  in  diameter. 

The  aqueduct  commences  five  miles  from  the  Hudson,  and  is 
about  40  miles  from  the  City  Hall.  The  dam,  which  is  250  feet 
long,  70  feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  7  at  the  top,  and  40  feet 
high,  is  built  of  stone  and  cement.  A  pond  five  miles  in  length 
is  created  by  the  dam,  covering  a  surface  of  400  acres,  and  con- 
taining 500,000,000  gallons  of  water.  From  the  dam  the  aque- 
duct proceeds,  sometimes  tunnelling  through  solid  rocks,  crossing 
valleys  by  embankments  and  brooks  by  culverts,  until  it  reaches 
Harlem  river.  It  is  built  of  stone,  brick,  and  cement,  arched 
over  and  under ;  is  6  feet  3  inches  wide  at  the  bottom,  7  feet  8 
inches  at  the  top  of  the  side  walls,  and  8  feet  5  inches  high  ; 
has  a  descent  of  13i  inches  per  mile,  and  will  discharge  60,000,000 
of  gallons  in  24  hours.  It  crosses  Harlem  river  on  a  magnificent 
bridge  of  stone,  termed  the  "  High  Bridge,"  1,450  feet  long,  with 
14  piers,  8  of  them  80  feet  span,  and  6  of  50  feet  span,  114  feet 

9 


Il^ 


130 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


Tiaw  oy  tub  Ei«h  Bkisob, 

above  tidewater  to  the  top,  and  which  will  cost  ^900,000.  The 
Receiving  Reservoir  is  at  86th-st.  and  6th  avenue,  covering  35 
acres  and  containing  150,000,000  gallons  of  water.  Persons 
wishing  to  visit  the  High  Bridge  will  take  the  cars  of  the  Har- 
lem Railroad  to  Harlem,  Fare  12^  cents ;  at  which  place  a  stage 
will  be  in  waiting  to  convey  them  to  the  bridge.     Fare  1 8|  eta. 

There  is  now  no  city  in  the  world  better  supplied  with  pure 
and  wholesome  water  than  New  York ;  and  the  supply  would  be 
abundant,  if  the  population  were  five  times  its  present  number. 

The  most  convenient  mode  of  visiting  the  Distributing  Re- 
servoir  in  40th -st.,  or  the  Receiving  Reservoir  in  86th-8t.,  is  by 
the  cars  of  the  Harlem  Railroad,  which  leave  the  depot  opposite 
the  City  Hall  every  15  minutes  during  the  day.     Fare  12^  cts. 


Steamboat  Lines  from  New  York. — During  the  season  of 
navigation,  regular  lines  of  steamboats  ply  upon  the  Hudson, 
passing  between  New  York,  Albany,  and  Troy,  and  also  for  the 
intermediate  places  on  the  river. 

From  New  York  to  Albany  and  Trot. — There  are  both 
morning  and  evening  boats,  the  former  usually  leaving  New  York 
from  the  North  River  side,  at  6^  or  7  o'clock,  arriving  in  about 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


131 


10  hours.  Tho  latter  leave  New  York  at  5,  6,  or  7  o'clock,  ar- 
riving at  Albany  next  morninfr.  Fare  varies  uccordin((  to  com- 
petition from  3.')  cents  to  $1.50.  (See  *<  Pussago  up  the  Hud- 
son," and  also  Map  No.  18.) 

Day  Line  from  New  York  to  Boston  via  New  Haven,  Hart- 
roRD,  AND  Springfield,  (see  Map  No.  2,  also  this  route  from 
Boston  to  Now  York.)  Ciiis  luavo  New  York,  from  tho  depot 
m  Ciuiiil-st.,  daily,  and  also  from  27th-8t.,  and  reach  Now 
Hiiven,  70  iniien,  in  about  four  hours.  lAtre  ^1,50.  Here 
Tvo  take  the  ears  for  Hartford,  36  miles  diaUint,  and  arrive 
tn  one  hour  and  a  half.  Fare  .^1.00.  From  thence  we  are 
conveyed  to  Sprinfr field,  2G  miles  further,  in  one  hour.  Fare 
$1.00  ;  and  from  thence  to  Boston,  08  miles,  in  four  and  a  half 
hours :  total  distauce  236  miles :  time  12  hours.  Fare  through 
$5.00. 

From  New  York  to  Boston  via  Norwich  and  Worcester, 
(see  Map  No.  2,  and  also  this  route  from  Boston  to  New  York.) 
— Passeufjers  by  this  route  to  Boston  take  tlie  stcauiboat  from  the 
foot  of  Battery  Place,  at  5  p.  m.  in  summer,  and  4  p.  m.  in  win- 
ter ;  whence  they  will  bo  conveyed  through  the  Sound  to  the 
terminus  of  the  Norwich  and  Worcester  Railroad  at  Allyn's 
Point,  125  miles ;  thence  over  the  above  road  to  Norwich,  132 
miles.  Fare  $2.50  ;  thence  to  Worcester,  191  miles,  Fare  $3.50 ; 
and  thence  to  Boston,  235  miles.  Time  13^  hours :  Fare  through 
$5.00. 

From  New  York  to  Boston  via  Stonington  and  Providence, 
(see  Map  No.  2,  and  also  this  route  from  Boston  to  New  York.) 
— Passengers  lea  /e  New  York  from  Pier  No.  1  North  River,  foot 
of  Battery  Place,  at  5  p.  m.  in  summer,  and  4  p.  m.  in  winter,  and 
are  thence  conveyed  over  the  Sound  to  Stonington,  125  miles,  in 
nine  hours.  Fare  $2.50  ;  thence  over  the  railroad  to  Providence, 
47  miles  further,  Fare  $4.00  ;  thence  to  Boston,  42  miles :  total 
distance  224  miles.     Time  12  hours :  Fare  $5.00. 

From  New  York  to  Boston  via  Newport  and  Fall  River. 
(See  Map  No.  2,  and  also  this  route  from  Boston  to  New  York.) 
Steamboats  leave  New  York  daily,  (Sundays  excepted,)  from 
Pier  No.  3,  North  River,  at  5  p.  m.  in  summer,  and  4  p.  m.  in 
wmter ;  passing  through  the  Sound  and  around  Point  Judith  to 


lit 


I'  ll' 


132 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Newport,  R.  I.,  165  miles.  Time  10  hours:  fare  $4.00.  Thence 
to  Fall  River,  18  miles  further,  in  one  hour.  Fare  from  New 
York,  $4.00.  Thence  by  cars  to  Boston,  53  miles,  in  two  hours. 
Total  distance  236  miles:  time  13  hours:  fare  $5.00.  On 
the  arrival  of  the  boat  at  Fall  River,  passengers  can  proceed  im- 
mediately by  railroad  to  Boston  ;  or  if  they  wish  to  remain  till 
the  starting  of  the  Accommodation  Train,  (having  breakfast  on 
board,  if  they  desire  it,)  they  will  leave  at  6^  a.  m.,  and  reach 
Boston  at  about  9^  a.  m.  (For  routes  from  New  York  to  Phila- 
delphia ;  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad ;  from  New  York  to 
New  Haven,  Hartford,  &c.,  see  Index.) 

Rates  of  fare  i:j  New  York  for  Hackney-Coaches,  Carriages, 
OR  Cabs.— For  conveying  a  passenger  any  distance  not  exceeding  one 
mile,  25  cents  ;  two  j,assengers,  50  cents,  or  25  cents  each  ;  every  addi- 
tional passenger,  25  cents. 

For  conveying  a  passenger  any  distance  exceeding  a  mile,  and  within 
two  miles,  50  cents  ;  every  additional  passenger,  25  cents. 

For  the  use  of  a  hackney-coach,  carriage,  or  cab,  by  the  day,  with 
one  or  more  passengers,  $5.00. 

For  the  use  of  a  hackney-coach,  carriage,  or  cab,  by  the  hour,  with 
one  or  more  passengers,  with  the  privilege  of  going  from  place  to  place, 
and  of  stopping  as  often  as  may  be  required,  as  follows  :— first  hour, 
$1.00  ;  second  hour,  75  cents  ;  every  succeeding  hour,  50  cents. 

Children  under  two  years  of  age,  nothing  ;  from  two  to  fourteen,  half 
price. 

Each  p.'"3senger  is  entitled  to  take  one  trunk,  valise,  box,  bag,  or  other 
travelling  package  ;  and  as  ;  lany  more  as  he  pleases,  by  paying  six 
cents  for  each  extra  one,  or  12J  cents  if  over  »  iiile. 

If  the  distance  be  over  one  mile,  and  not  over  two  miles,  the  charge 
for  one  passenger  is  50  cents,  and  each  additional  one,  25  cents. 

If  a  carriage  is  taken  by  the  day  or  hour,  it  must  be  so  specified. 

If  a  hack  is  detained  or  hindered,  the  driver  is  entitled  to  75  cents  for 
the  first  hour,  and  37J  cents  per  hour  afterwards,  in  addition  to  mileage. 

Every  hack  is  required  to  be  conspicuously  numbered,  and  to  have 
the  rates  of  fare  posted  up  within  it ;  and  in  default  of  either  of  these, 
the  driver  is  not  to  demand  or  receive  any  pay. 

Cabs.—C-dUs  to  and  from  dwellings,  to  or  from  steamboats,  or  other 
parts  of  the  city,  with  one  or  two  persons,  50  cents. 

When  leaving  the  stand  with  one  person,  any  distance  not  over  a 
mile  and  a  half,  25  cents.  When  with  two  persons,  37J  cents.  When 
by  the  hoar,  driving  in  town  from  place  to  place,  for  each  hour,  50  cents. 

Distances  from  the  City  Hall.— To  the  Battery,  north  end,  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile— south  end,  one  mile  ;  foot  of  Courtland-st.,  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile ;  foot  of  Barclay-st.,  half  a  mile ;  foot  of  Chambers* 


i 


VICINITY  OF  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


133 


St.,  half  a  mile ;  foot  of  Canal-st.,  one  mile ;  Dry  Dock,  two  miles ; 
Catharine-st.  Ferry,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  ;  Fulton  Ferry,  half  a 
mile  ;  South  Ferry,  one  mile  ;  Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn,  one  mile  and  a 
quarter ;  Jersey  City  Ferry,  half  a  mile ;  Harlem,  eight  miles ;  Dis- 
tributing Reservoir,  three  miles  and  a  quarter ;  Receiving  Reservoir, 
Ave  miles. 

Places  in  thk  vicinity  of  Nevit  York. — Brooklyn^  described 
at  length,  at  page  136  ;  Navy  Yard,  Brooklyn,  at  page  138 ; 
Atlantic  Dock,  at  page  139  ;  Greenwood  Cemetery,  at  page  139. 
Williamsburg  is  situated  on  Long  Island,  opposite  the  north- 
east part  of  New  York,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  East 
River.  This  place,  which,  as  well  as  Brooklyn,  has  become  the 
residence  of  numbers  doing  business  in  New-York,  is  increasing 
rapidly  in  wealth  and  population.  At  the  present  time  its  popu- 
lation is  not  less  than  15,000.  It  is  connected  with  New  York 
by  three  steam-ferries,  the  boats  on  which  ply  at  regular  inter- 
vals.    The  ferriage  is  from  3  to  4  cents  each  icay. 

f  :  Astoria,  a  flourishing  village  six  miles  n.  e.  of  the  city,  has  a 

fine   location,  being  situated   on   the   East   River  near  "  Hurl 

'■'  I  Gate."    It  has  become  a  favorite  residence  for  persons  from 

New  York. 

Flushing,  at  the  head  of  Flushing  Bay,  five  miles  from  Long 
Island  Sound  by  water,  and  nine  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  New 
York,  is  a  favorite  place  of  resort  for  the  inhabitants  of  that  city 
and  of  Brooklyn.  The  ride  from  the  latter  place  is  delightful : 
from  the  fonaer  it  is  reached  by  steamboat,  one  plying  between 
the  two  places  at  regular  intervals, — affording,  during  the  sum- 
mer season,  a  delightful,  though  short,  aquatic  excursion  to  one 
of  the  most  inviting  places  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city.  Flushing 
is  celebrated  for  its  nurseries,  and  thousands  are  every  season  at- 
tracted thither,  who  love  to  revel  among  the  beautiful  creations 
of  the  Floral  world,  which  are  here  to  be  seen  in  greater  variety 
and  on  a  larger  scale  than,  perhaps,  nt  any  other  place  in  the 
country.  There  are  four  considerable  nurseries  in  the  town.  Of 
these,  the  establishment  of  Parsons  &  Co.  is,  we  believe,  the 
most  extensive,  covering,  as  it  does,  about  70  acres.  The  other 
6 'tablishments  are  those  of  Winter  &  Co.,  King  &  Ripley,  and 
W.  R.  Prince.  The  latter  gentleman  claims,  we  believe,  for  his 
nursery  the  title  of  the  "  Liuneau  Botanic  Garden ;"  but  the 


ill 

11 


134 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


garden  formerly  cultivated  by  his  father  under  that  appellation, 
and  which  gained  such  celebrity  during  his  lifetime,  is  the  one 
now  owned  by  Winter  &  Co.  The  trees,  &c.,  the  produce  of 
these  gardens,  are  in  demand,  not  only  for  every  part  of  the 
Union,  but  also  for  Europe.  Visiters  have  free  access  to  these 
gardens  on  all  days,  (Sundays  excepted,) 

Flatbush,  about  five  miles  from  Brooklyn,  Flatlands  eight, 
Oravesend  ten  miles,  are  small  but  handsome  places.  The 
shores  of  the  latter  place  abound  with  clams,  oysters,  and  water- 
fowl, and  are  much  resorted  to. 

Coney  Island,  belonging  to  the  town  of  Gravesend,  is  five 
miles  long,  and  one  broad,  and  is  situated  about  12  miles  from 
New  York.  It  has  a  fiiif^  beach  fronting  the  ocean,  and  is  much 
frequented  for  sea-bathing.  On  the  n.  side  of  the  Island  is  an 
hotel.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  between  the  city  and  Coney 
Island  during  the  summer  season.     Fare  13^  cents  each  way. 

Fort  Hamilton,  one  of  the  fortifications  for  protecting  the  har- 
bor of  New  York,  is  situated  at  the  "  Narrows,"  about  seven 
miles  from  New  York.  There  is  here  an  extensive  hotel  or 
boarding-house,  for  the  accommodation  of  visiters.  The  Coney 
Island  boat  stops  at  Fort  Hamilton  to  land  and  receive  passen- 
gers.    Fare  12^  cents. 

Rockaway  Beach,  a  celebrated  and  fashionable  watering-place, 
on  the  Atlantic  sea-coast,  is  in  a  s.  e.  direction  from  New  York. 
The  Marine  Pavilion,  a  splendid  establishment,  erected  in  1834, 
upon  the  beach,  a  short  distance  from  the  ocean,  is  furnished  in 
a  style  befitting  its  object  as  a  place  of  resort  for  gay  and  fash- 
ionable company.  There  is  another  hotel  here  which  is  well 
kept ;  also  several  private  boarding-houses,  where  the  visiter, 
seeking  pleasure  or  health,  may  enjoy  the  invigorating  ocean 
breeze,  with  less  parade  and  at  a  more  reasonable  cost  than  at 
the  hotels.  The  best  route  to  Rockaway  is  by  the  Long  Island 
Railroad  to  Jamaica,  twelve  miles,  25  cents ;  thence  by  stage 
eight  miles,  over  an  excellent  road,  to  the  beach,  50  cents. 

Bloomingdale  is  a  neat  village,  five  miles  from  the  City  Hail, 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Hudson.  Here  is  the  Orphan  Asylum. 
Manhattanville,  two  miles  north  of  the  latter  place,  contains  the 
Lunatic  Asylum,  which  occupies  a  commanding  situation.    Hai' 


VICINITY  OF  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


135 


i;  1 


tern,  eight  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  reached  by  the  cars  on  the 
Harlem  Railroad,  which  leave  the  depot  in  New  York  many 
times  daily. 

Places  on  the  Hudsoa  rjver  worthy  the  attention  of  strangers, 
are  described  under  the  heading,  "  Passage  up  the  Hudson,"  at 
page  152 

Staten  Island,  the  lauding  at  which  is  about  five  miles  from 
New  York  and  fronting  the  Quarantine  Ground,  has  a  fine  situa- 
tion commanding  a  splendid  view  of  the  beautiful  bay,  Long 
Island,  &.C.  There  are  here  hotels  and  boarding-houses,  for  the 
reception  of  visiters.  Steamboats  leave  New  York  several  times 
daily,  from  the  foot  of  Whitehall-st.,  at  the  Battery.  Fare  12^ 
cents.  New  Brighton,  Port  Richmond,  and  the  Sailor's  Snug 
Harbor,  an  asylum  for  superannuated  seamen,  are  situated  ii? 
the  N.  part  of  the  Island.  Steamboats  leave  daily  from  the  loot 
of  Battery  Place. 

Long  Branch,  situated  on  the  eastern  coast  of  New  Jersey,  32 
miles  from  the  city  of  New  York,  is  a  popular  place  of  resort  for 
those  fond  of  seashore  recreation,  and  wiiere  a  pure  and  invigor- 
ating atmosphere  is  always  to  be  fouud. 

The  Ocean  House,  a  hotel  of  the  first  order,  a  short  distance 
N  from  Long  Branch,  is  a  place  where,  tiuriag  the  oppressive 
heat  of  summer,  a  greater  degree  of  real  co:  <'^!"-l  can  be  enjoyed 
than,  perhaps,  at  the  more  fashionable  wat  uig-p'.aoes.  The 
sea-breeze,  which  is  constant  here  as  well  .s  it  Long  Branch, 
and  the  convenient  surf-bathing,  have  an  ai'riost  magic  eftect  in 
restoring  the  exhausted  energies  of  tbr  ^umaa  frainr  while  a 
view  of  that  grandest  of  objects,  the  Ocean,  which  i^  here  spread 
out  before  you — now  gently  undulating  in  dalliance  with  ihe 
breeze,  and  now  upheaved  by  the  tempest — has  an  equally  salu- 
tary effect  on  the  animal  spirits.  There  is  admirable  sport  in  this 
vicinity  for  the  angler.  The  Shrewsbury  river  on  the  one  side, 
and  the  ocean  on  the  other,  swarm  with  all  the  delicate  varieties 
of  fish  with  which  our  markets  abound. 

Shrewsbury,  Red  Bank,  and  Tinton  Falls,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  above,  are  also  places  of  great  resort. 

A  steamboat  leaves  New  York  daily  from  Fulton-slip  for  tho 
above  places. 


136 


RAILROAD   AND  STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


fill. 


Tlew  from  Brooklyn  "Eelebta' 


BROOKLYN. 

Brooklyn,  the  second  city  in  the  state  of  New  York  for  pop- 
ulation, is  situated  at  the  w.  end  of  Lo?i<r  Island,  opposite  the  city 
of  New  York,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  the  East  River. 
The  communication  between  the  two  places  is  rendered  easy  and 
convenient  by  five  steam-ferries,  viz :  The  Fulton  ferry,  (which 
is  by  far  the  greatest  thoroughfare  ;)  the  South  ferry  ;  Catharine 
ferry  ;  Jackson,  or  Navy  Yard  ferry,  and  the  Hamilton  Avenue 
ferry.  Two  new  ferries  are  about  to  be  estabhshed — the  Mon- 
tague and  the  Bridge-st.  ferries,  (the  former  for  foot  passengers 
only,) — and  will  soon  go  into  operation.  The  location  of  the 
above  ferries  is  shown  in  Map  No.  1. 

The  Fulton  ferry  boats  run  every  few  minutes  during  the  day 
and  evening,  until  12  p.  m.  After  that  hour,  a  boat  leaves  each 
side  every  30  minutes  until  morning.  The  price  on  each  ferry  is 
two  cents  for  foot  passengers ;  children  half  price.  Commuters 
are  charged  $10.00  per  annum.  The  crossing  to  and  fro,  on  both 
the  Fulton  and  South  ferries,  especially  mornings  and  evenings, 
is  so  great  aa  to  strike  a  stranger  with  astonishment    Three 


'I 


!'i 


BROOKLYN. 


137 


beats  constantly  ply  at  the  same  time  on  each,  and  the  time  oc- 
cupied is  usually  from  four  to  six  minutes. 

Brooklyn  is  laid  out  with  considerable  regularity,  the  streets, 
with  the  exception  of  Fulton,  being  generally  straight,  and  cross- 
ing each  other  at  right  angles.  Many  of  them  are  shaded  with 
fine  trees,  which,  in  the  summer  season,  impart  to  the  city  the 
freshness  and  gayety  of  a  country  town.  It  is  this,  with  the  pu- 
rity of  its  atmosphere,  and  the  facilities  afforded  for  reaching  the 
great  metropolis,  that  has  made  this  place  increase  so  rapidly  in 
wealth  and  population.  Most  of  the  houses  are  well  built,  and 
many  are  distinguished  for  chasteness  and  elegance  of  architectural 
design. 

The  groun(?  on  which  the  city  is  built  is  more  elevated  than 
the  opposite  shore.  The  "  Heights,"  on  the  East  River,  present 
a  bold  front,  elevated  70  feet  above  tidewater,  afTordiug  a  de- 
lightful view  of  New  York,  its  harbor,  the  islands  in  the  bay,  and 
the  shore  of  New  Jersey. 

The  shores,  where  not  defended  by  wharves,  undergo  continual 
and  rapid  changes  by  the  velocity  of  the  current  in  the  East 
River.  Governor's  Island  was  formerly  connected  with  Brook- 
lyn at  Red  Hook  Point ;  and  previous  to  the  Revolution,  cattle 
were  driven  from  the  Hook  to  the  island,  then  separated  by  a 
narrow  and  shallow  passage  called  Buttermilk  Channel,  which 
is  now  wide  and  deep  enough  for  the  passage  of  merchant  ves- 
selfj    i  the  largest  size. 

Brooklyn  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  April,  1806,  and  as 
a  city,  with  greatly  extended  limits,  on  the  8th  of  April,  1834. 
It  is  divided  into  nine  wards,  and  is  governed  by  a  mayor  and  a 
board  of  18  aldermen,  two  from  each  ward,  annually  elected. 

The  population  of  Brooklyn  increased  from  1830  to  1840  at 
the  rate  of  57  per  cent,  for  each  five  years,  and  from  1840  to 
1845,  it  was  64  per  cent.  The  latter  rate,  if  applied  to  1850,  will 
produce  an  aggregate  population  of  95,523  ;  in  1855,  153,377. 
At  the  present  time  (1849)  it  may  be  placed  at  90,000.  The 
taxable  property  in  1847  amounted  to  $29,365,189,  and  the 
amount  of  taxes  the  same  year  was  within  a  fraction  of  $250,000. 

Public  Buildings. — Of  these  the  most  prominent  is  the  new 
City  Hall,  situated  on  a  triang  ilar  piece  of  ground,  bounded  by 


I 


138 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Court,  Fulton,  aud  Joralcinon  sts.  It  in  constructed  of  white 
luurble,  from  the  quarries  of  Westchester  county,  in  the  Ionic 
style  of  architecture.  It  is  162  by  102  feet,  and  75  feet  in  height 
to  the  top  of  the  cornice.  It  is  surmounted  by  a  cupola,  the  top 
of  which,  from  the  street,  is  ISS  feet.  The  interior  contains 
rooms  for  the  various  departments  of  business  connected  with  the 
city  and  county.  Its  whole  cost  will  not  exceed  $200,000 — The 
Jail,  a  substantial  building  erected  in  1837,  is  situjited  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Brooklyn,  near  Fort  Greene. — The  Lyceum,  in  Wash- 
ington-st,  corner  of  Concord,  is  a  fine  graiiito  building,  with  a 
spacious  and  commodious  lecture-room. — 'i'he  City  Library  con- 
tains a  largo  number  of  valuable  literary  and  ecientifio  works. — 
The  Savings  Bank  is  in  an  elegant  new  building  on  the  corner 
of  Fulton  and  Concord  sts. — The  Brooklyn  Female  Academy,  a 
spacious  building,  is  in  Joru!  inon-st.,  near  Clinton. 

CnuKCiiES. — The  churc')os  in  Brooklvu  are  about  50  in  num- 
her,  and  many  of  those  recently  constructed  are  splendid  edifices, 
— the  principal  of  which  is  the  new  Epiacopal  Church  of  "  The 
Holy  Trinity,"  situated  in  Clintou-st.,  which  is  a  fine  specimen 
of  Gothic  architecture.  This  church  was  erected  by  the  munifi- 
cence of  a  citizen  of  Brooklyn  at  a  cost  of  about  {^150,000. 

The  United  States  Navy  Yard  is  situated  on  the  s.  side  of 
Wallabout  Bay,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Brooklyn,  and  occu- 
pies about  40  acres  of  ground,  cmclosed  on  the  land  side  by  a  high 
wall.  There  are  here  two  large  ship-houses  for  vessels  of  the 
lar;fest  class,  with  workshops  amd  every  requisite  necessary  for  an 
extensive  naval  depot.  The  United  States  Naval  Lyceum,  an 
interesting  place,  also  in  the  Navy  Yard,  is  a  literary  institution, 
formed  in  1833  rv  ofli  ois  of  the  navy  connected  with  the  port. 
It  contains  a  suh  ndid  collection  o''  curiosities,  and  mineralogical 
and  geological  CLlnuets,  with  numerous  other  valuable  and  curi- 
ous things  worthy  the  inspeciicn  of  the  visiter.  A  Dry  Dock  is 
being  constructed  here,  at  a  cc-  of  about  $1,000,000.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  Wallabout,  half  a  mile  east  of  the  Navy  Yard, 
is  the  Marine  Hospital,  a  fine  building  erected  on  a  commanding 
situation,  and  surrounded  by  upwards  of  30  acres  of  well-culti- 
vated ground. 

At  the  Wallabout  were  stationed  the  Jersey  aud  other  prison- 


BROOKLYN. 


139 


ships  of  tho  English  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  in  which  it 
is  said  11,500  American  prisoners  perished,  from  bad  air,  closo 
confinement,  and  ill-treatment.  In  1808,  the  bones  of  the  suf- 
ferers, which  had  been  washed  out  from  the  bunk  where  they 
hud  been  slightly  buried,  were  collected,  and  deposited  in  13  cof- 
fins, inscribed  with  the  names  of  the  13  original  states,  and  pluced 
in  a  vault  beneath  a  wooden  building  erected  for  tho  purpose,  in 
Hudson  avenue,  opposite  to  Front-st.,  nour  tho  Navy  Yard. 

The  Atlantic  Dock,  about  a  mile  below  tho  South  Ferry,  is 
a  very  extensive  work,  and  worthy  the  attention  of  strangers. 
The  Hamilton  Avenue  Ferry,  near  the  Battery,  lands  its  passen- 
gers close  by.  The  company  was  incorporated  in  May,  1840, 
with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000.  The  basin  within  tho  piers  con- 
tains 42 4  acres,  with  sufficient  depth  of  water  for  the  largest 
shijw.  The  piers  are  furnished  with  many  spacious  stone  ware- 
houses. 

Greenwood  Cemetery  is  in  the  s.  part  of  Brooklyn,  at  Gow- 
anus,  about  three  miles  from  the  Fulton  Ferry,  at  which  place 
visiters  take  the  stages,  which  leave  hourly,  for  the  Cemetery. 
Fare  12^  cents.  Another  way  to  Greenwood  is  by  the  new 
ferry  at  Whitehall,  which  lands  its  passengers  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Cemetery,  on  a  pier  of  great  length  jutting  out  from  the 
shore :  carriages  run  from  the  landing-place  to  the  Cemetery, 
carrying  passengers  at  a  trifling  charge. 

This  Cemetery  was  incorporated  in  1838,  and  contains  242 
acres  of  ground,  about  one-half  of  which  is  covered  with  wood 
of  a  natural  growth.  It  originally  contained  172  acres,  but  re- 
cently 70  more  have  been  added  by  purchase,  and  brought  with- 
in the  enclosure.  Free  entrance  is  allowed  to  persons  on  foot 
during  week-days,  but  on  the  Sabbath  none  but  proprietors  of 
lots  and  their  families,  and  persons  with  them,  are  admitted ;  oth- 
ers than  proprietors  can  obtain  a  permit  for  carriages  on  week- 
days. These  grounds  have  a  varied  surface  of  hills,  valleys,  and 
plains.  The  elevations  afford  extensive  views  ;  that  Irom  Ocean 
Hill,  near  the  western  line,  presents  a  wide  range  of  the  ocean, 
with  a  portion  of  Long  Island.  Battle  Hill,  in  the  n.  w.,  com- 
mands an  extensive  view  of  the  cities  of  Brooklyn  and  New 
York,  the  Hudson  river,  the  noble  bay,  and  of  New  Jersey  mkI 


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140 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Ill 


Staten  Island.  From  the  other  elevated  grounds  in  the  Ceme- 
tery there  are  fine  prospects.  Greenwood  is  traversed  by  winding 
avenues  and  paths,  which  afford  visiters  an  opportunity  of  seeing 
this  extensive  Cemetery,  if  sufficient  time  is  taken  for  the  pur- 
pose. Several  of  the  monuments,  original  in  their  design,  are 
very  beautiful,  and  cannot  fail  to  attract  the  notice  of  strangers. 
Those  of  the  Iowa  Indian  princess,  Dohumme,  and  the  "  mad 
poet,"  McDonald  Clark,  near  the  Sylvan  Water,  are  admirable. 

Visiters  by  keeping  the  main  avenue,  called  The  Tour,  as  in- 
dicated by  guide-boards,  will  obtain  the  best  general  view  of  the 
Cemetery,  and  will  be  able  again  to  reach  the  entrance  without 
difficulty.  Unless  this  caution  be  observed,  they  ma)  find  them- 
selves at  a  loss  to  discover  their  way  out.  By  paying  a  little 
attention,  however,  to  the  grounds  and  guide-boards,  they  will 
soon  be  able  to  take  other  avenues,  many  of  which  pass  through 
grounds  of  peculiar  interest  and  beauty. 

*'  In  Greenwood,  are  quiet  dells,  nestling  little  lakes  in  their 
bosoms,  shaded  by  locusts  and  willows  from  the  sun,  made  cool 
by  the  sea  breezes,  and  musical  with  the  songs  of  birds ;  or  you 
may  loiter  in  a  village  of  graves,  as  it  were,  with  hundreds  of 
visiters,  like  yourself,  poring  over  sculptured  tokens  of  affection." 

These  delightful  grounds  now  attract  much  attention,  and  have 
already  become  a  place  of  great  resort,  and  they  will  continue 
yearly  to  attract  additional  crowds  of  visiters,  as  their  beauties 
become  more  generally  known,  and  the  ties  more  extended  that 
bind  many  in  the  surrounding  country  and  neighboring  cities,  to 
the  once-loved — not,  to  the  eyes  of  Faith  and  Affection,  dead, 
but  sleeping — forms  of  those  who  lie  in  this  beautiful  resting- 
place  of  the  departed. 


LONa   ISLAND  RAILROAD  ROUTE, 
(See  Map  No.  15.) 

This  road  extends  from  South  Brooklyn,  opposite  the  lower  part 
of  the  city  of  New  York,  to  Greenport,  at  the  east  end  of  Long 
Tsland,  96  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1838,  and  cost  in 
it*  construction,  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $2,027,991.68.    After  leav- 


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LONG  ISLAND  RAILROAD. 


141 


<      i 


iug  the  depot  near  the  South  Ferry,  the  cars  pass  through 
a  tunnel,  under  Atlantic-st.,  which  is  2,750  feet  long,  and 
about  30  deep,  at  the  highest  part  of  the  street,  and  which  cost 
$96,000. 

The  railroad  to  Jamaica,  12  miles,  was  the  first  link  of  the 
road  constructed,  by  a  company  incorporated  April,  1832,  with  a 
capital  of  $300,000.  In  April,  1834,  the  Long  Island  Railroad 
Company  was  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of  $1,500,000,  to  con- 
struct a  road  through  Long  Island  to  Greenport,  with  permission 
to  unite  with  the  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica  Company.  The  design 
of  this  road  originally  was  to  open  a  speedy  communication  be- 
tween New  York  and  Boston,  which,  by  a  ferry  crossing  the 
Sound,  was  to  connect  with  either  of  the  great  routes  that  ter- 
minate in  the  latter  city.  A  steamer  now  runs  between  Green- 
port  and  New  London,  Ct.  Passengers  by  this  line  will  arrive  at 
New  London  in  time  to  take  the  cars  for  Hartford,  and  also,  those 
from  Norwich  Worcester,  &c.  Passengers  from  New  York  will 
reach  New  London  in  about  5^  hours,  and  can  return  the  same 
afternoon,  in  the  Norwich  boat,  or  the  next  morning,  by  the  L.  L 
route,  the  steamer  running  so  as  to  connect  with  it.  Fare  from 
New  York  to  New  Loudon,  $2,00.  The  distance  between  New 
York  and  Boston,  by  this  route,  connecting  with  the  Norwich 
and  Worcester  Railroad,  is  236  miles. 

From  Brooklyn  to  Bedford,  2^  miles,  Fare  6  cents ;  East 
New  York,  5^,  12  cents ;  Union  Race  Course,  8,  20  cents ;  Ja- 
maica, 12,  25  cents;  Brushville,  15,  31  cents;  Hempstead 
Branch,  19,  37  cents  ;  Hicksvillc,  27,  50  cents  ;  Farmingdale, 
32,  G2  cents  ;  Deer  Park,  38,  75  cents ;  Thompson,  41,  $1.00  ; 
Suffolk  Station,  45,  $1.00  ;  Medford  Station,  56,  $1.12;  Yap- 
hank,  GO,  $1.25  ;  Si.  George's  Manor,  68,  $1.50 ;  River  head, 
75,  $1.62  ;  Jamesport, 80,  $1.62  ;  Mattetuck,85,  $1.75;  South- 
old,  92,  $1.87 ;  Greenport,  96,  $2.00.  On  arrival  of  the  cars 
at  the  latter  place,  a  steamboat  leaves  for  Sag  Harbor. 

Stages  leave  Jamaica  daily  for  Rockaway,  on  arrival  of  the 
cars,  Ff}re  50  cents.  From  Hicksville  to  Cold  Spring,  Hunt- 
ington, and  Oyster  Bay ;  from  Deer  Park  to  Babylon ;  from 
Thompson  to  Islip  and  Mechanicsville ;  from  SuiTolk  Station  to 
Patchogue ;    from  Yaphank  io  Millville ;    from  St.  George's 


tin 


142 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANIOlf. 


II 


I 


Manor  to  Moriehet;  4nd  from  Riverhead  to  Quogue  and  <9.  and 
E.  Hampton. 

JamaieOt  flituated  on  the  railroad,  and  on  the  turnpike-road 
leading  from  Brooklyn  to  Hempstead,  is  a  neat  and  pleasant  vil- 
lage, approached  by  roads  running  through  a  district  highly  cul- 
tivated, and  richly  adorned  with  productive  farms  and  splendid 
country'Seats.  This  village  is  a  great  resort  for  persons  from  the 
neighboring  cities,  the  railroad  rendering  the  communication  easy 
and  convenient  Many  persons  doing  business  in  New  York  have 
permanent  residences  here. 

A  branch  road,  two  and  a  half  miles,  extends  to  Hempstead, 
centrally  situated  upon  the  south  side  of  "  Hempstead  Plains," 
and,  by  a  turnpike-road,  about  31  miles  from  Brooklyn.  The  soil, 
which  is  sandy  loam,  is  rendered  highly  productive  by  judicious 
cultivation.     Fare  from  Brooklyn  37^  cents. 

North  Hempstead,  21  miles  from  Brooklyn,  is  situated  a  shct 
distance  north  of  the  railroad,  and  on  the  turnpike-road  which 
runs  throughout  the  island.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  county,  and 
contains  the  courthouse,  &c.  In  this  town  is  "  Harbor  Hill," 
which  rises  to  the  height  of  331  feet  above  the  ocean,  and  is  said 
to  be  the  most  elevated  land  on  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Mon- 
tauk  Point  to  Florida.  It  is  about  12  miles  from  the  Atlantic, 
and  is  visible  some  distance  at  sea.  Success  Pond,  situated  on  a 
high  hill,  in  the  west  part  of  the  town,  is  a  mile  in  circumfer- 
ence :  it  abounds  with  yellow  perch,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  for 
the  angler. 

Riverhead  is  situated  on  the  Peconic  river,  75  miles  from 
Brooklyn,  and  is  the  capital  of  Suffolk  county.  Vessels  of  70 
tons  burden  come  within  two  and  a  half  miles  of  the  village. 
Large  quantities  of  wood  are  sent  from  this  place  to  New  York 

Oreenport  is  the  eastern  termination  of  the  Long  Island  Rui 
road,  96  miles  from  Brooklyn.     Before  the  construction  of  the 
railroad,  it  consisted  of  a  few  straggling  houses  only,  but  is  now 
quite  a  large  and  prosperous  village. 

Oardiner^s  Island,  situated  across  the  mouth  of  Gardiner's 
Bay,  about  10  miles  from  Greenport,  was  settled  as  early  as  1636, 
by  a  Scotchman  who  had  served  in  the  English  army.  This,  it 
is  laid,  was  the  first  British  settlement  in  the  state  of  New  York. 


NEW  YORK   AND   NEW  HAVEN   RAILROAD. 


143 


The  island  is  remarkable  for  its  fine  cultivation,  its  extensive 
dairy,  numerous  herds,  and  great  product  of  wool  "  The  cele- 
brated Captain  Kidd  called  at  this  island  on  his  way  to  Boston, 
when  he  returned  from  his  cruise  in  1699,  and  deposited  here  a 
box  of  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones,  intrusting  the  then  owner 
of  the  island  with  the  secret,  and  holding  his  life  in  pledge  for 
his  fidelity.  An  account  of  this  deposite  was  found  among  the 
pirate's  papers  upon  his  arrest ;  and  the  box  was  disinterred,  and 
delivered  to  the  commissioners  appointed  to  receive  it  It  con- 
tained 788|  oz.  of  gold,  84*7^  oz.  of  silver,  and  17|  of  jewels." 


THE  NEW  YORE  AND  NEW  HAVEN  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  15.) 

This  road  extends  from  the  Harlem  Railroad,  at  a  point 
near  **  Williams'  Bridge,"  18^  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  New 
York.  It  is  76  miles  in  length,  and  cost  abo  it  $2,600,000. 
This  road  opens  the  communication  with  Boston  and  all  the 
principal  cities  and  towns  in  New  England. 

Route  from  New  York  to  New  Haven. — To  New  Rochelle^ 
20  miles,  86  cents  ;  Mamaroneck,  23,  40  cts. ;  Ri/e,  27,  45  cts. ; 
P(yrt  Cheater,  28 i,  60  cts.;  Oreenwich,  31,  55  cts.;  Stamford, 
36,  65  cts. ;  Darien,  41, 70  cts. ;  Norwalk,  44, 75  cts. ;  Westport, 
47,  85  cts.;  Southport,  52,  96  cts.;  Fairfield,  54,  95  cts.; 
Bridgeport,  58i,  $1,00 ;  Stratford,  62,  $1,15  ;  Milford,  66,  $1,30 ; 
New  Haven,  76,  $1,50. 

Norwalk,  Conn.,  on  the  route  of  the  New  York  and  New  Ha- 
ven Railroad,  is  a  very  pleasant  town,  situated  on  Long  Island 
Sound,  45  miles  n.  e.  from  New  York,  and  35  w.  s.  w.  from  New 
Haven.  The  village  is  built  on  both  sides  of  Norwalk  river,  over 
which  is  a  bridge,  to  which  vessels  come  tliat  draw  only  six 
feet  of  water.  One  and  a  half  miles  s.  of  the  borough  is  South 
Norwalk,  where  the  steamboats  land  which  ply  between  New 
York  and  Norwalk.  Pop.  in  1848  about  4,000.  (For  descrip- 
tion of  New  Haven  and  Bridgeport,  see  index.) 


y  m 


vi 


144 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  Naugatuck  Railroad  extends  from  its  junction  with  the 
New  York  and  New  Haven  road  at  Milford,  to  the  village  of 
Winsted,  a  distance  of  67  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in 
Sept.,  1849,  and  cost,  equipments  included,  ^1,800,000. 

FaoM  Bridgeport  to  Winsted. — To  Junction,  5  miles ;  Der- 
hy,  14,  40  cts. ;  Ausonia,  16,  45  cts. ;  Humphreysville,  20,  50 
cts.;  Naugatticky  27,  65  cts.;  Waterhuryy  32,  75  cts.;  Water- 
ville,  35,  85  eta;  Plymouth, 42,  $1,05  ;  Litchfield Sta., 4^,  $1,30; 
Woicottville,  52,  $1,30 ;  Burrville,  57,  $1,40 ;  Wimted,  62,  $1,60. 


4 


V4 


HARLEM  RAILROAD. 
(See  Maps  Nos.  15  and  18.) 


This  road  extends  from  the  City  Hall,  at  the  junction  of  Cen- 
tre and  Chatham  ets.,  through  Centre,  Broome,  and  the  Bowerj, 
to  the  Fourth  avenue ;  at  32d-8t.  it  enters  the  first  deep  cutting 
into  the  solid  rock,  at  Murray's  Hill,  and  then  proceeds  towards 
the  tunnel  under  Prospect  Hill,  at  Yorkville,  which  is  595  feet 
long,  24  wide,  and  21  high  to  the  top  of  the  arch,  cut  through 
solid  rock,  and  which  cost  $90,000 ;  from  thence  it  proceeds  to 
Harlem,  crossing  the  river  over  a  substantial  bridge  into  the 
county  of  Westchester. 

This  road  is  intended  to  unite  with  the  Albany  and  West 
Stockbridge  Railroad,  at  Chatham  Four  Comers,  and  in  connec- 
tion with  which  it  will  open  a  communication  between  the  cities  ot 
New  York  and  Albany.  Its  completion  will  open  a  new  trade 
with  the  rich  and  flourishing  counties  through  which  it  is  to  pass, 
that  will  give  a  new  impetus  to  its  business  prospects. 

The  New  York  and  New  Haven  Railroad  unites  with  the 
Harlem  at  a  point  near  Williams'  Bridge.  From  New  York 
to  Yorkville,  5  miles.  Fare  12^  cents;  Harlem,  %,  12^  cents; 
Morrisiana,  8i,  20  cents;  Fordham,  13,  20  cents;  Williams^ 
Bridge,  14^,  25  cents ;  Tuckahoe  Station,  20,  87  cents ;  Hart*8 
Corner,  24,  50  cents;  White  Plains,  27,  50  cents;  Pleasant- 


HXTDSON  RIVER  RAILROAD. 


146 


ville,  31, 62  cents ;  New  Cattle  Corners,  4] ,  75  cents ;  Bedford, 
44,  87  cents ;  Whitloekville,  48,  90  cents  ;  and  to  Croton  Falls 
and  Somers,  $1.00. 

Stages  run  daily,  connecting  with  the  cars,  between  Harlem 
and  the  HighBridge ;  from  Harlem  to  Macomb's  Dam  and  Kings- 
bridge ;  from  Williams'  Bridge  to  E.  Chester,  W.  Farms,  W. 
Chester,  New  Rochelle,  and  Mamaroneck,  fare  25  cents.  From 
Fordham  to  Yonkers,  25  cents ;  and  frdm  Williams'  Bridge  to 
Yonkers,  18|  cents ;  from  Croton  Falls  to  Lake  Mahopac,  25 
cents  ;  from  White  Plains  to  Port  Chester  and  Rye,  25  cents. 

Yorkville  is  five  miles  n.  of  the  City  Hall :  the  cars  pass  through 
it  many  times  daily.  In  this  vicinity  is  the  Receiving  Reservoii 
of  the  Croton  water-works,  containing  35  acres,  enclosed  by  a 
high,  substantial  wall. 

Harlem,  eight  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  a  suburb  of  New 
York,  and  is  quite  a  manufacturing  place.  It  can  be  reached 
from  the  city  by  the  cars,  many  times  daily.  Harlem  was 
founded  by  the  Dutch,  in  1658,  with  a  view  to  the  amusement 
and  recreation  of  the  citizens.  The  following  is  from  an  ancient 
Dutch  record.  "  The  Governor  and  Council,  desirous  to  form  a 
new  village  at  the  end  of  Manhattan  Island,  proposed  to  settlers 
grants  of  land  of  45  acres  each,  at  13  shillings  the  acre,  free  Lorn 
tithes,  for  10  years,  and  to  assign  15  soldiers  for  their  defence  ; 
to  erect  a  sub-court  of  justice  when  there  should  be  25  families 
established ;  to  provide  a  clergyman,  half  of  whose  salary  should 
be  paid  by  the  government ;  and  to  make  a  road  to  the  city  by 
the  company's  negroes." 

White  Plains  and  Bedford  are  each  semi-capitals  of  West> 
Chester  county :  the  latter  is  situated  upon  a  highly  fertile  plain, 
encompassed  by  hills.  Whitlocksville,  at  the  junction  of  Cross 
and  Croton  rivers,  has  some  manufacturing. 


HUDSON  RIVER  RAILROAD. 

(See  Map  No.  18.) 

The  Hudson  Rnnea  Railroad  will  extend  from  the  city  of 
New  York  to  Albany,  (144  miles,)  and  will  pass  through  all  the 

10 


146 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


populous  and  thrifty  towns  and  villages  on  the  banks  of  the 
noble  Hudson.  Its  probable  cost,  including  every  thing,  will  be 
about  $7,000,000.  This  road,  in  regard  to  construction,  will 
have  po  superior  in  the  country.  It  is  estimated  that /our  h<mri 
and  a  hcJf  will  be  all  the  time  required  for  running  the  distance 
between  the  two  cities,  and  uniform  at  all  seasons  of  the  year. 

In  the  construction  of  the  road  between  New  York  and  Pough- 
keepsie,  many  formidable  obstructions  have  been  overcome. 
The  rock  excavation  at  Fort  Washington  Point,  about  8  miles 
from  the  city,  is  over  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length ;  and  at  the 
highest  point,  the  cutting  is  50  feet  deep.  54,000  cubic  yards  of 
rock  have  been  taken  from  it.  This  has  been  used  in  construct- 
ing a  road  bed  and  protection  wall  of  more  than  2,000  feet  in 
length,  across  the  bay  below  the  Point,  over  which  the  road  is 
carried. 

Route  fhom  New  York  to  Poughkeepsie. — ^To  Manhattan- 
ville,  8  mile8,/arc  12^  cts. ;  Yonkers,  17, 35  cts. ;  Hastings,  21,  46 
cts. ;  Dobbs*  Ferry,  22,  46  cts. ;  Sing  Sing,  33, 66  cts. ;  Croton^ 
86,  76  cts. ;  Feekskill,  48,  86  cts. ;  Garrison's,  51,  $1,00 ;  Cold 
Spring,  54,  $1,10;  Fishkill,  60,  $1,20;  Xow  Point,  64,  $1,30; 
New  Hamburg,  66,  $1,35  ;  Barnegat,  69,  $1,40 ;  Poughkeepsie, 
76,  $1,50. 

For  description  of  places  on  the  Hudson  River,  see  ^  Passage 
up  the  Hudson,"  at  page  162. 


RAMAFO  AND  PATERSON  RAILROAD. 

This  line,  16  miles  in  length,  unites  the  Paterson  railroad 
with  the  New  York  and  Erie,  at  Su£fem's.  It  opens  to  the 
passenger  travel  of  the  latter  road  a  more  direct,  expeditious, 
and  convenient  route  to  New  York,  than  by  the  way  of  Pier- 
mont  and  the  Hudson  river.    It  is  about  10  miles  nearer. 

Route  feom  New  York  to  Sukfern's,  via  Paterson. — ^To 
Jersey  City,  1  mile ;  Bergen  Junction,  2i :  Seacaucus,  6 ;  Boil- 
ing Spring,  9  ;  Passaic  Bridge,  11 ;  Aquackanonk,  12 ;  Acker- 
man's,  13 ;  Paterson,  11, fare  60  cents;  Eiver  Road,  18^;  Rock 
Road,  20;  Oodmnville,  21^;  Hohokus,  23;  Allendale,  26*, 
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NEW  YORK   AND   ERIE   RAILROAD. 


147 


NEW  YORK  AND  ERIE  RAILROAD. 
(See  Maps  Nos.  17  and  18.) 

This  important  railroad  commences  at  Piermont,  on  the  Hud- 
son river,  24  miles  above  New  York,  and  will  extend  to  Dun- 
kirk, on  Lake  Erie,  a  distance  of  460  miles,  and  from  New  York 
474  miles.  Its  estimated  cost  is  about  16  millions  of  dollars. 
The  route  traversed  by  this  road  is  through  one  of  the  finest 
agricultural  districts  in  the  country.  At  Dunkirk,  its  terminus, 
the  lake  navigation  usually  opens  from  four  to  six  weeks  ear- 
lier,  and  remains  open  for  the  same  period  later  than  at  Buffido. 

At  Owego,  246  miles  from  New  York,  the  Cayuga  and  Sus- 
quehanna Railroad  is  intersected.  It  extends  to  Ithaca,  (29 
miles,)  at  which  place  it  connects,  by  a  line  of  steamboats,  with 
Cayuga  Bridge,  where  it  unites  with  the  Albany  and  Buf^o 
Railroad ;  thus  opening  to  this  section  of  country  a  speedy  com- 
munication with  the  city  of  New  York. 

At  Elmira,  38  miles  beyond  Owego,  the  Erie  road  intersects 
with  the  Chemung  Railroad,  running  to  the  head  of  Seneca  Lake, 
a  distance  of  18  miles.  By  this  road,  and  the  steamboats  run- 
ning on  the  lake,  a  direct  communication  is  opened  with  Geneva 
and  other  important  cities  and  towns  in  Western  New  York. 

At  Coming,  18  miles  beyond  Elmira,  a  union  is  formed  with 
the  Coming  and  Blossburg  Railroad,  extending  40  miles  to  the 
bituminous  coal  and  iron  fields  of  Pennsylvania.  This  connec- 
tion is  very  important,  and  from  it  a  large  and  increasing  busi- 
ness will  be  derived. 

From  Hornellsville,  about  40  miles  from  Coming,  a  branch 
road  will  extend  to  the  Albany  and  Buffalo  road  at  Attica, 
thereby  still  farther  reducing  the  distance  between  New  York 
and  Buffalo.  In  a  few  years,  other  important  branches  will 
extend  from  it,  all  of  which  will  contribute  to  the  wealth  and 
importance  of  the  Erie  Railroad. 

Route  from  New  Yoek  to  Corning. — ^To  Piermoni,  (by 
steamboat,)  24  miles,  fare  25  cents :  Blauveltville,  28,  30  cts. ; 
Clarkstomi,  83,  34  cts  ;  Spring  Valley,  35, 40  cts. ;  Mousey,  36, 
45  cts. ;  Suffern's,  42,  60  cts. ;  Ramapo  Works,  44,  65  cts. ; 
Sloatsburg,  45,  70  cts. ;  Monroe  Works,  51,  85  cts. ;  Tumei'Sf 


:  i 
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148 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


57,  95  cts.;  Monroe,  59,  $1,00;  Oxford,  62,  |1,00;  Chester,  65 
$1,05;  Goshen,  70,  $1,15;  New  Hampton,  73,  $1,20;  Middle- 
town,  77,  $1,25;  Howell's,  80,  $1,40;  Otisville,  87,  $1,50;  Port 
Jeevis,  100,  $1,75;  Fond  Eddy,  109,  $2,00;  Lackawaxen,  120, 
$2,30;  Narrowshurg,  132,  $2,50;  Cochecton,  140,  $2,75;  Calli- 
coon,  149,  $2,90;  Hawkins,  152,  $3,00;  Eq^iinunk,  163,  $3,25; 
Stockport,  167,  $3,25;  Chehocton,  173,  $3,40;  Deposit,  186, 
$3,65;  Chilf  Summit,  194,  $3,85  ;  Laneshoro\  202,  $4,00;  Great 
jBewc?,  210,  $4,25;  Windsor  road,  220,  $4,40:  Binghamton,  224, 
$4,60;  Union,  2^3,  U/iO ;  Campville,  2S9,  $4,85;  Owego,  246, 
$5,00 ;  Tioga  Centre,  252,  $5,10 ;  Smithboro\  256,  $5,20 ;  Bar- 
ton, 259,  $5,25  ;  Raymond,  262,  $5,30 ;  Factoryville,  265,  $5,95 ; 
Chemung,  269,  $5,45;  Wellsburg,  276,  $5,60;  Elmira,  283, 
$5,75;  Big  Flats,  293,  $5,95  ;  Corning,  301,  $6,15. 

Fare,  by  this  route,  to  Geneva,  $6,50 ;  to  Rochester,  $8,15 ;  to 
Buffalo,  $10,35. 

Passengers  for  Ithaca  and  Cayuga  Lake  take  the  cars  of  the 
Cayuga  and  Susquehanna  Railroad  at  Owego;  and  those  for 
2\oga  and  Lycoming  county.  Pa.,  take  the  cars  of  the  Corning 
and  Blossburg  Railroad  at  Corning. 

Newburg  Branch  Railroad  cars  leave  New  York  morning 
and  afternoon :  leave  Ncwburg  for  New  York  twice  daily  :  con- 
nectiiig  at  Chester  with  the  trains  going  West. 

Ramapo  is  situated  two  and  a  half  miles  above  the  New  Jer- 
sey line,  and  lies  in  the  deep  valley  of  Ramapo  river,  on  the  old 
stage-road  from  New  York  to  Albany.  It  is  two  and  a  half 
miles  above  the  Jersey  boundary  line,  and  in  the  Pass,  which 
was  fortified  during  the  revolutionary  war.  It  contains  some 
manufactories,  and  a  population  of  about  2,000. 

Chester  lies  on  the  stage-road  from  Goshen  to  New  York,  about 
18  miles  s.  w.  from  Newburg,  in  a  rich  and  picturesque  country. 

Goshen,  the  shire  town  of  Orange  county,  lies  in  a  beautiful 
valley,  46  miles  from  Piermont,  70  from  New  York,  and  20  from 
the  Hudson  at  West  Point.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  large  quan- 
tities of  butter  with  which  it  furnishes  the  New  York  and  other 
markets.  The  Ncwburg  Branch  Railroad  connects  with  the 
Erie  at  Chester.  From  Goshen  and  Chester  conveyances  can 
always  be  obtained  to  GreeuAvood  Lake,  one  of  the  pleasantest 


KEW  YORK  AND  ERIE  RAILROAD. 


149 


watering-places  in  the  vicinity  of  New  York.  The  country 
abounds  with  lakes  and  ponds,  containing  pickerel,  and  other 
fine  fish. 

Middletown,  a  large  and  handsomely-built  village,  contains 
five  churches,  an  academy,  &c.  It  has  increased  rapidly  sincf 
the  construction  of  the  railroad. 

Otisville  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  situated  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Shawangunk  mountain,  a  few  rods  from  the  celebra 
ted  pass,  formerly  called  the  "  Deer-park  Gap,"  through  which 
an  opening  is  made  for  the  passage  of  the  railroad,  cut  in  the 
solid  rock,  extending  for  half  a  mile,  and  which  in  some  places  is 
50  feet  deep.  After  passing  this  place  the  railroad  turns  slightly 
to  the  s.,  keeping  the  western  side  of  the  Shawangunk,  and  grad- 
ually declining  by  a  gentle  slope  through  the  beautiful  valley  of 
the  Neversink,  reaches  the  Delaware  at  the  village  of  Port  Jer- 
vis,  near  which  it  crosses  the  river  and  the  Delaware  and  Hud- 
son Canal. 

Port  JerviSf  or  Carpenter's  Point,  is  a  large  and  rapidly  grow- 
ing village,  situated  on  the  Delaware  river,  near  its  junction  with 
the  Neversink,  which  is  here  about  80  feet  wide.  By  the  Dela- 
ware, it  carries  on  an  extensive  trade  in  lumber  and  generd 
produce  with  the  towns  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  and 
by  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  with  the  towns  on  the  North 
River.  The  completion  of  the  Erie  Railroad  to  this  place  will 
prove  of  immense  benefit,  as  it  brings  it  in  immediate  connection 
with  New  York. 

Binghamton  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Chenango  and 
Susquehanna  rivers.  It  is  on  the  line  of  the  Erie  Railroad.  The 
Chenango  Canal  connects  it  with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Utica.  It 
has  an  extensive  trade,  particularly  in  lumber,  and  exports  much 
to  the  towns  on  the  Hudson,  and  also  to  Baltimore  and  Philadel- 
phia by  the  Susquehanna  river.  Its  population  amounts  to 
about  4,000. 

Milford,  on  the  Delaware  river,  is  six  rniles  below  Port  Jervis, 
and  the  intersection  of  the  Erie  Railroad  with  the  Delaware  and 
Hudson  Canal.  The  inhabitants  are  much  engaged  in  the  lum- 
ber trade.  The  Sawkill,  which  dashes  down  the  ravine,  near  the 
southern  border  of  the  town,  in  its  course  turns  several  mills. 


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i60 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


About  a  mile  and  a  quarter  s.  w.  from  Milford,  in  a  very  seclu- 
ded spot,  may  be  seen  the  magnificent  "  Falls  of  the  Sawkill." 
This  stream,  after  flowing  sluggishly  for  some  miles  through  level 
table-land,  is  here  precipitated  over  two  perpendicular  ledges  of 
slate-rock — the  first  of  about  20  feet,  and  the  second  about  60 
feet — into  a  wild,  rocky  gorge.  The  stream  still  continues,  dash- 
ing and  foaming  on  for  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  over  smaller  preci- 
pices, and  through  chasms  scarcely  wide  enough  for  an  individual 
to  pass.  The  beetling  cliffs  that  form  the  sides  of  the  gorge  are 
surmounted  and  shaded  by  cedars  and  hemlocks,  that  impart  a 
peculiarly  sombre  and  terrific  air  to  the  scenery.  The  surface  of 
the  hill  by  which  they  are  approached,  is  on  a  level  with  the  top 
of  the  second  fall ;  and  the  spectator,  on  account  of  the  bushes 
and  trees,  may  reach  the  very  verge  of  the  precipice,  and  within 
almost  leaping  distance  of  the  falls,  before  he  perceives  them ; 
and  if  he  should  happen  for  the  first  time  to  have  trodden  that 
lonely  path  without  a  companion,  after  the  shades  of  twilight  had 
thrown  a  deeper  gloom  around  the  glen,  he  will  not  soon  forget 
the  awful  sublimity  of  the  scene. 

Honesdale,  Penn.,  the  shire  town  of  Wayne  county,  is  a  thri- 
ving place,  and  contained,  in  Jan.  1848,  5,000  inhabitants.  There 
are  here  six  churches  of  difierent  denominations,  various  manu- 
factories, the  mechanical  establishments  usually  found  in  places 
of  this  description,  and  at  least  25  large  and  well-conducted 
stores,  besides  numerous  smaller  ones.  This  place  owes  its  origin 
and  progress  to  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal,  at  the  termi- 
nation and  junction  of  which  with  the  Lackawaua  Railroad,  it 
is  situated. 

Carbondale,  Penn.,  at  the  west  end  of  the  Lackawana  Rail- 
road, 15  miles  from  Honesdale,  is  now,  though  it  has  sprung  into 
existence  entirely  within  a  few  years,  a  populous  place,  owing  to 
its  situation  in  the  great  anthracite  coal  region.  Its  products  are 
transported  by  inclined  planes  and  railroad  over  the  Moosic  Moun- 
tain to  Honesdale,  and  thence  by  canal  to  New  York.  Stages 
leave  Carbondale  for  Wilkesbarre,  and  other  places  in  its  vicinity. 

Owego,  N.  Y.,  is  advantageously  situated  for  trade,  on  the 
Susquehanna  river.  It  is  a  beautiful  place,  and  is  fust  growing 
'jx  importance.    A  railroad,  29  miles  in  length,  extends  to  Ithaott; 


NEW  YORK  AND  ERIE  RAILROAD. 


151 


by  which,  and  the  Cayuga  Lake  and  Canal,  communication  is 
had  with  the  Erie  Canal :  it  is  also  on  the  line  of  the  New  York 
and  Erie  Railroad. 

Ithaca  is  beautifully  situated  a  mile  and  a  half  above  the  head 
of  Cayuga  Lake,  being  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  hills,  which 
rise  by  a  gentle  ascent,  in  the  form  of  an  amphitheatre,  to  the 
height  of  500  feet.  A  portion  of  the  village  is  built  on  the  hills, 
from  which  commanding  situation  a  splendid  view  of  the  lake 
and  the  adjacent  country  is  obtained.  The  population  is  about 
6,000.  Its  location  for  trade  has  been  very  fortunate.  By  the 
Ithaca  and  Owego  Railroad^  29  miles  in  length,  it  communicates 
with  Owego  on  the  Susquehanna  river,  and  by  the  lake  and  the 
Seneca  and  Erie  canals  with  New  York  and  BufTalo ;  and  in 
1849,  it  connected  with  the  Erie  Railroad,  forming  the  most 
direct  route  between  Ithaca  and  New  York  city.  Its  trade  with 
Pennsylvania  is  considerable,  receiving  iron  and  coal  in  exchange 
for  plaster,  salt,  lime,  flour,  &.c. 

Elmira  is  situated  at  the  confluence  of  Newton  creek  with  the 
Chemung  river,  having  a  very  favorable  position  for  trade.  By 
the  Chemung  and  Susquehanna  rivers,  it  communicates  with  the 
interior  of  Pennsylvania,  and  by  the  Chemung  Canal  and  the 
Seneca  Lake  and  Canal,  it  has  access  to  the  Erie  Canal.  By  the 
Williamsport  and  Elmira  Railroad,  it  will  receive  from  Pennsylva- 
nia bituminous  coal  and  iron,  for  which  important  articles  it  must 
become  the  great  depot ;  and  by  the  completion  of  the  New 
York  and  Erie  Railroad,  it  will  obtain  a  ready  communication 
with  the  Hudson  river  and  Lake  Erie. 

Corning  is  a  pleasant  and  enterprising  village  of  about  3,000 
inhabitants,  and  being  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Chemung 
river,  it  must  become  a  place  of  some  importance.  In  addition 
to  the  coal  business,  carried  over  the  Blossburg  and  Corning  Rail- 
road, from  the  mines  in  Pennsylvania,  it  is  the  depot  for  vast 
quantities  of  lumber,  brought  there  from  the  country  above  for 
sale  and  shipment.  The  great  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad 
will  pass  through  this  place  on  its  route  to  the  lake. 

Blossburg,  Penn.,  is  situated  on  the  Tioga  river,  at  the  head 
of  the  Blossburg  and  Corning  Railroad,  connecting  the  bitumin- 
ous coal  and  iron  mines  of  Tioga  county  with  the  Chemung  river 


162 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMFANIOV. 


and  canal  of  New  York.  This  will,  no  doubt,  become  a  point  of 
Bome  importance,  when  all  the  natural  resources  in  its  vicinity 
shall  be  properly  developed. 


I 


PASSAGE  UP  THE  HlTD§ON. 
(See  Map  No.  18.) 

On  leaving  the  city  of  New  York,  in  any  one  of  the  many 
steamboats  that  ply  upon  the  waters  of  the  Hudson, — not  inaptly 
termed  "  floating  palaces,"  from  the  expensive!] ess  and  splendor 
of  their  construction,  the  gorgeousness  and  profusion  of  their  dec- 
orations, and  the  many  appliances  with  which  they  are  provided 
to  charm  the  senses  and  dissipate  the  ennui  of  travel, — the  trav- 
eller is  at  once  introduced  to  a  scene  of  great  beauty,  and  which 
forms  a  fitting  prelude  to  the  enchanting  views  that  await  his 
progress  up  the  river.  Behind  him,  a  short  distduce,  lies  the 
Battery,  the  ornament  of  New  York,  and  the  pride  of  its  citi- 
zens; and  a  little  farther  on,  his  attention  is  arrested  by  Govern- 
or's Island  and  its  fortifications.  Casting  his  view  down  the  Bay, 
he  has  a  glimpse  of  the  "  Narrows,"  and  of  the  shores  of  Long 
and  Staten  islands ;  which,  in  the  distance,  seem  almost  to  meet 
—apparently  separated  by  only  a  thread  of  water  ;  while  on  the 
west  side  of  the  bay  his  eye  is  attracted  by  Bedlow's  and  Ellis's 
Viands,  whose  batteries  can  hardly  be  said  to  frown,  amid  the  wa- 
ters and  the  verdure  that  flash  and  smile  around  them.  These, 
with  many  other  but  lesser  objects  that  enhance  the  beauty  and 
interest  of  the  view,  place  this  scene  among  such  as  are,  "  like 
angel  visits,  few  and  far  between." 

Opposite  New  York  is  Jersey  City,  where  commence  the  Phil- 
adelphia and  the  Faterson  railroads.  This  is  also  the  starting- 
point  of  the  Morris  Canal,  which  unites  the  Hudson  with  the 
Delaware  river.  One  mile  n.  is  Hoboken,  a  popular  place  of  re- 
sort for  the  citizens  of  New  York.  The  walks,  which  are  shaded 
by  trees,  extend  for  about  two  miles  along  the  bank  of  the  river, 
terminating  with  the  Elysian  Fields.  Four  miles  above  the  city, 
on  this  side  of  the  river,  is  Weehawken.  Under  a  ledge  of  rocks 
facing  the  river,  is  the  spot  where  Alexander  Hamilton  fell  in  a 


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PASSAGE  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


163 


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duel  with  Aaron  Burr,  July  11,  1804.  Formerly  there  was  here 
a  marble  monument  erected  to  his  memory,  but  it  is  now  re- 
moved. 

The  Palisades  are  a  remarkable  range  of  precipices  of  trap- 
rock,  extending  up  the  river  on  the  west  side  30  miles  to  Tappan, 
and  forming  a  singular  and  in  many  places  an  impassable  boun- 
dary.    They  rise  to  the  height  of  500  feet. 

Bull's  Ferry f  six  miles  from  New  York,  is  a  place  of  consider- 
able resort  during  the  summer  season.  It  is  connected  with  New 
York  by  a  lerry.     Fare  12^  cents. 

On  the  opposite  shore,  five  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  is  Bloom.' 
ingdale,  a  suburb  of  New  York.  From  the  river  is  seen  the 
Orphan  Asylum,  with  its  green  lawn  extending  to  the  water's 
edge. 

Fort  Lee^  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  10  miles  above  the  city, 
is  situated  on  the  brow  of  the  Palisades.  The  fort — the  site  of 
which  is  about  300  feet  above  the  water — was  the  scene  of  im- 
portant military  operations  during  the  Revolutionary  war.  A 
large  body  of  American  militia  stationed  here,  in  attempting  to 
'etreat,  were  overpowered  by  a  vastly  superior  force,  consisting 
chiefly  of  Hessians,  when  they  were  either  slain  or  consigned  to 
the  prison-ship — a  fate  more  terrific  than  death  itself.  A  ferry 
connects  it  with  New  York.     Fare  12^  cents. 

Fort  Washington  is  nearly  opposite.  Here,  during  the  Revo- 
lution, the  American  arms  sustained  a  defeat,  and  2,600  men 
surrendered  themselves  prisoners  of  war. 

Spuyten  Duyvel  Creek,  13  miles  above  New  York,  flows  into 
the  Hudson :  this  creek,  with  the  Harlem  river,  of  which  it  is  a 
part,  forms  Manhattan  Island,  on  which  the  city  is  built. 

Phillipsburg,  or  Yonkers,  17  miles  above  New  York,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  creek  called  the  Saw-Mill  Creek,  is  a  thriving 
village,  much  resorted  to  in  warm  weather.  Fare  by  steamboat 
from  New  York,  25  cents. 

Hastings,  three  miles  n.  of  Yonkers,  is  a  neat  little  village 
containing  some  flne  country-seats. 

Dobbs*  Ferry,  22  miles  n.  of  the  city,  was  a  noted  place  du- 
ring the  Revolutionary  war. 

Piermontf  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson,  is  the  starting* 


'    ■  i    i 

'      '1 


il    11 


f 


164 


BAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


point  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  Railroad.  A  pier  extends  from 
the  shore  a  mile  in  length.  A  steamboat  plies  daily  between  this 
place  and  New  York,  and  connects  with  the  railroad.  Three 
and  a  half  miles  w.,  lies  the  village  of  TappaUf  celebrated  aa 
having  been  the  head-quarters  of  Washington  during  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  the  place  where  Major  Andre  was  executed,  in  Octo- 
ber, 1780.  Here  commences  the  expansion  of  the  river  known 
as  Tappan  Bay,  extending  a  distance  of  10  miles,  with  an  aver- 
age breadth  of  two  and  a  half  miles. 

Four  miles  n.  of  Dobba*  Ferry  is  the  beautiful  residence  of 
Washington  Irving.  This  villa  is  built  on  the  margin  of  the  river, 
with  a  neat  lawn  and  embellished  grounds  surrounding  it  It  is 
built  in  the  old  Dutch  style,  and  may  be  distinctly  seen  from  the 
steamboat,  in  going  up  or  down  the  river. 

Tarry towrit  27  miles  above  New  York,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  Tappan  Bay.  Here  Major  Andre  was  stopped,  (on  his 
way  to  the  British  lines,)  returning  from  his  visit  to  General 
Arnold. 

Nyack,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  28  miles  above  New  York, 
was  formerly  important  for  its  quarries  of  red  sandstone ;  but  the 
Quincy  and  other  granites  have  supplanted  it  in  public  favor.  A 
steamboat  plies  daily  between  this  place  and  New  York. 

Sing  Sing  is  on  the  e.  shore  of  the  Hudson,  33  miles  above 
New  York.  It  is  situated  partly  on  elevated  ground,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  the  surrounding  country. 
This  place  contains  the  State  Prison,  occupying  130  acres  of 
ground,  which  can  be  distinctly  traced  from  the  boat,  as  it  pro- 
ceeds up  or  down  the  river.  It  is  noted  for  its  marble  quarries, 
which  are  extensively  worked  by  the  state  convicts,  who  have 
erected  two  large  prisons,  workshops,  &c.,  from  the  stone  quar- 
ried here.  The  Croton  river,  after  running  s.  w.  for  about  40 
miles,  enters  the  Hudson  two  miles  above  Sing  Sing,  and  during 
the  spring  of  the  year  pours  a  considerable  volume  of  water  into 
that  river.  Its  source  is  derived  fro^  ponds  of  pure  water  in  a 
granite  region  of  country.  A  portion  of  this  river  is  diverted  from 
its  course  to  supply  the  citizens  of  the  metropolis  with  pure  wa- 
ter. The  rapid  freshets  of  the  Croton  have  brought  down  such 
an  amount  of  earth  and  stones  as  to  form  Tellers  or  Croton  Point, 


PASSAGE  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


156 


pro- 
rries, 
lave 
uar- 
it  40 
iiring 
into 
in  a 
from 
wa- 
Buch 
oint, 


an  isthmus  that  extends  about  a  mile  from  the  eastern  shore,  sep- 
arating the  Tappan  from  Haverstraw  Bay. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  Verdritege's  Hookf  a  bold 
headland  rising  majestically  from  the  water ;  above  which  the 
river  again  expands  to  the  average  width  of  two  miles,  extending 
six,  and  is  known  as  the  Haverstraw  Bay.  On  the  Verdritege 
mountain  there  is  a  crystal  lake,  about  four  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence,  which  forms  the  source  of  the  Hackeusack  river,  and 
which,  although  not  more  than  a  mile  from  the  Hudson,  is  ele- 
vated 250  feet  above  it  This  is  the  Rockland  Lake,  from  which 
New  York  is  supplied  with  ice  of  the  purest  quality.  The  ice, 
cut  into  large  square  blocks,  is  slid  down  to  the  level  of  the  river, 
and,  when  the  river  breaks  up,  is  transported  to  the  city. 

Haveratrawt  or  Warren^  is  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  36  miles 
from  the  city,  with  which  there  is  daily  communication  by  steam- 
boat Verplanck^s  Points  on  the  e.  side  of  the  river,  and  Stony 
Point  on  the  opposite  side,  are  memorable  from  their  connection 
with  events  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 

CaldvaelVs  Landings  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  44  miles 
from  New  York,  is  at  the  base  of  the  Dunderburg  or  Thunder 
mountain.  From  this  elevated  position,  which  is  300  feet  above 
the  river,  the  visiter  has  a  view  that  extends  over  Westchester 
county  to  Long  Island  Sound,  down  the  river  and  bays  to  the 
vicinity  of  the  city,  and  across  the  river  to  Peekskill  and  the 
mountain  summits  around  West  Point.  Caldwell  is  usually  a 
place  of  landing  for  the  Albany  boats  on  their  way  up  the  river. 
Just  before  reaching  this  place,  the  traveller  who  has  never  be- 
fore ascended  the  river,  is  scarcely  able  to  conjecture,  as  he  looks 
around,  and  sees  ull  further  ingress  apparently  cut  off,  which 
course  the  boat  will  pursue, — whether  through  the  deep  opening 
to  the  right,  or  the  one  in  front,  leading  through  the  mountains. 
During  this  brief  suspense,  and  while  contemplating  the  stupen- 
dous elevation  close  at  hand,  which  the  steamer  almost  grazes  in 
its  rapid  course,  the  boat  is  suddenly  directed  to  the  left,  around 
the  acute  angle  that  opens  into  the  Horse  Race,  a  short  reach  of 
the  river  between  the  mountains  on  the  s.,  and  St.  Anthony** 
Point  on  the  n. 

Peekskill,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  a  village  of  some 


I  i 


i 

h 


<  'I 


•  ii 


i  i 


166 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


importance.  A  railroad  has  been  proposed  to  connect  this  place 
with  New  Haven,  Conn. 

The  Highlands. — These  may  be  considered  the  most  remarka- 
ble feature  in  the  Hudson  river  scenery.  They  are  16  miles  in 
width,  and  extend  in  a  n.  e.  and  s.  w.  direction,  about  25  miles. 
The  highest  elevation  is  1,680  feet.  The  course  of  the  boat  now 
is  through  the  "  Horse  Race,"  a  term  derived  from  the  rapidity 
of  the  current,  caused  by  an  abrupt  angle  in  the  bed  of  the  river, 
which  is  contracted  to  a  narrow  space  by  its  passage  through  the 
mountain-pass. 

Anthony's  Nose  on  the  right  or  east  shore,  is  a  mass  of  rocks 
rising  1,128  feet  above  the  level  of  the  river,  which  runs  deeply  at 
its  base.  Two  miles  above  the  last-named  place,  is  the  Sugar- 
Loaf  Mountain^  which  rears  its  summit  to  the  height  of  860  feet 

The  Buttermilk  Falls,  49  miles  above  the  city,  nearly  oppo- 
site the  Sugar- Loaf  Mountain,  present  a  fine  appearance,  espe> 
cially  when  the  stream  is  swollen  by  heavy  rains.  They  descend 
for  more  than  100  feet  in  two  successive  cascades,  spreading  out 
in  sheets  of  milk-white  foam  ;  a  fine  view  of  them  is  obtained 
from  the  boat  whilst  passing. 

West  Point. — The  traveller  has  now  arrived  at  this  romantic 
and  interesting  spot,  52  miles  above  New  York,  and  93  miles 
from  Albany.  It  was  one  of  the  most  important  fortresses  during 
the  Revolutionary  war;  and  is  now  the  seat  of  the  national 
Military  School,  organized  in  1802,  under  the  direction  of  Gen. 
Williams.  The  cliff  selected  for  the  site  of  the  fortress  rests 
against  a  lofty  ridge  broken  into  small  eminences  that  form  a 
species  of  amphitheatre,  washed  below  by  the  river.  It  rises  in 
terraces,  the  first  of  which  is  very  narrow  and  nearly  level  with 
the  river  ;  the  second  is  approachable  by  a  steep  ascent  of  80  or 
90  feet,  and  the  third,  rising  188  feet  above  the  level  of  the  wa- 
ter, spreads  into  a  plain  of  more  than  a  mile  in  circumference,  on 
which  the  principal  works  were  constructed,  the  chief  of  which 
was  Fort  Clinton.  Upon  the  eminences  were  several  redoubts 
which  commanded  Fort  Clinton,  of  which  Fort  Putnam  was  the 
most  important.  This  fort  is  elevated  598  feet  above  the  river. 
As  the  boat  proceeds  on  her  course  the  outworks  and  buildings 
attftched  to  the  Military  School  are  plainly  discernible.    During 


PASSAGE  XJP  THE  HUDSON. 


Ifi7 


the  Revolutionary  war  this  post  was  emphatically  tlio  key  of  the 
country,  as  it  commanded  the  river,  which  admitted  voHsels  of 
heavy  burden  as  far  as  Hudson,  and  prevented  the  British  from 
holding  communication  with  Canada.  For  this  reason  the  Brit- 
ish commanders  were  very  anxious  to  obtain  it,  and  its  surrender 
was  to  have  been  the  first  fruit  of  Arnold's  treason  ;  but  iu  this  he 
was  diL  \ppointed  by  the  arrest  of  Maj.  Andre. — The  boat  stops  at 
the  landing  at  West  Point  to  discharge  and  receive  passengers, 
allowing  the  traveller  barely  time  enough  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  the 
beauties  of  this  locality.  There  is  a  hotel  at  the  brow  of  the  hill 
which  is  approached  by  a  good  carriage-road  from  the  steamboat 
landing :  the  pedestrian  may  mount  by  another  path,  though  not 
without  some  difficulty.  The  view  from  the  observatory  at  the 
top  of  the  hotel  is  peculiarly  fine  in  all  its  parts,  but  especially  on 
the  north, — looking  down  upon  tbe  Hudson  and  towards  New- 
burg,  and  the  remote  chain  of  the  Shawaugunk  Mountains,  seen 
in  the  dim  distance  towards  the  northwest.  The  hotel  is  built  of 
stone,  and  is  surrounded  by  extensive  piazzas  for  promenade,  com- 
manding in  front  a  full  view  of  the  plain  and  buildings,  and 
in  the  rear  a  delightful  prospect  of  the  river  and  Highlands.  Du- 
ring the  months  of  July  and  August,  the  cadets  are  encamped  on 
the  plain,  when  it  is  highly  interesting  to  witness  the  drills  and 
parades  of  these  embryo  chieftains.  Near  the  n.  e.  extremity  of 
the  grounds,  at  the  projecting  point  forming  the  abrupt  bend  of 
tbe  river,  is  a  monument  of  white  marble,  consisting  of  a  base 
and  a  short  column,  on  the  former  of  which  is  the  simple  inscrip- 
tion, "  Kosciusko. — Erected  by  the  corps  of  Cadets,  1828."  It 
cost  $5,000.  Another  monument  on  a  hillock  at  the  n.  w.  corner 
of  the  plain,  is  an  obelisk,  20  feet  high,  erected  by  Major-general 
Brown  to  Colonel  E.  D.  Wood,  a  pupil  of  the  institution,  who  fell 
leading  a  charge  at  the  sortie  from  Fort  Erie,  on  the  17th  of 
Sept.  1814.  On  the  river  bank  at  the  s.  e.  extremity  of  the 
parade-ground,  upon  a  lower  level,  is  Kosciusko's  garden,  whither 
the  Polish  chieflaui  was  accustomed  to  retire  for  study  or  reflec- 
tion. Near  this  garden  is  a  clear  boiling  spring,  enclosed  in  a 
marble  reservoir,  with  durable  and  ornamental  steps  leading  down 
from  the  plain  above,  with  an  arrangement  of  benches  on  a  pro- 
jection of  the  rock  for  visiters. 


158 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


!! 


■II 


There  is  shown  at  West  Point  part  of  the  very  chain  used  to 
obstruct  the  passage  of  the  river  by  the  American  troops  in  the 
Revolution  During  the  summer  evenings  frequent  cotillion  par* 
ties  are  given,  to  which  visiters  are  always  invited 


As  the  boat  takes  a  sharp  turn  around  the  low,  rocky  projec- 
tion of  the  river,  it  unfoldsi  to  the  eye  one  of  the  loveliest  views 
in  the  world : — the  lako-like  expansion  of  the  river,  with  the 
steep  front  of  the  lofty  mountain  that  here  faces  it,  called  the 
Crow's  Nest,  rising  to  the  height  of  1,423  feet,  with  a  depression 
on  the  top  for  the  nest,  giving  a  fancied  resemblance  to  the  name 
it  bears. 

[The  engraving  represents  a  view  of  the  "  Crow's  Nest,"  look- 
ing down  the  river,  with  West  Point  and  Fort  Putnam  in  the 
distance.]  The  general  view  of  the  mountains,  and  entire  pano- 
rama of  the  lesser  hills  and  rocky  eminences  or  projections,  com- 
plete the  framing  of  this  magnificent  picture.  A  mile  above  West 
Point,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  the  West  Point  Iron 
Foundry,  the  largest  establishment  of  its  kind  in  the  country:  it 
is  situRted  on  a  stream  that  flows  down  from  the  hills  in  the  vi» 
•iuity,  and  which  affords  considerable  water-power. 


PASSAGE  UP  THE  HUDSON. 


159 


)dto 
ttho 
par* 


)ro]ec« 
views 
the 
»d  the 
ression 
name 

look- 
in  the 
pano- 
com- 
West 
t  Iron 
atry:  it 
the  vi- 


IM 


Cold  Spring,  a  little  higher  up  on  the  same  shore,  is  handsome- 
ly situated  in  a  cove  between  Constitution  Island  and  Bull  Hillt 
with  a  good  landing-place,  and  contains  1,200  inhabitants.  Bull 
Hill,  1,586  feet.  Breakneck  Hill,  1,187,  and  Beacon  Hill,  1,G85 
feet  high,  are  situated  immediately  above  Cold  Spring.  Butter 
Hill  is  the  last  of  the  Highland  range  on  the  w.  shore,  and  is 
1,529  feet  high.  This  forms  a  more  impressive  sight  to  the  trav- 
eller than  the  others,  from  its  immense  toppling  masses  of  craggy 
rocks  and  sweep  of  precipice,  especially  towards  the  south.  In 
getting  clear  of  the  Highlands  we  pass  PolopeVs  Island,  a  mass 
of  rock  E.  of  the  channel,  having  the  appearance  of  the  top  of  a 
sunken  mountain. — Cornwall,  near  the  northern  base  of  Butter 
Hill,  two  miles  south  of  Newburg,  is  the  commencement  of  the 
expansion  of  the  Hudson  called  Newburg  Bay,  one  mile  wide 
and  five  long. — New  Windsor,  on  the  w.  bank,  59  miles  above 
New  York,  is  noted  as  the  birthplace  of  De  Witt  Clinton. 

We  now  approach  Newburg  on  the  left,  with  somo  6,000  or 
7,000  inhabitants,  and  which,  from  its  elevated  situation  on  a 
steep  acclivity,  is  presented  full  to  the  view  of  the  passing  trav- 
eller. It  is  one  of  the  principal  landing-places,  and  is  connected 
with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  at  Fishkill  (a  thriving  place 
of  some  1,0U0  inhabitants)  by  a  ferry.  A  railroad  is  now  con- 
structed from  Newburg  to  Ciiester,  to  connect  at  that  point  with 
the  Erie  Railroad. 

Loio  Point,  three  miles  above  Fishkill  Landing,  is  a  small  set- 
tlement on  the  river. 

New  Hamburg,  the  next  place  above,  (near  Wappinger's 
Creek,  an  important  mill-stream,)  is  another  steamboat  landing 
— Hampton,  nearly  opposite,  is  connected  with  Newburg  by  a 
ferry.     A  little  n.  is  the  village  of  Marlboro\ 

Barncgat,  two  miles  above  New  Hamburg,  is  remarkable  for 
its  many  lime-kilns. 

PouiiiiiKEKPsii!:,  one  of  the  handsomest  places  in  the  state,  wa? 
founded  by  the  Dutch  in  1735.  It  is  74  miles  from  the  city  of 
New  York,  71  from  Albany,  14  from  Newburg,  18  from  Kings- 
ton, and  42  from  Hudson.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade, 
Oeing surrounded  by  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  districts  in  the 
country.   Steamboats  and  sailing  vessels  are  owned  here.    Pough- 


1] 


a 


.    f 


160 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


keepsie  contains  several  well-kept  hotels.  The  Collegiate  School 
is  situated  on  College  Hill,  about  half  a  mile  n.  e.  of  the  village. 
Its  location  is  one  of  unrivalled  beauty,  commanding  an  exten- 
sive prospect  of  the  river  and  surrounding  country. — New  Paltz 
Landing  is  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  the  village  lying  a 
short  distance  back. — Hyde  Park,  80  miles  from  New  York,  and 
65  from  Albany,  is  situated  on  the  e.  bank  of  the  river.  The 
country-seats  here  are  very  beautiful. 

Rondont,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wallkill  river,  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable trade,  it  beinj^  within  two  miles  of  Eddyville,  the  ter- 
mination of  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  Canal.  Lackawana  coal 
is  brought  from  the  mines  in  Pennsylvania  to  Roudout,  where  a 
number  of  vessels  are  employed  in  conveying  it  to  other  parts. — 
One  mile  further  north  is  Kingston  Landing,  where  stages  are 
always  ready  to  convey  passengers  to  Kingston,  three  miles  in- 
land.— On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  is  Rhincbeck  Landing, 
originally  settled  by  the  Dutch,  the  descendants  of  whom  still 
retain  the  habits,  language,  and  frugality  of  their  forefathers.^ 
Lower  Red  Hook  is  seven  miles  north  ;  and  three  miles  still  fur- 
ther up  is  Upper  Red  Hook  Landing.  This  place  is  connected 
by  a  steam-ferry  with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  at  Sauger- 
ties,  an  important  manufacturing  village,  with  a  never-failing 
water-power,  derived  from  the  southern  slope  of  the  lofty  Cats- 
kill. — Bristol  is  two  miles  above  Saugerties. 

The  village  of  Catskill,  111  miles  from  New  York,  and  34 
from  Albany,  is  seated  on  both  sides  of  Catskill  Creek,  near  its 
junction  with  the  Hudson.  Coaches,  so  arranged  as  to  be  at  the 
steamboat  landing  on  the  arrival  and  departure  of  the  boats,  run 
regularly  to  and  from  the  mountain  for  the  conveyance  of  pas- 
sengers, and  also  to  enable  those  who  are  so  inclined  to  visit  the 
dilFerent  falls  in  the  vicinity.  The  time  required  for  ascending 
to  the  Mountain  House,  a  distance  of  12  miles,  is  usually  four 
hours,  and  the  price  t^l,25  — half  the  time  being  sufficient  to 
return.  The  journey  up  the  mountain,  though  a  safe  one,  is 
rather  trying  to  timid  persons  ;  the  road  for  two-thirds  of  the  dis- 
tance from  the  landing  being  very  uneven,  and  the  remaining 
distivnce  a  steep  ascent  in  a  zigzag  direction  to  the  top.  The 
Catskill  Mountain  House  is  12  miles  from  Catskill  landing,  upon 


h 


m 


PASSAGE  UP  THE  HUD90!I. 


161 


r,upon 


the  summit  of  one  of  the  principal  mountains,  known  as  «  Table 
Rock,"  at  an  elevation  of  2,500  feet  above  the  Hudson.  This 
hotel,  erected  by  the  citizens  of  Catskill  at  a  cost  of  $22,000,  is 
140  feet  long,  and  four  stories  high,  with  a  piazza  extending 
across  the  front,  supported  by  a  colonnade.  It  is  placed  at  a 
convenient  distance  back  from  the  verge  of  the  precipice,  in  order 
to  allow  carriages  to  drive  up  in  front  to  set  down  and  receive 
passengers.  A  few  feet  from  the  building  the  rock  terminates  m 
a  fearful  precipice,  from  the  brow  of  which  the  inexperienced  be- 
holder starts  back  in  uncontrollable  alarm.  "  In  the  rear^  peaks 
upon  peaks  rise  in  every  direction,  and  far  away  in  the  distance, 
all  covered  with  luxuriant  foliage.  No  description  can  do  justice 
to  the  almost  illimitable  prospect  in  front.  Standing  upon  the 
piazza  or  the  rock,  you  seem  to  have  left  the  earth  and  to  be  ga- 
zing from  some  ethereal  height  down  upon  the  world  and  its  con- 
cerns. You  see  nothing  above  or  around  you — all  is  below ; 
even  the  clouds  wheel  and  roll  in  fleecy  grandeur  at  your  feet 
Forests,  meadows,  harvest-fields,  plains,  mountains,  rivers,  lakee, 
cottages,  villages,  and  cities,  are  in  every  direction.  A  deep  re- 
pose seems  to  have  settled  upon 
the  world  No  sound  reaches 
you,  except,  perhaps,  the  rattle 
of  the  thunder  from  some  distant 
hill,  or  the  sweet  song  of  the 
mountain  bird  upon  the  tree  be- 
neath you." 

The  Catskill  Falls,  of  which 
the  engraving  is  a  representa- 
tion, are  formed  by  two  lakes, 
one  mile  in  length  and  2,000 
feet  above  the  Hudson. 

The  water  over  the  first  pre- 
cipice falls  a  distance  of  175 
feet,  and  within  a  short  distance 
takes  another  plunge  of  about 
75  feet,  and  then  fellows  the  dark  windings  of  the  ravine  to 
the  valley  of  the  Catskill.  Following  the  circuitous  path  that 
leads  down  a  distance  of  90  feet,  and  then  passing  under  the 

11 


# 


162 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


'!f 


rock  behind  the  waterfall,  the  visiter  will  enjoy  many  fine  scenes.* 
The  pure  air  inhaled  at  the  Mountain  House  is  very  invijjorating, 
and  its  exhilarating  qualities  have  restored  to  health  persons  who 
had  in  vain  tried  almost  every  other  means.  Stages  leave  Cats* 
kill  daily  for    Owego,  Ithaca,  and  other  places. 

On  passing  Catskill  the  boat  shapes  its  course  towards  the  city 
of  Hudson,  which  is  116  miles  above  New  York,  and  29  from 
Albany.  The  city  is  built  principally  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  60 
feet  above  the  river,  commanding  a  fine  prospect.  At  the  land- 
ing are  several  warehouses,  which,  with  steamboats  and  sailing 
vessels,  are  evidence  of  the  capital  and  enterprise  existing  here 
Population  10,000.  Here  diverges  the  Hudson  and  lierkshire 
Railroad,  connecting  with  the  Housatonic  at  the  Massachusetts 
state  line,  and  terminating  at  Bridgeport,  on  Long  Island  Sound. 
Travellers  intending  to  visit  the  Shaker  Village  at  New  Leba- 
non, about  36  miles  distant,  will  land  at  Hudson,  and  take  the 
railroad  cars  to  within  seven  miles  of  the  Springs,  which  arc  much 
resorted  to  in  warm  weather.  (See  routes  to  Lebanon  Springs.) 
The  New  York  and  Albany  boats  land  and  receive  passengers 
several  times  daily.  Four  Mile  Point,  on  which  is  a  lighthouse, 
is  120  miles  above  New  York.  Here  is  the  head  of  ship  naviga- 
tion on  this  river. 

Coxsackic  Landing,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  has  about 
1,500  inhabitants ;  the  village  is  one  mile  w.  of  the  landing. 
Nutter  Hook,  directly  opposite,  is  a  bustling  little  place,  with 
some  shipping. 


•  The  engraving,  it  will  be  observed,  exhibits  three  falls,  which  is 
ever  the  case  in  the  summer  months,  when  the  supply  of  water  is  small. 
Occasionally,  however,  but  two  are  to  be  seen.  This  occurs  only  in  the 
fall  or  early  spring,  in  which,  from  excessive  rains  or  from  freshets,  the 
volume  of  the  lakes  is  greatly  increased,  when  the  accumulated  wateis 
rush  with  such  impetuosity,  that  instead  of  plunging  at  the  first  fall,  as 
represented  in  the  engraving,  tiiey  are  carried  beyond  it,  to  the  second- 
thus  making  two  falls.  Visiters  seldom  see  the  falls  in  this  state,  since, 
as  a  matter  of  course,  they  seek  such  haunts  in  the  summer  months, 
when  there  is  a  diminished  supply  of  water.  At  such  times  the  water 
Is  preserved  w  ith  great  care,  in  order  to  increase  the  body  of  the  fall  on 
the  arrival  of  strangers  ;  and  a  small  fee  is  demanded  as  a  compensation 
for  the  labor  thus  expended  for  their  gratification. 


.# 


ALBANY 


163 


Stuyvesant,  a  little  further  op  is  a  flourishing  place  that  sends 
large  quantities  of  produce  to  thr  New  York  market. 

Kinderhook  Landing  is  127  miles  above  New  York.  Tho 
village  of  Kinderhook,  situated  about  five  miles  e.  of  the  river,  is 
the  birthplace  of  Martin  Van  Buren,  Ex-President  of  the  United 
States.     His  present  residence  is  two  miles  s.  of  the  village. 

New  Baltimore,  130  miles  above  New  York,  is  a  village  of 
about  500  inhabitants.  Coeymans,  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river,  is 
three  miles  higher  up.  Schodac  Landing  is  directly  opposite. 
Castleton  is  three  miles  above  the  latter  place.  Here  a  bar 
injurious  to  navigation,  is  forming  in  the  channel  The  Over' 
slaughf  within  three  miles  of  the  city  of  Albany,  has  heretofore 
formed  the  principal  obstruction  to  the  free  navigation  of  the 
river.  The  general  government  has  spent  considerable  sums  of 
money  in  deepening  the  channel ;  still,  the  evil  has  not  been  en- 
tirely overcome,  the  place  filling  up  again  as  often  as  cleaned 
out 

Greenbush,  nearly  opposite  Albany,  is  the  terminus  of  the  Bos- 
ton and  Albany  Railroad,  and  also  of  the  railroad  from  Troy.  It 
is  connected  with  Albany  by  a  ferry. 


ALBANY. 

The  capital  of  the  state  is  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  Hudson 
river,  145  miles  above  the  city  of  New  York,  325  by  railroad  from 
Buffalo,  200  from  Boston,  380  from  Washington,  and  250  from 
Montreal,  Canada.  Population,  about  45,000.  This  city  was 
founded  in  1612,  by  people  from  Holland,  and,  next  to  James- 
town in  Virginia,  was  the  earliest  European  settlement  within 
the  thirteen  original  states.  On  the  capture  of  New  York  by  the 
English  in  1664,  this  place  received  its  present  ncme,  in  honor  of 
James,  Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  afterwards  James  the  Second. 
The  city  has  a  commanding  situation,  and  when  viewed  from 
the  water  appears  to  great  advantage. 

The  position  of  Albany,  near  the  head  of  tide  navigation,  on 
the  direct  lino  of  communication  from  the  e.  and  the  s.  with  the 
St.  Lawrence  river,  with  Saratoga  Springs,  and  with  the  lake 


'1! 


• 


i^ 


164 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


ih 


view  cf  All>«n7 

country,  necesBarily  makes  it  a  great  thoroughfare.  The  com- 
pletion of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals  gave  this  city  great 
commercial  importance,  making  it  the  entrepot  for  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  products  of  the  state  destined  to  the  New  York 
markets.  To  accommodate  this  trade,  a  noble  basin  is  con- 
structed, upon  the  river,  in  which  all  the  boats  of  the  northern  and 
western  canals  are  received.  It  consists  of  part  of  the  river  in- 
cluded between  the  shore  and  a  pier  80  feet  wide  and  4,300  feet 
long.  The  pier  is  a  stupendous  work,  containing  several  acres, 
on  which  spacious  stores  have  been  erected,  where  immense 
quantities  of  lumber  and  other  articles  of  trade  are  deposited.  It 
is  connected  with  the  city  by  drawbridges. 

Of  the  public  buildings  in  Albany,  the  Capitol  ranks  among 
the  first.  Within  it  are  the  legislative  halls,  the  rooms  of  the  su- 
preme and  chancery  courts,  the  state  library,  &c.  It  stands  at 
the  head  of  State-st.,  130  feet  above  the  river,  and  is  115  feet 
long,  96  broad,  and  50  high,  of  two  stories,  upon  a  basement  of 
10  feet  elevation.  On  the  e.  side  is  a  portico  of  the  Ionic  ordert 
with  columns  three  feet  eight  inches  in  diamete*  and  33  feet 


i 


!*l  f 


• 


ALBANY. 


166 


It 


high.  It  is  built  of  Nyack  freestone,  and  cost  about  $135,000. 
The  legislative  halls  and  court-rooms  contain  portraits  of  emi- 
ment  men.  The  building  is  surrounded  by  a  public  square  en- 
closed with  an  iron  railing.  From  the  observatory  at  the  top, 
which  is  accessible  to  visiters,  a  fine  view  of  the  surrounding  country 
is  obtained. — The  Albany  Academy,  a  part  of  which  is  occupied 
by  the  Albany  Lyceum,  is  built  of  the  same  stone  as  the  state- 
house,  and  fronts  on  the  square  n.  of  the  capitol.  It  cost  ,*^  100,000. 
— The  City  Hall,  fronting  the  capitol  square,  at  the  foot  of 
Washington -St.,  is  constructed  of  white  marble  hewn  out  by  the 
convicts  at  Sing  Sing,  and  appropriated  to  the  city  authorities. 
Its  gilded  dome  is  very  conspicuous,  especially  when  viewed  from 
a  distance. — The  Exchangp,  at  the  foot  of  State-st,  is  a  commo- 
dious building  of  granite,  constructed  a  few  years  since.  The 
Post-Office  is  in  this  building.  It  has  also  an  extensive  reading- 
room,  supplied  with  papers  and  periodicals,  both  American  and 
foreign  ;  strangers  are  admitted  gratis. — The  old  statehouse  is 
now  converted  into  a  Museum,  for  the  reception  of  the  geological 
cabinet  formed  under  the  direction  of  the  state  geological  sur- 
veyors.— The  Albany  Female  Academy,  a  fine  building  in  North 
Pearl-st.  This  school  enjoys  a  high  reputation. — Stanwix  Hall, 
built  of  Quincy  granite,  is  surmounted  by  a  large  dome. — The  re- 
ligious institutions  of  Albany  are  numerous.  The  principal  hotels 
are  the  American,  City,  Clinton,  Columbian,  Congress  Hall, 
Delavan  House,  (Temperance,)  Eastern  R.  R.  Hotel,  Franklin 
House,  Mansion  House,  Stanwix  Hall,  United  States  Hotel, 
and  Washington  Hall. 

Routes  from  Albany. — During  the  season  of  navigation,  nu- 
merous steamboats  ply  on  the  Hudson  between  Albany  and  New 
York,  and  also  the  principal  places  on  the  river.  There  are  both 
morning  and  evening  boats.  The  winter  route  from  Albany  to 
New  York  is  over  the  Albany  and  West  Srockbridge  and  Hou- 
sa*onic  railroads  to  Bridgeport ;  thence  by  steamer  to  New  York 

From  Albany  to  Boston. — Cross  the  ferry  to  Greenbush  ;  there 
take  the  cars  for  Boston  via  Springfield  and  Worcester.  (Sc<j 
route  from  Boston  to  Albany.) 

From  Albany  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls,  and  from  Al- 
bany to  Montreal  and  Quebec,  Saratoga  Springs,  &c.,  (see  lu  • 


^P 


I 


<1 1 


II 


I     ' 


166 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


dex.)     Stages  run  to  all  the  principal  pla(;es  in  the  vicinity  of 
Albany. 

Routes  from  Albany  and  Troy  to  Ballston  Spa  and  Sara- 
toga Springs,  (see  Map  No.  19.) — These  fashionable  resorts  are 
easily  reached  by  the  cars  both  from  Albany  and  Troy.  From 
Albany,  by  the  Albany  and  Schenectady  Railroad,  16  miles ; 
thence  by  the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady  Railroad  to  Ballstou 
Spa,  14  miles ;  thence  to  Saratoga  Springs,  7  miles :  total  37 
miles.  Fare  ^1.62.  From  Troy,  the  traveller  has  his  choice  of 
two  routes, — either  by  way  of  the  Troy  and  Schenectady  Rail' 
road,  20  miles,  and  thence  as  by  the  former  route :  total  41  miles  * 
Fare  $1.62  ; — or,  by  the  Rensselaer  and  Saratoga  Railroad, 
via  Mechanicsville,  terminating  at  Ballston  Spa,  24  miles,  there 
connecting  with  the  railroad  to  Saratoga  Springs :  total  32  miles. 
Fare  $1.50.    (See  Index  for  these  routes  respectively.) 


TROY  AND  GREENBUSH  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  19.) 

This  road  is  six  miles  in  length,  and  was  opened  for  public 
travel  in  1845.  The  cost  of  construction  up  to  Jan.  1, 1848,  was 
$276,276,  and  the  total  income  during  the  year  was  $63,828. 
The  travel  over  this  road  is  constantly  increasing,  and  its  stock 
is  among  the  best  in  the  country.  It  is  united  at  Greenbush  with 
the  Western  Railroad  to  Boston,  and  also  with  the  Housatonic 
at  the  state  line,  terminating  on  Long  Island  Sound.  At  Troy 
it  is  connected  with  the  Troy  and  Schenectady,  and  the  Rens- 
selaer and  Saratoga  railroads  ;  the  former  uniting  with  the  chain 
of  railroads  to  Buffalo,  and  the  latter  with  routes  to  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

This  road,  and  the  Schenectady  and  Troy,  and  the  Rens- 
selaer and  Saratoga  roads,  all  pass  through  the  main  street  of 
Troy,  and  take  up  passengers  at  the  door  of  each  of  the  principal 
hotels,  the  Mansion  House,  Troy  House,  &c. 

Troy  is  situated  at  the  head  of  tidewater  on  the  Hudson,  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  river,  six  miles  above  Albany.  It  is  a  port  of 
entry,  and  the  seat  of  justice  of  Rensselaor  county     It  received 


O 


:a=: 


RENSSELAER  AND  SARATOGA  RAILROAD. 


161 


its  city  charter  in  1816.  Troy  is  celebrated  for  its  beauty  and 
healthiness ;  most  of  its  streets  are  wide,  laid  out  at  right  angles, 
and  planted  with  trees.  Mount  Ida,  directly  in  the  rear  of  the 
s.  part  of  the  city,  and  Mount  Olympus  in  the  n.,  are  distin- 
guished eminences,  affording  fine  views  of  the  country.  The 
city  is  abundantly  supplied  with  water,  by  subterranean  pipes  of 
iron,  from  a  basin  in  the  neighboring  town  of  Lansingburg,  72 
feet  above  the  plain  of  the  city.  It  has  numerous  hotels,  several 
of  which  are  well  kept ;  the  principal  are,  the  American  Hotel, 
Mansion  House,  Troy  House,  National  Temperance  House, 
Northern  Hotel,  Washington  Hall,  and  the  York  Hotel.  The 
cars  leave  Troy  and  Greenbush  every  hour  during  the  day  and 
evening.  Fare  12^  cents.  Steamboats  and  stages  also  run  be- 
tween Albany  and  Troy.     Fare  12^ — by  stage  25  cents. 

West  Troy,  a  suburb  of  Troy,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river, 
is  a  rapidly  growing  place.  The  inhabitants  are  employed  prin- 
cipally in  manufactures.  A  fine  macadamized  road  leads  from 
West  Troy  to  Albany,  a  distance  of  six  miles. 

At  Gibbonsville  is  a  United  States  Arsenal,  where  is  kept  a 
large  and  constant  supply  of  small-arms,  and  the  various  muni- 
tions of  war.  This  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  national 
depots,  and  is  worthy  the  attention  of  the  traveller. 


THE   RENSSELAER  AND   SARATOGA  RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  19.) 

This  road  extends  from  Troy  to  Saratoga  Springs,  32  miles. 
It  was  opened  in  1835,  and  the  cost  of  construction  to  Jan.  1, 
1848,  was  $475,801.  It  leaves  Troy  for  Mechanicsville  and 
the  Springs,  from  the  vicinity  of  some  of  the  principal  hotels, 
and  crosses  Hudson  river  to  Green  Island  by  a  bridge  about 
1,600  feet  long  and  35  wide,  resting  on  piers  of  solid  stone  ;  and 
thence  taking  a  direction  north  to  Waterford,  five  miles,  it  crosses 
several  branches  of  the  Mohawk  on  substantial  bridges  resting  on 
stone  abutments. 

Waterford,  157  miles  from  New  York,  and  19  above  Albanyj 
is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  rivers,  on 


S   I 


168 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


the  Champlain  Canal,  and  ou  the  railroad  above  described.  This 
is  the  extreme  head  of  sloop  navigation.  Waterford  is  connected 
with  Lansingburg,  on  the  e.  side  of  the  river,  by  a  bridge. 

Cohoes  Falls,  ou  the  Mohawk  river,  about  2^  miles  w.  of  Wa- 
terford, near  the  village  of  Cohoes,  and  in  view  of  the  Erie  Canal, 
is  much  resorted  to  by  visiters  from  all  parts.  The  falls  have  a 
perpendicular  descent  of  75  feet.  The  banks  of  the  river  vary  in 
height  from  50  to  150  feet,  and  present  grand  and  romantic 
scenery.  A  short  distance  below  the  falls  the  river  is  crossed  by 
a  bridge  about  800  feet  in  length. 

From  Waterford,  the  railroad  passes  for  eight  miles  along  the 
w.  side  of  the  Hudson  river  to  Mechanicsville,  a  small  but  thri- 
ving village :  it  then  crosses  the  canal,  and  in  about  four  miles 
passes  Round  Lake,  on  its  way  to  Ballston  Spa.  Here  it  con- 
nects with  the  routes  from  Schenectady,  and  the  cars,  after  a 
short  detention  to  land  and  receive  passengers,  pass  on  to  Sara- 
toga Springs. 


THE  SARATOGA  AND  SOHENEOTADY   RAILROAD. 
(See  Map  No.  19.) 

This  road,  constructed  in  1832,  at  a  cost  of  ^300,000,  com- 
mences at  Schenectady,  near  the  Erie  Canal,  where  it  connects 
with  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  Railroad  from  Albany,  the  Troy 
and  Schenectady  Railroad  from  Troy,  and  the  railroad  to  Utica 
and  the  West.  It  crosses  the  city  to  the  bridge,  which  it  traverses 
without  interruption  to  the  ordinary  travel ;  thence  runs  across 
the  Mohawk  Flats,  for  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  ;  then  takes 
a  northeasterly  course,  in  full  view  of  the  river,  for  about  four 
miles ;  then  a  northerly  course,  along  the  banks  of  Ballston 
Lake,  and  enters  the  village  of  Ballston  Spa. »  Leaving  Ballston, 
it  crosses  a  creek,  by  a  substantial  bridge,  i>nd  is  thence  contin- 
ued to  Saratoga.  The  scenery  along  the  whole  line  is  beautifui 
and  the  country  remarkably  level ;  the  greatest  inclination  on  the 
line  of  the  road  being  16  feet  to  the  mile. 

Ballston  Spa,   situated  on  Kayaderosseros  creek,  a  small 
stream  which  flows  through  the  village,  25  miles  from  Troy,  aud 


V... 


SARATOGA  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD. 


1G9 


32  from  Albany.  Its  mineral  waters,  which  were  discovered  in 
1769,  are  celebrated  for  their  medicinal  qualities,  although  not 
so  popular  as  formerly,  those  of  Saratoga  being  generally  prefer- 
red. The  Sans  Souci  Hotel,  a  handsome  building  situated  near 
the  centre  of  the  village,  is  160  feet  long,  with  wings  extending 
back  153  feet,  and  is  surrounded  by  beautiful  pleasure-grounds. 
It  is  a  well-kept  house,  capable  of  accommodating  150  visiters, 
and  is  a  place  of  fashionable  resort.  Long  Lake,  five  miles 
south  of  the  Springs,  affords  fine  sport  for  the  angler. 

Saratoga  Springs,  184  miles  n.  of  New  York,  39  from  Alba- 
ny, and  32  from  Troy,  is  the  most  popular  watering-place  in  the 
Urited  States,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  in  the  world.  It 
16  a  great  resort  for  people  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  and  also 
from  Europe.  During  the  summer  months,  particularly  July  and 
August,  the  hotels  and  other  places  of  accommodation  are  much 
thronged,  the  number  of  visiters  being  very  great,  2,000  having 
arrived  here  in  a  week.  The  waters  are  useful  in  many  diseases, 
and  have  an  almost  magic  effect  upon  the  system  relaxed  or  ex- 
hausted by  disease  or  sedentary  habits.  After  drinking  the  waters 
for  a  short  time,  which  is  usually  done  before  breakfast,  the  ap- 
petite improves,  and  the  entire  system  feels  their  invigorating 
effects. 

Here  are  a  number  of  splendid  hotels  and  boarding-houses, 
some  of  which  are  on  a  scale  of  great  magnificence.  The  United 
States  Hotel,  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  depot,  and  within  a 
short  distance  of  the  chief  mineral  springs,  is  built  of  brick,  is  four 
stories  high,  with  n.  and  s.  wings,  and  can  accommodate  between 
300  and  400  persons.  Congress  Hall,  near  the  Congress  Spring, 
is  a  popular  establishment.  It  has  a  spacious  piazza  in  front,  en- 
twined with  evergreens,  and  in  the  rear  a  beautiful  grove  and  a 
garden.  Union  Hall,  near  Congress  Hall,  the  American,  and 
several  other  houses,  furnish  excellent  accommodations. 

Congress  Spring,  the  most  celebrated,  was  discovered  in  1792, 
by  a  member  of  Congress  named  Oilman,  issuing  from  an  aper- 
ture in  the  side  of  the  rock  that  formed  the  border  of  a  little  brook, 
which  rises  from  the  earth  50  rods  to  the  west.  For  several  years 
it  could  be  collected  only  in  limited  quantities,  as  it  came  in  a  small 
stream  from  the  rock.    The  supply  not  being  sufficient  to  satisfy 


# 


170 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


( 


the  wants  of  visiters,  attempts  were  made  to  remove  the  obstruc- 
tions  which  prevented  a  larger  supply.  In  excavating  for  its 
source  the  spring  disappeared,  and  was  supposed  to  be  forever 
lost ;  but  in  a  short  time  after  gas  was  observed  rising  through  the 
water  of  the  brook,  near  the  old  fountain,  which  inspired  the  hope 
o'  again  recovering  it  by  turning  the  stream  from  its  course  ;  and, 
^y  *^'gg'"S  eight  feet  through  marl  and  gravel,  the  fountain  was 
again  discovered,  over  which  was  placed  a  tube  of  plank  10 
inches  square,  rising  to  the  surface,  from  whence  flows  an  abun- 
dant supply  of  the  finest  mineral  water.  In  the  spring  of  1842, 
this  fountain,  after  being  thoroughly  cleansed,  was  renovated  by 
putting  down  a  new  tube,  extending  to  the  rock  from  which  the 
water  issued,  which  restored  it  to  its  original  strength.  The  fol- 
lowing is  an  analysis  of  the  water  of  this  spring,  made  by  Dr. 
Chilton,  of  New  York,  May  1,  1843.  One  gallon,  of  231  cubic 
inches,  contained  chloride  of  sodium,  3(J3.82i)  grains  ;  carbonate 
of  soda,  7.200  ;  carbonate  of  lime,  86.143  ;  carbonate  of  magne- 
sia, 78.621  ;  carbonate  of  iron,  .841  ;  sulphate  of  soda,  .651  ; 
iodide  of  sodium  and  bromide  of  potassium,  5.1)20 ;  silica,  .472 ; 
alumina,  .321:  total,  543.998  grains.  Carbonic  acid,  284.65; 
atmospheric  air,  5.41 :  making  290.00  inches  of  gaseous  con- 
tents. 

Within  the  last  year  or  two,  a  new  spring  of  many  medicinal 
virtues  was  discovered,  and  has  been  named  the  "  Empire,"  in 
honor  of  the  state.  It  is  nearly  half  a  mile  distant  from  the  cele- 
brated "  Congress"  Spring.  The  following  is  the  analysis,  pre- 
pared by  Dr.  Emmons,  one  of  the  state  geologists.  Chloride  of 
sodium,  269.696  ;  bicarbonate  of  soda,  30.848  ;  bicarbonate  of 
lime,  141.824;  bicarbonate  of  magnesia,  41.984;  hydriodate  of 
Boda,  12.000. 

The  other  springs  are  numerous,  many  of  which  have  the 
same  properties.  Columbian  Spring  is  a  short  distance  s.  w. 
from  the  Congress  ;  Washington,  50  rods  from  the  Columbian  ; 
Hamilton,  the  second  discovered,  lies  directly  in  the  rear  of  Con- 
gress Hall ;  Flat  Rock  Spring  lies  100  rods  n.  e.  from  the  Ham- 
ilton, and  High  Rock,  100  rods  further  n. 

Persons  visiting  the  Springs,  either  at  Saratoga  or  at  Ballston 
Spa,   should  have  their  letters  directed  either  to    Saratoga 


SARATOGA  AND  WASHINGTON  RAILROAD. 


171 


Springs  or  Ballston  Spa  ;  otherwise  they  may  have  difHculty 
iu  obtaining  thom. 

Saratoga  Lake,  a  beautiful  she  t  of  water,  lies  six  miles  & 
from  Saratoga,  and  the  same  distance  from  Ballston  Spa.  It  \a 
nine  miles  long  and  three  wide,  and  is  much  resorted  to  by  com- 
pany at  the  watering-places,  for  fishing,  fowling,  and  boating. 
The  shore  of  this  lake  is  accessible  in  a  few  places  only,  on  ac- 
count of  the  marshes  wi.ich  border  it.  The  country  around  the 
lake  rises  gradually  into  elevated  ridges,  forming  a  vast  amphi- 
theatre of  picturesque  landscape  embellished  by  cultivation.  On 
the  eastern  shore,  three  miles  from  the  s.  end.  Snake  Hill  pro- 
jects into  the  basin,  and  rises  20  feet  above  its  surface. 

Long  Lake,  five  miles  s.  from  Ballston  Spa,  another  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  situate  in  the  midst  of  very  agreeable  scenery,  is 
five  miles  long  by  one  wide,  and  teems  with  fish.  The  surround- 
ing country  abounds  in  game. 

SARATOGA  AND  WASHINGTON  RAILROAD.— (See  Map  No. 
19.) — This  road  will  extend  from  Saratoga  Springs  to  Whitehall, 
42  miles,  and  will  be  one  of  the  most  important  roads  in 
the  country,  as  all  the  travel  between  the  South  and  Canada 
will  pass  over  this  route.  Surveys  were  made  of  this  road  as 
early  as  1835,  and  grading  was  commenced  in  1836,  but  owing 
to  embarrassments  of  the  company,  attributable  to  the  deranged 
state  of  the  monetary  affairs  of  the  country,  its  construction  was 
discontinued.  In  Feb.,  1847,  the  directors  entered  into  a  con- 
tract to  complete  the  road,  including  grading,  superstructing  a 
bridge  over  the  Hudson  river,  a  heavy  iron  rail,  and  the  laying 
thereof,  from  Saratoga  Springs  to  Fort  Ann,  a  distance  of  about 
30  miles,  by  the  1st  of  July,  1848,  for  the  sum  of  $448,000.  In 
July  thereafter,  the  directors  made  a  further  contract  to  complete 
the  road,  in  like  manner,  9  52-100  miles  farther,  by  the  1st  day 
of  October  next,  for  the  sum  of  $176,165;  and  in  November 
thereafter,  a  further  contract  was  made  to  complete  *he  road  to 
Whitehall,  a  distance  of  about  two  miles.  As  the  estimates  for 
grading  were  at  ditTerent  prices  by  the  cubic  yard,  depending  on 
the  nature  of  the  excavation  and  embankment,  the  amount  thero« 
of  cannot  be  fully  determined  till  the  work  is  done. 


% 


I    I 


1  I 


172 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  present  capital  of  the  company  is  $850,000— on  $600,000 
of  which  75  per  cent,  has  been  called  in,  and  nearly  all  that 
amount  paid.  Of  the  remaining  $250,000,  which  is  new 
stock  authorized  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  to  be  created,  the 
payment  of  $100,000  is  secured  to  the  company,  and  10  per 
cent,  has  been  paid  on  about  $60,000 — leaving  about  $90,000  to 
be  disposed  of. 

ROUTES  FROM  SARATOGA  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 
— Travellers  can  proceed  by  stage  from  Saratoga  Springs  to 
Glen^s  Falls,  on  the  Hudson  river,  18  miles  ;  and  to  Caldwell, 
at  the  head  of  Lake  George,  six  miles ;  there  taking  the  steam- 
boat down  the  lake  to  Ticonderoga,  36  miles,  where  steam  pas- 
sage-boats, on  their  way  from  Whitehall,  stop  to  receive  passen- 
gers for  St.  Johns  and  Montreal. 

Or  they  may  proceed  from  Saratoga  to  Sandy  Hill,  18  miles  ; 
thence  to  Whitehall,  22  miles  ;  thence  by  steamboat  down  Lake 
Champlaiu  and  the  Sorel  river  to  St.  Johns,  Canada,  156  miles ; 
thence  by  the  railroad  to  La  Prairie,  15  miles  ;  and  thence  down 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  Montreal,  a  further  distance  of  nine  miles. 
At  Montreal,  those  destined  for  Quebec  take  the  steamer  down 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  William  Henry,  45  miles ;  Lake  St.  Peter, 
53  ;  Three  Rivers,  90 ;  St.  Anne,  153  ;  Cape  Rouge,  176 ; 
thence  to  Quebec,  180  miles  from  Moutreal. 

The  stage  route  from  Albany  and  Troy,  during  the  winter 
season,  and  when  the  navigation  is  closed,  is  to  Saratoga  by  rail- 
road, as  before  given ;  thence  by  stage  to  Glen^s  Falls  and 
Caldwell,  62  miles  from  Albany  ;  thence  to  Warrensburg,  69  ; 
Schroon  Lake,  96  ;  Elizabeth,  127  ;  Keesville,  148  ;  Peru,  154 ; 
Plattsburg,  165;  Rouse's  Point,  190;  Napierville,  207;  St. 
Philip,  217  ;  La  Prairie,  223  ;  thence  down  the  St.  Lawrence 
to  Montreal,  making  the  entire  distance  232  miles,  which  is  usu- 
ally performed  in  about  40  hours. 

Caldwell  lies  at  the  hean  of  Lake  George,  on  its  s.  w.  part, 
62  miles  n.  from  Albany,  and  24  from  Saratoga  Springs.  This 
village  and  the  lake  are  ordinarily  taken  in  the  circle  of  the 
northern  tour,  and  commonly  sought  by  visiters  to  the  Saratoga 
Springs.    Theie  are  few  places  in  the  country,  where  two  oi 


EXCURSION  ON  LAKE  GEORGE. 


173 


three  days,  during  the  oppressive  heat  of  summer,  can  be  spent 
more  agreeably  than  on  the  margin  of  this  beautiful  lake.  The 
mountains  which  border  it  causing  the  prevailing  winds  to  take 
the  direction  of  the  basin,  there  is  a  constant  refreshing  breeze 
from  the  n.  or  s.,  which  pleasantly  tempers  the  atmosphere  The 
village  of  Caldwell  is  bordered  by  a  range  of  hills  upon  the  w., 
the  highest  of  which,  Prospect  or  Rattlesnake  Hill,  attains  an 
elevation  of  near  1,500  feet.  There  is  a  path  of  difficult  ascent 
to  its  summit,  yet  when  this  is  once  attained,  the  extensive  and 
diversified  view  it  affords  fully  compensates  for  the  trouble.  "  Be- 
neath is  the  village,  and  its  neighboring  farms :  in  the  deep  val- 
ley on  the  N.  the  lake  stretches  away,  decked  with  its  hundreds 
of  fairy  islets  visible  for  17  miles;  its  shores  right  and  left  sur- 
mounted by  craggy  ridges,  rising  gently  from  the  water  for  a  few 
rods,  then  by  a  bolder  acclivity  to  the  height  of  600,  800,  and  in 
some  places,  1,200  feet,  tufted  with  dwarf  evergreens."  The 
visiter  here  may  derive  enjoyment  from  numerous  sources, — sail- 
ing on  the  clear  waters  of  the  lake,  riding,  fishing  for  salmon 
trout,  perch,  and  bass,  fowling,  or  in  exploring  the  beauties  of  this 
locality,  which  abounds  in  the  most  diversified  and  picturesque 
scenery.  The  Lalce  George  House,  at  Caldwell,  a  spacious  ho- 
tel, capable  of  receiving  upwards  of  100  persons,  affords  superior 
accommodations.  A  steamboat  plies  daily  down  the  lake,  to  meet 
the  boat  running  on  Lake  Champlain.  Two  miles  from  the  hotel 
is  a  sheet  of  water,  known  since  the  French  war  by  the  name  of 
"  Bloody  Pond,"  from  the  fact  that  after  a  battle  fought  near  it, 
1,000  French,  English,  and  American  dead  were  thrown  into  it. 
A  mile  distant  is  to  bo  seen  the  rock  on  which  Major  Williams 
was  slain  by  the  Indians  about  the  same  time.  At  the  south  end 
of  Lake  George  are  the  ruins  of  forts  George  and  William  Henry. 


EXCURSION   ON   LAKE    GEORGE. 
(See  Maps  Nos.  9  and  10.) 

Lake  George,  or  Horicon,  a  pure  mountain  lake  330  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  Hudson,  is  36  miles  in  length,  and  varies 
from  three-fourths  of  a  mile  to  four  miles  in  breadth.    In  some 


f  I 


174 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


parts  it  has  a  depth  of  400  feet,  and  its  waters  are  so  clear  that 
fish  may  bo  seen  swimming  at  a  depth  of  30  feet  below  the  sur- 
face. It  is  said  to  contain  365  islands ;  many  of  them,  however, 
are  very  small,  mere  rocks,  with  scarce  soil  sufficient  to  produce 
the  meanest  vegetation.  The  passage  of  the  lake  has  much  in- 
terest from  tho  beauty  of  its  waters,  the  wild  and  varied  scenery 
of  its  shores,  and  from  its  deeply  interesting  historical  reminis- 
cences. On  leaving  Caldwell  in  tho  steamboat,  wo  pass  a  num- 
ber of  islands,  Sea,  Diamonn,  Long,  &c.,  when  the  lake  becomes 
wider,  and  its  course  less  mterrupted.  Occasionally  the  angles 
of  the  mountains,  which  are  covered  with  foliage,  protrude  far 
into  the  lake.  After  continuing  our  course  for  twelve  miles,  we 
reach  Twelve-Mile  Island,  situated  in  the  middle  of  the  lake, 
containing  20  acres,  and  elevated  30  or  40  feet  above  its  surface 
A  mile  farther,  on  the  n.  w.  side  of  the  lake,  is  Tongue  Moun- 
tain ;  and  on  its  w.  side  is  Northwest  Bay,  which  extends  in  a 
northerly  direction  six  miles.  Here  the  Narrows  commence,  and 
continue  for  about  seven  miles,  the  lake  being  only  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  wide,  and  very  deep.  Black  Rock,  or  Mountain,  18 
miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake,  and  situated  on  the  east  side, 
raises  its  cloud-capped  summit  2,200  feet  above  its  surface,  and 
is  on  all  sides  surrounded  by  rolling  hills,  and  covered  with  ver- 
dure. Half -Way  island  is  directly  opposite  ;  and  a  short  distance 
beyond,  the  traveller  will  behold  the  choicest  mountain  scenery 
on  the  lake.  Twenty-four  miles  from  the  head  of  the  lake  is 
Sabbath-day  Point,  a  projection  on  the  w.  shore,  noted  as  the 
place  where,  on  the  Sabbath,  a  sanguinary  conflict  occurred  du- 
ring the  French  war,  between  a  party  of  English  and  the  Indians. 
The  small  island  called  the  Scotch  Bonnet,  is  three  miles  beyond, 
and  three  miles  further  on  is  the  village  of  Hague.  Here  the 
lake  attains  its  greatest  width,  being  four  miles  across.  Another 
stretch  of  three  miles  brings  us  to  Rogers^  Slide,  a  rock  200  feet 
high,  standing  at  an  angle  of  25  degrees  with  the  lake.  Here 
during  the  French  war  the  intrepid  Major  Rogers,  a  partisan 
officer,  made  his  escape  from  tho  Indians,  by  whom  he  was  pur- 
sued. It  was  winter,  and  his  feet  were  shod  with  snow-shoes. 
When  on  the  verge  of  this  precipice,  and  nearly  in  their  grasp, 
he  8lid  down  the  declivity,  and  landed  safely  on  the  ice,  leaving  the 


ROUTES  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 


175 


Indians  standing  aghast  and  shrinking  with  amazement  from  the 
daring  feat  which  they  had  just  witnessed. — Anthony's  Nose,  one 
of  those  peculiar  prominences,  similar  in  shape  to  a  projecting 
rock  of  the  same  name  in  the  "  Highlands"  of  the  Hudson  riveri 
is  nearly  opposite  to  Rogers'  Slide.  It  rises  from  50  to  100  feet 
above  the  lake.  The  shores  here  are  bold,  and  contracted  amid 
huge  masses  of  rocks.  Two  miles  beyond  is  Prisoner's  Island, 
where,  during  the  French  war,  those  taken  captive  by  the  Eng- 
lish were  confined ;  and  directly  w.  is  Lord  Howe's  Point,  where 
the  English  army  under  Lord  Howe,  consisting  of  16,000  men, 
landed  previous  to  the  attack  on  Ticonderoga.  We  now  ap- 
proach the  termination  of  our  excursion  on  this  beautiful  lake, 
and  in  a  mile  reach  the  steamboat  lauding  near  the  village  of 
Ticonderoga,  whence  stages  run  a  distance  of  three  miles  over 
a  rough  and  romantic  road  to  Fort  Ticonderoga,  the  steamboat 
landing  on  Lake  Champlain.  Hero  passengers  can  take  the 
steamboat  for  places  either  down  or  up  the  lake. 


\ 


ROUTES  FROM  ALBANY  AND  TROY  TO  MONTREAL  AND 
QUEBEC— Passengers  by  the  Champlain  Canal  take  the  packet 
boats  at  Albany,  and  continue  through  to  Whitehall ;  or  they 
can  go  by  railroad  from  Albany  and  Troy  to  Mechanicsville, 
where  the  cars  connect  with  the  boats  bound  to  Whitehall. 
There  is  also  a  stage  route  from  Albany,  passing  through  Troy,  7 
miles;  Lansingburg,9',  Schnghticoke,lG',  Easton,26',  Green- 
wich, 36  ;  Argyle,  46  ;  Hartford,  57  :  Granville,  6.3  ;  and 
Whitehall,  73  miles  from  Albany.  By  the  canal,  after  leaving 
Albany,  the  route  is  through  West  Troy  to  Cohoes  Falls  and 
Mechanicsville,  to  Whitehall. 

At  Cohoes  Falls,  the  Mohawk  presents  a  sublime  scene.  Here 
the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals  unite,  the  former  having,  within 
a  short  distance,  17  locks. 

Stillwater,  on  the  Champlain  Canal,  four  miles  n.  of  Mechan- 
icsville, is  one  of  the  oldest  planes  in  the  state.  The  town  is  dis- 
tinguished as  containing  the  battle-ground  of  the  armies  com- 
manded by  generals  Gates  and  Burgoyne.  It  was  on  Bemus 
Heights  that  the  latter  general  was  defeated  by  Gates,  in  1777, 
after  a  fierce  and  sanguinary  struggle. 


Ij    I  ll 


' 


I!     ,1, 


(  i 


.  ! 


I      i 


176 


RAir.llOAT)  AND  STICAMHOAT  COMPANION. 


Fort  Miller  mid  Fort  Edward,  plauoH  on  tlio  ctiiiul,  uro  intcr- 
eHtiiip^  frotii  tluMr  liiHloriciil  nMiiiniHcnu'.cH.  Thu  lulUir  iH  irimno- 
rablo  UH  hi<\\\^  tlio  H|M)t  wlirro  tho  young  and  beautiful  Mitw 
McC/HMi  mot  lior  tra^riral  fate. 

Untidy  mU,  inoorporatod  in  IHIO,  lit'Nupon  a  hi^li  Handy  plain, 
on  tho  uppor  hank  of  tlio  IhidHon,  opposilo  Itakvr^H  /'ViZ/k,  whoro, 
in  a  Hpaoit  of  \vnn  than  half  a  inihs  tho  wator  liaH  u  fall  of  7(!  foot, 
alVordinjr  uHi^ful  walc^r-powor. 

(ilrna  Falls,  thrco  niiloH  w.  of  Samly  ilill,  lirH  partly  on  the 
N.  and  partly  on  th<^  h.  hunk  of  tho  Kiidson.  'Tho  falls  in  tho  rivor, 
which  liav(^  (rivon  naiui^  to  thc^  villu;;<>,  hav<^  a  (Icsot-nt  of  71)  loot 
Th«^  watorH  How  in  ono  hIiocI  ovit  tho  brink  of  a  pro(;ipi<;o,  900 
foot  lon^r,  and,  in  Hoods,  rush  in  ono  niass  down  tho  cataract  ; 
but  in  ordinary  seasons  Ihoy  art^  ininirdiatriy  divided  by  rociks 
into  thn^o  (rliannoLs,  with  an  angular  dese(>nt  of  several  iiundrud 
(wL 

Fort  Ann,  on  Iho  Chatiiplain  C'anal.is  01  niiloM  ahov<^  Albany 
From  tluH  plai^o  tho  (;anal  has  a  deseent  of  Crl  feet  to  tho  laku, 
and  'M)  only  to  tho  Hudson. 

Whilvhiill  is  73  mih^s  n.  from  Albany,  i2i2  from  Sandy  Hill,  40 
from  Saratojra  Sprinjrs,  iilH  from  New  York,  and  180  s,  of  Mon- 
treal. It  derives  its  importanoo  from  its  favorable  situation  for 
irudo — on  tho  canal  and  Lake  C'hamplain — by  which  it  coin- 
nninds  tho  business  of  a  very  (extensive  country.  Its  sitiuition  is 
low  and  unpleasant,  tho  village  bi>in^  built  (Ui  almost  naked  rock. 
Tho  population  is  about  4,000.  This  plac(^  is  now  tho  termina- 
tion of  tho  Saratoga  an<l  Washin;>-lon  Railroad,  (htiiul  imr.kelfi 
and  staiien  Ivmie  daily  for  Troy  and  Albany;  and  dining  the 
summer  slanvn  run  to  Saratoga  Springtt. 

At  VV^hitehall  j)assen}rers  take  tho  st«>and)oat  down  tho  lako 
und  the  Sorel  river  io St. Jolintt,  Ifdl  miles;  there  take  tho  (!ar» 
to  /<«  Frnirir,  1,^)  miles  ;  tluwice  pass  by  steandioat  down  tho  St. 
Lawrenco  to  Montreal,  9  miloH  farther  ;  from  which  place  they  are 
taken  by  steand)oat  down  tho  St.  Lawrenco  to  Qncher,  IHO  nnloH, 
makinuf  the  entire  distance  from  Albany  to  Quebec  .'KIO  miles. 

LAKE  CHAMPLAIN,  (see  Map  No.  10,)  lyinjir  between  the  slates 
of  New  \ Ork  and  Vermont,  is  1,'IJ  miles  lonjv.     In  iis  s.  part  il  in 


ah 
in 
til 


on 

III 

re 

is 


s 


lUMJTKS  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 


177 


geiiemlly  narrow.  From  Whitelmll  to  thn  h.  part  of  OrwoII,  Vt,, 
about  20  ini|)^K,  it  has  an  avt^ru^o  brriadtli  of  half  a  riiiN;,  thoiifrh 
ill  ono  [Anr.ci  it  in  (toiitrantorl  to  HO,  aud  iti  uiiothor  to  40  rodH.  To 
th«  N.  of  thiH  it  jj;ra(hially  rxpandH.  'I'ho  widr^Ht  part  miolwtnictod 
by  inlaiidM  in  opponito  IluHiiijrIoii,  Vl.,  wh<T('/  it  iw  !)|  rnilrH  widn, 
utid  baH  a  (b'ptb  varyiii{r  from  51  to  tiHii  I'vct.  Still  fartlmr  N.  it 
otribodioH  Hrvcral  larjifn  islands,  and  has  a  width  of  about  14  inib'H. 
IlH  oiitb't  iH  tbronjrli  tli*^  Sorcl  river,  which  fiitorH  thn  St.  Law- 
n'ii('.(5  45  inib^H  Iwrlow  IMoiitn^al.  JJrIow  St.  JoIhih  the-  iiavijratioii 
JH  iutrrrnjitfd  l)y  tho  (/hainbly  rapidn.  'V\ui  principal  iHlaiids  in 
tho  lako  aro  South  Ih-ro,  I.'}  by  4  niib-H,  North  Hero,  11  by  2 
iniloH,  Hrparatrd  by  u  narrow  Klrait,  and  La  Motto,  (I  by  2  niilcH. 
Sovcral  important  rivcTH  (low  into  IIuh  lako,  both  on  tho  Vermont 
and  N(!w  York  sidcH.  The  lako  abounds  with  fish  of  vuriouB 
kinds.  It  is  (rcnrrally  rntindy  frozen  over  in  winter,  and  pasHcd 
on  the  \<'ii.  'I'hc  wide  part  of  tho  lako  nsually  oloseH  about  tho 
first  of  Krbruaiy,  and  opens  about  tho  last  of  Marob  ;  thoso  partH 
that  art!  narrow,  remain  frozen  Homo  tiino  lonjrer.  Several  fine 
Hteainboats  ply  Ixilween  Whitehall  and  St.  Johns,  stoppiufj  at  in- 
tortnediato  places.  The  excellent  acconirnodatioiiH  of  these  bouts, 
tho  picturesque  scenery  on  the  sboreM  of  the  lako,  crowned  by 
lofty  rnoiintuins,  and  the  inter(!stin(,r  localities,  celebrated  in  former 
and  tho  lato  wars,  render  this  excursion  <leli{rbtful. 

Fort  Ticondcrofra,  24  miles  from  Whitehall,  of  which  the 
ruins  only  are  visible,  was  erected  by  the  French  in  1750,  und 
called  by  them  "  ('arrillon."  It  was  orifrinally  u  place  of  much 
ptronjjtii ;  its  natural  advantajres  were  very  {rreat,  bein|r  Hurround- 
ed  ou  three  sides  by  water,  and  having  half  its  fourth  covered 
by  a  swamp,  and  the  only  point  by  which  it  could  bo  approached, 
by  a  breastwork.  It  was  afterwards,  however,  easily  reduced  by 
an  expedient  a<lopted  by  Gen.  Hurjroyne, — that  of  placinj;  a  piece 
of  artillery  on  the  pinnacle  of  Mount  Dcjiancc,  on  the  b.  side  of 
Luke  CiJeorjjo  outlet,  and  750  fe(jt  above  the  lako,  and  entirely 
commanding  the  fort,  from  which  shot  was  thrown  into  tho  midst 
of  the  enemy's  works.  Fort  Ticonderoga  was  one  of  the  first 
strongholds  taken  from  tlio  English  in  1775,  at  tho  commence- 
ment of  tho  Revolutionary  war.  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  of  Vermont, 
at  tho  head  of  83  Green  Mountain  Boys,  surprised  the  uusub- 

19 


178 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANIOIC. 


ii 


!i! 


t  1 


pecting  garrison,  penetrated  to  the  very  bedside  of  the  command- 
ant, and  waking  him,  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort.  "  In 
whose  name,  and  to  whom  ?"  exclaimed  the  surprised  officer. — 
**  In  the  name  of  the  great  Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Con- 
gress !"  thundered  the  intrepid  Allen,  and  the  fort  was  imme- 
diately surrendered. 

Mount  Independence  lies  in  Vermont,  opposite  Ticonderoga, 
about  a  mile  distant.  The  remains  of  niilitury  works  are  still 
visible  here. — Mount  Hope,  an  elevation  about  a  mile  n.  from 
Ticonderoga,  was  occupied  by  Gen.  Burgoyne,  previous  to  the 
recapture  of  Ticonderoga,  which  took  pluc(5  in  1777,  nearly  two 
years  after  its  surrender  to  the  gallant  Allen.  St.  Clair,  the 
American  commander,  being  forced  to  evacuate,  it  again  fell  into 
the  possession  of  the  British,  and  was  held  during  the  war.  The 
picturesque  scenery  and  historical  interest  of  this  neighborhood 
recommend  it  to  the  tourist. — Five-Mile  Point,  so  called  from 
its  distance  from  Ticonderoga,  extends  some  way  out  from  the 
E.  or  Vermont  side,  in  the  town  of  Shoreham  ;  and  in  nine  miles 
the  boat  reaches  Crown  Point,  and  also  the  landing  at  Chimney 
Point,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  lake,  half  a  mile  distant. — 
Crown  Point,  the  name  of  the  ancient  fort,  is  situated  on  the 
N.  E.  extremity  of  a  point  of  land,  formed  on  one  side  by  a  deep 
bay,  and  on  the  other  by  the  body  of  the  lake.  The  French 
built  a  fort  here  in  1731,  but  it  was  afterwards  destroyed,  and  its 
site  is  now  marked  by  a  heap  of  ruins  which  may  be  seen  from 
the  boat  when  opposite  Chimney  Point.  A  new  fortress  was  af- 
terwards constructed  hero  by  Lord  Amherst,  of  wood  and  earth, 
16  feet  high,  22  feet  thick,  enclosing  an  area  of  1,500  square 
yards,  surrounded  by  a  deep  and  broad  ditch  cut  in  the  solid 
granite,  with  immense  labor.  There  were  here  a  double  row  of 
strong  stone  barracks  to  contain  2,000  troops,  with  a  gate  on  the 
N.,  a  drawbridge,  and  a  covered  way  to  the  lake.  These  works, 
which  are  said  to  have  cost  the  British  government  two  millions 
sterling,  are  now  a  heap  of  ruins.  Near  Crown  Point,  on  the 
13th  Oct.  1776,  terminated  the  expedition  against  Canada,  by  the 
destruction  of  the  American  fleet  under  Arnold. 

Port  Henry  is  a  small  village  and  place  of  landing,  44  miles 
from  Whitehall. — Westporty  at  the  head  of  Northwest  Bay,  11 


Mk 


ROUTES  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC. 


179 


miles  from  Port  Henry,  is  a  thriving  village,  surrounded  by  a 
well-cultivated  country. — Essex,  a  village,  and  landing-place  on 
the  w.  side  of  Lake  Champlain,  is  68  miles  n.  from  Whitehall. 
The  town  contains  iron  ore  of  good  quality. — Split  Rock  is  a  post- 
office  in  Essex  township,  near  which  is  the  Split  Rock,  a  part  of 
a  rocky  promontory,  projecting  into  the  lake  about  150  feet,  and 
elevated  40  feet  above  the  water.  The  part  broken  off,  contain- 
ing half  an  acre,  covered  with  trees,  is  separated  from  the  main 
rock  about  20  feet ;  the  opposite  sides,  if  brought  together,  would 
fit  closely,  as  the  prominences  of  the  one  correspond  with  the 
cavities  of  the  other.  Through  the  intervening  space  a  line  has 
been  dropped  to  the  depth  of  500  ft.,  without  finding  bottom. 

Burlington,  Vt,  is  82  miles  n.  from  Whitehall,  and' 74  miles 
s.  from  St.  Johns,  Canada.  It  is  built  on  a  bay  on  the  e.  side  of 
the  lake.  The  shore  in  the  s.  part  of  the  village  is  low,  but  to- 
wards the  n.  rising  to  an  elevation  of  about  300  feet,  the  town 
appears  to  good  advantage  when  approached  by  the  lake.  The 
streets  are  regularly  laid  out,  intersecting  each  other  at  right  an- 
gles. Near  the  centre  m  a  public  square,  on  which  the  Court- 
House  is  built,  surrounded  by  fine  brick  stores,  and  the  principal 
hotels.  The  University  of  Vermont,  which  occupies  a  fine  ele- 
vated situation  on  the  e.  of  the  village,  was  founded  in  1791.  It 
has  a  president  and  five  professors,  and  a  library  of  abont  10,000 
vols.  This  town  is  of  greater  commercial  importance  than  any 
other  in  the  state  w.  of  the  Green  Mountains,  and  owns  more 
vessels  navigating  the  lake  than  any  other  place  on  its  borders. 
Its  trade  will  be  much  increased  by  the  completion  of  the  Ver- 
mont Central  and  the  Rutland  railroads,  whose  termini  will  be 
here.  (See  Index  for  these  routes.)  Steamboats  stop  daily  at 
Burlingtonj  on  their  way  from  Whitehall  to  St.  Johns,  and  a  steam- 
ferry  connects  this  place  with  Port  Kent  and  with  Plattsburg, 
on  the  w.  side  of  the  lake,  the  former  being  10  miles,  and  the 
latter  24  miles  distant.  The  travelling  from  the  e.  through  Bur- 
lington to  Canada  is  very  great,  and  will,  of  course,  be  much 
increased  by  the  opening  of  the  above  railroads. 

Port  Kent  is  finely  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  the  lake.  The 
broad  view  here  of  the  water,  islands,  headlands,  and  places  on 
Jie  opposite  shore,  is  most  beautiful. — Keeseville,  a  few  miles  to 


180 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


H  ! 


the  w.  of  Port  Kent,  is  a  village  of  about  2,000  inhabitants,  situ- 
ated on  a  river  which  here  affords  great  water-power. — Birming- 
ham, at  Adgato's  Falls,  two  and  a  half  miles  below  Keeseville, 
and  three  w.  of  Port  Kent,  is  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the  Au 
Sable  river.  Its  channel,  which  here  resembles  a  canal  cut  in 
the  solid  rock,  w"  '.i  many  falls  or  locks,  retreating  as  we  advance, 
is  an  object  of  much  curiosity  to  visiters ;  the  whole  forming 
scenery  of  the  most  picturesque  character.  The  water  falls  over 
a  precipice  80  feet  high  into  a  narrow  channel,  whoso  walls  of 
rock  rise  perpendicularly  from  60  to  100  feet,  with  a  breadth  of 
70  feet.  Half  a  mile  below,  the  falls  are  contracted  to  a  width 
of  27  feot.  Here  the  water  again  falls  over  a  high  precipice,  and 
enters  a  deep  ravine  of  much  romantic  beauty. 

Plattsburg,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Clinton  county,  is  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Saranac  river,  at  the  head  of  Cumberland 
Bay,  108  miles  from  Whitehall.  It  is  prettily  laid  out,  and  con- 
tains the  county  buildings,  a  lyceum,  several  churches,  and  a 
population  of  about  6,500.  This  place  is  famous  as  the  scene  of 
the  victory  of  McDonougli  and  Macomb  over  the  British  naval 
and  land  forces  under  Commodore  Downie  and  Sir  George  Pro- 
vost. Here  the  American  commodore  awaited  at  anchor  the  ar- 
rival of  the  British  fleet,  which  passed  Cumberland  Head  about 
8  in  the  morning  of  the  11th  Sept.  1814.  The  first  gun  from  the 
fleet  was  the  signal  for  commencing  the  attack  on  land.  Sir 
George  Provost,  with  about  14,000  men,  furiously  assaulted  the 
defences  of  the  town,  whilst  the  battle  raged  between  the  fleets, 
in  full  view  of  the  armies.  Gen.  Macomb,  with  about  3,000 
men,  mostly  undisciplined,  foiled  the  repeated  assaults  of  the  en- 
emy ;  until  the  capture  of  the  British  fleet,  after  an  action  of 
two  hours,  obliged  him  to  retire,  with  the  loss  of  2,500  men  and 
a  large  portion  of  his  baggage  and  ammunition.  The  American 
force,  on  the  lake,  of  86  guns  and  820  men,  was  opposed  to  one 
of  95  guns  and  1,050  men.  The  British  commodore,  a  brave 
and  skilful  oflicer,  was  killed  by  the  concussion  of  air  caused  by 
the  passage  of  a  cannon  ball. 

Rouse's  Point,  132  miles  n.  from  Whitehall,  and  24  miles  s. 
from  St.  Johns,  is  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  the  lake,  and  is  the 
ast  landing-place  before  we  enter  Canada.    The  stone  fortj  com* 


MONTREAL. 


181 


menced  here  by  the  U.  States  government  hi  1815,  was  discov- 
ered, after  a  large  amount  of  money  had  been  expended  upon  it, 
to  be  on  British  territory,  and  was  in  consequence  abandoned. 
After  a  lapse  of  27  years,  however,  the  territory  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States  by  virtue  of  the  treaty  concluded  at  Washington 
by  Lord  Ashburton  and  the  Hon.  Daniel  Webster,  in  1842. 

We  now  enter  the  Canadian  waters,  and  in  our  passage  down 
the  Sorel,  (Richelieu  or  St.  Johns  river,)  which  is  the  out- 
let of  Lake  Champlain,  we  glide  past  an  uninteresting  portion 
of  country,  the  shores  on  both  sides  of  the  stream  for  some  miles 
being  low  and  damp,  and  almost  even  with  the  water's  edge. 

Isle  aux  Noix  and  Fort,  11  miles  from  Rouse's  Point,  is  the 
place  at  which  we  receive  on  board  a  custom-house  officer,  and 
passengers'  baggage  is  duly  submitted  to  inspection  before  being 
removed  on  shore  at  St.  Johns,  to  which  we  are  fast  approaching. 
We  must  now  prepare  to  resign  the  steamboat  for  the  railroad 
cars,  which  will  convey  us  hence  to  La  Prairie,  15  miles. 

St.  Johns  is  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the 
Sorel  river,  and  is  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Champlain  and  St. 
Lawrence  Railroad,  over  which  we  pass  in  about  an  hour,  the 
country  being  generally  very  level.     Usual  fare  $1.00. 

La  Prairie,  the  termination  of  the  railroad  on  the  St.  Law- 
rence river,  is  a  town  of  good  size,  with  narrow  streets,  and  con- 
taining a  nunnery.  There  is  nothing  here  worthy  the  attention 
of  a  stranger.  From  this  place  we  proceed  down  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  in  9  miles  reach  Montreal. 


Id  by 

les  8. 

the 

bom* 


MONTREAL. 

This  city  stands  on  the  s.  e.  side  of  the  island  of  the  same  name 
in  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  180  miles  by  the  course  of  the  river 
from  Quebec,  in  N.  Lat.  45°  30',  and  in  W.  Long.  73°  25'.  Its 
population,  including  the  suburbs,  is  about  60,000.  Though 
Quebec  has  the  advantage  in  position,  it  is  in  other  respects  sur- 
passed by  Montreal.  The  latter  city  is  less  crowded  than  the 
former ;  and  even  of  its  older  streets,  some  have  a  convenient 
breadth.    Unlike  Quebec,  it  is  distinguished  for  its  cleanliness. 


f 


11 


I, It 
>  iili 


/ 1'   I 


1 11; 

:      i 


182 


RAILROAD   Am)   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


View  of  IContreal  Crom  th«  Moontala. 

The  houses  in  the  suburbs  are  handsomely  built  in  the  mod- 
em  style,  and  mostly  inhabited  by  the  principal  merchanta 
Including  its  suburbs,  of  which  it  has  several,  the  city 
stretches  along  the  river  for  two  miles  from  s.  w.  to  n.  k., 
and,  for  some  distance,  extends  between  one  and  two  miles 
inland.  It  was  formerly  surrounded  by  a  battlemented  wall; 
but  this  having  fallen  into  decay,  it  is  now  entirely  open.  Paul- 
si,  the  chief  commercial  thoroughfare,  extends  along  the  river 
the  whole  length  of  the  city.  Notre-Dame-st.  is  the  fashionable 
promenade. 

Of  the  public  buildings,  the  most  remarkable  is  the  Roman 
Catholic  Cathedral,  in  Notre-Dame-st.,  constructed  in  the  Gothic 
style,  with  a  length  of  255^  feet,  and  a  breadth  of  134^.  It  has 
six  towers,  of  which  three  belonging  to  the  main  front  are  220  ft 
high.  The  view  from  these  towers — embracing  the  city  and  its 
suburbs,  the  river,  and  the  surrounding  country — is  exceedingly 
beautiful.  The  principal  window  of  the  Cathedral  is  G4  feet 
high  and  32  broad.  Of  the  vastness  of  the  interior  of  this  edifice 
an  idea  may  be  formed  from  the  fact  that  it  is  capable  of  accom- 


' 


' 


MONTREAL. 


183 


I 


modating  from  10,000  to  12,000  persons.  This  immense  assem- 
bly may,  by  numerous  outlets,  disperse  in  five  or  six  minutes. — 
The  Seminary  of  St.  Sulpice,  adjoining  the  Cathedral,  is  132 
feet  long  and  29  deep,  and  is  surrounded  by  spacious  gardens. — 
The  principal  edifice  of  the  Church  of  England  is  handsomely 
built  in  the  Grecian  stylo,  and  surmounted  by  a  beautiful  spire 
There  are  also  a  Scotch  kirk,  an  American  Protestant  church, 
and  chapels  belonging  to  the  Methodists  and  the  Scotch  dissent- 
ers. The  IIutel-Dieu  is  a  large  conventual  structure,  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  sick  and  indigent. — The  extensive  convent 
of  the  Saiurs  Noires  is  devoted  to  the  education  of  young  girls. — 
The  General  Hospital  has  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  best 
regulated  institutions  of  the  kind  in  America. — The  other  princi- 
pal buildings  are  the  government-house,  bank,  barracks,  and 
ordnance-oHice. 

Montreal  also  possesses  a  college,  erected  in  1819,  which  is  at- 
tended by  several  hundred  stuucntH ;  an  JOnglish  university,  charter- 
ed in  1821  ;  and  many  other  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  iearn- 
mg, — French  and  English  seminaries,  a  royal  grammar-school, 
with  parochial,  union,  national,  Sunday,  and  other  public  schools. 
It  has  numerous  societies  for  the  advancement  of  religion,  sci- 
ence, and  industry  ;  several  public  libraries,  an  excellent  news- 
room, &-C. 

The  harbor  of  Montreal,  though  not  large,  is  secure,  and  ves- 
sels drawing  15  feet  may  lie  close  to  the  shore.  The  quay  here, 
about  a  mile  in  length,  is  said  to  rival  in  beauty  and  strength  of 
masonry  most  of  the  celebrated  works  of  the  same  kind  in  Eng- 
land. No  feature  of  Montreal  will '  so  charm  the  visiter  as  a 
promenade  along  the  edge  of  the  quay. 

P'rom  its  position  at  the  head  of  ship  navigation  en  the  St. 
Lawrence,  and  near  the  junction  of  that  river  with  the  Ottawa, 
as  well  as  its  situation  with  respect  to  the  United  States,  Montreal 
has  trading  facilities  of  a  high  order.  Hence  it  has  become  the 
chief  seat  of  the  commerce  of  Lower  Canada.  The  citizens  are 
enterprising,  and  great  activity  prevails  among  all  persons  con- 
nected with  trade.  During  tlie  summer,  a  regular  steamboat 
communication  is  kept  up  with  Quebec  ;  and  at  this  season,  come 
down  vast  rafts  of  timber,  sweeping  by  Quebec  ;  while  scows, 


Ml 


'*.' 


184 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


batteaux,  and  Durham  boiits  pour  into  the  lap  of  Montreal  the 
produce  of  Upper  Canada.  Montreal  is  the  centre  of  the  com- 
merce between  Canada  and  the  United  States,  carried  on  by 
Lake  Champlaiu  and  the  Hudson  ;  and  not  only  is  it  the  depot 
of  all  the  adjacent  country,  but  most  of  the  business  done  in  Que- 
bec is  carried  on  by  branches  from  the  Montreal  houses. 

The  hotels  in  Montreal  are  generally  very  good,  and  accom- 
modations equal,  perhaps,  to  the  best  in  the  United  States.  The 
following  are  some  of  them :  Donegnna's  Hotel,  Montreal  House, 
GranVs  Hotel,  Ottawa  House,  Exchange  Hotel,  Swords'  Ho- 
tel, &c.  &c. 

From  Montreal,  the  "  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad"  is 
constructing  to  the  boundary  line  of  the  province,  at  which  place 
it  will  meet  the  "  Atlantic  and  St.  Lawrence  Railroad"  from 
Portliiud,  thereby  opening  a  communication  with  the  Atlantic. 
The  entire  distance  is  280  miles,  of  which  130  are  in  Canada 
and  150  in  the  United  States.  The  cost  of  construction  of  the 
joint  line  is  estimated  at  jCI, 750,000,  and  that  of  the  Canada 
section  at  je825,000. 

There  are  also  several  lines  pervading  the  states  of  New  Hamp- 
shire and  Vermont,  some  of  which  are  in  a  forward  state,  and  ap- 
proaching completion,  that  will  make  Montreal  their  termini.  (For 
these  routes,  more  particularly,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  In- 
dex.) From  Montreal,  a  railroad  has  been  recently  completed  to 
La  Chine. 

An  excursion  through  the  Island  of  Montreal  is  recommended 
to  tourists.  From  the  summit  of  Montreal  Mountain,  which  is 
two  miles  back  of  the  city,  the  view  is  very  extensive.  From 
this  elevation  is  seen  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  all  its  grandeur ;  while 
the  city,  and  the  Island  of  St.  Helens,  are  immediately  beneath 
the  eye.     This  view  is  represented  in  our  engraving. 

La  Chine  is  nine  miles  from  Montreal,  and  on  the  island  of  the 
same  name.  A  railroad  now  connects  the  two  places.  The  canal 
was  made  in  order  to  pass  boats  round  the  rapids.  St.  Anne  is 
at  the  southwest  extremity  of  the  island,  20  miles  above  La 
Chine.  Varennes,  15  miles  below  Montreal,  is  a  handsome  vil- 
lage, and  is  much  visited.  It  can  be  reached  either  by  steam- 
boat  or  by  stage,  over  ?.  road  on  the  bank  of  the  river. 


ROUTE  FROM  MONTREAL  TO  QUEBEC. 


186 


The  Caledonia  Springs  are  situated  about  75  miles  from  Mon- 
treal, in  the  vicinity  of  Grand  river,  in  the  Ottawa  district 
They  are  much  visited,  and  ;orm  a  pleasant  excursion  during 
the  hot  weather. 

Route  from  Montreal  to  Quebec. — Numerous  large  and 
elegant  steamers  navigate  the  St.  Lawrence  between  the  above 
important  places.  Tiie  distance  is  180  miles,  and  the  time  usual- 
'y  occupied  in  making  the  excursion  is  about  12  hours. 

On  leaviug  Montreal  for  our  passage  down  the  St.  Lawrence 
we  pass  Longueil,  a  village,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  riveri 
which  is  conuected  with  Montreal  by  a  steam-ferry.  Gliding 
past  the  lovely  Island  of  St.  Helens,  and  its  fortifications,  wo 
enter  the  Rapids  of  St.  Mary,  where  the  current  runs  with  such 
velocity,  tliat  steamers  frequently  have  much  difficulty  in  passing 
over  on  their  way  up  the  river.  Point  auz  Trembles  on  our 
left,  and  Bouchcrcille  on  our  right,  are  soon  passed.  The  mouth 
of  the  Ottawa  is  seen  on  leaviug  the  island  upon  which  Montreal 
is  built.  The  attractive  village  of  Varennes,  with  its  neat  build- 
ings, is  seen  on  our  right,  when  15  miles  on  our  journey.  This 
place  was  formerly  celebrated  on  account  of  the  mineral  springs 
in  its  neighborhood. 

William  Henry,  or  Sorel,  45  miles,  is  on  the  s.  side  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sorel  river.  It  is  an  old  town, 
built  on  the  site  of  a  fort  erected  as  early  as  1G65,  by  one  Sorel, 
an  engineer.  In  the  next  few  miles  we  p«8s  a  number  of  islands, 
and  find  ourselves  gradually  entering  Lfjkc  St.  Peter,  50  miles 
from  Montreal :  it  is  about  95  miles  long,  \v"th  an  average  breadth 
of  nine  miles,  and  is  generally  smooth,  Uie  water  here  having 
little  apparent  motion. 

Three  Rivers,  called  by  the  French  Trois  Rivieres,  is  a  land- 
ing-place on  the  left  bank  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  about  half-way 
between  Montreal  and  Quebec.  The  town  is  regularly  built, 
with  generally  straight  but  narrow  streets,  and  the  houses  seldom 
over  two  stories  high.  In  23  miles  farther  we  reach  St.  ^n/ie'«, 
a  place  situated  on  our  left,  and  at  the  mouth  of  St.  Anne's  river. 

The  Richelieu  Rapids  extend  about  nine  miles.  This  is  con- 
sidered the  most  dangerous  part  of  the  navigation,  although 
accamboats  pass  it  in  safety.    The  channel  is  here  somewhat 


t 


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186 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMUOAT  COMPANION. 


li! 


contracted  from  former  proportions,  and  the  current  rushes  through 
with  great  impetuosity  amongst  reefs  of  rock,  some  sunken,  and 
others  projecting  above  the  water.  It  is  not  unfrequently  the 
case  that  steamboats,  at  Quebec,  destined  up  the  river,  vary  the 
time  of  departure,  on  account  of  the  current  prevailing  here  at 
ebb-tide,  so  as  to  have  the  flood-tide  through  the  rapids. 

Cape  Rouge,  so  termed  from  its  color,  is  within  eight  rniles  of 
Quebec  ;  and  as  we  approach  that  city  the  scene  increases  in  in- 
terest. In  two  miles  we  reach  the  mouth  of  tlie  Chaudiere  river, 
on  which,  a  short  distance  from  the  St.  Lawrence,  are  to  be  seen 
its  beautiful  falls.  It  is  also  a  great  lumber  depot ;  and  here  ships 
take  in  their  cargoes  of  lumber,  bound  for  English  ports. 

Sillery  Cove.  Near  this  place  was  fought,  in  1759,  the  final 
battle  between  the  French  and  English,  which  completely  anni- 
hilated the  power  of  the  former  in  North  America.  Wolfe's 
Cove  is  the  place  where  Gen.  Wolfe  landed,  in  the  night,  previous 
to  the  battle  of  the  Plains  of  Abraham. 

As  we  approach  the  city,  the  first  view  is  striking  in  the  ex- 
treme:— the  long  line  of  shipping,  extending  a  distance  of  two 
miles  or  more,  with  its  forest  of  masts — the  powerful  batteries, 
upon  which  the  greatest  ingenuity  and  military  skill  have  been  ex- 
pended, to  render  them  impregnable, — the  houses  of  the  city, 
with  their  glittering  tin  roofs  reflecting  the  brightness  of  the  sun, 
and  a  variety  of  minor  objects,  all  combine  to  render  the  scene 
one  of  pleasing  interest. 


QUEBEO. 

This  city  occupies  the  extremity  of  a  ridge  terminating  in  the 
angle  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  rivers  St.  Lawrence  and  St 
Charles,  340  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  former,  in  N.  Lat.  46° 
48'  49",  and  in  W.  Lon.  71°  10'  45".  Pop.  about  40,000.  The 
promontory,  heie  called  Capo  Diamond,  is  surmounted  by  the 
Citadel,  a  fortress  occupying  the  most  elevated  point  of  the  ridge, 
from  which  the  town  extends  down  to  the  water's  edge.  From 
the  difTerence  of  elevation,  the  city  is  divided  into  the  Upper  and 
the  Lower  Town ;  the  former  including  all  that  is  below  the  ram- 


QUEBEC. 


187 


parts  or  fortified  lines — the  latter  embracing  all  that  is  above 
and  within  that  barrier.  The  streets  of  the  Old  Town-  are  nar- 
row, irregular,  and  dirty  ;  but  those  of  the  Lower  Town  are  gen- 
erally clean,  and  tolerably  well  paved  or  macadamized. 

"  On  landing  at  Quebec,  the  traveller  has  to  wind  his  way  up 
through  steep,  narrow,  and  tortuous  streets,  with  still  narrower 
alleys  on  his  right  and  left,  till  he  reaches  the  fortified  line  or 
barrier.  Here  he  enters  by  Prescott  Gate,  on  the  right  of  which, 
after  passing  through  it,  he  sees  the  imposing  structure  of  the 
New  Parliament  House,  with  its  lofty  cupola  and  fine  front,  and 
on  the  left  a  double  flight  of  mean  and  straggling  wooden  steps, 
leading  to  one  of  the  oldest  streets,  as  an  avenue  to  the  Place 
d'Armes.  Going  across  the  last,  he  passes  the  English  and 
French  Cathedrals,  the  Government  Offices,  and  Palace  of  jus- 
tice, on  the  right ;  and  has  the  site  of  the  old  castle  of  St.  Louis, 
and  the  platform  overlooking  the  harbor,  on  his  left.  Passing  by 
these,  and  continuing  for  about  half  a  mile  beyond,  he  reaches 
the  ramparts  and  gates  on  the  upper  side  of  the  city  ;  and  going 
through  these,  he  comes  to  the  open  lawn  in  front  of  the  glacis, 
beyond  which  is  the  suburb  of  St.  Roch,  on  the  level  ground 
along  the  southern  bank  of  the  St.  Charles  river." 

This  city,  celebrated  alike  for  its  formidable  defences  and  the 
deeply  interesting  military  events  of  which  it  has  been  the  the- 
atre, has  a  commanding  position,  and,  together  with  its  vast  and 
beautiful  harbor,  presents,  from  whatever  quarter  it  is  approached, 
a  magnificent  view.  It  has  been  called,  from  its  natural  and 
artificial  strength,  the  Gibraltar  of  America.  The  Citadel,  a 
work  of  stupendous  magnitude,  frowning  in  impregnable  strength 
from  a  height  of  350  feet  above  the  river,  will  first  attract  the 
attention  of  the  tourist.  This  work  includes  an  area  of  about  40 
acres,  and  is  constructed  on  the  most  approved  principles.  The 
line  of  fortification  has  an  inner  circuit  of  2^  miles,  and  is  inter- 
sected by  five  gates.  Besides  its  accommodations  for  the  garrison, 
it  contains  depots  for  stores,  an  ample  parade-ground,  &c.  Tick- 
ets of  admission  can  be  obtained  at  the  office  of  .he  adjutant- 
general,  in  St.  Louis,  near  Ursula-st. 

The  public  buildings  of  Quebec  are  substantial  rather  than  ele- 
gant.   The  Parliament  House,  the  most  perfect  of  its  edifices, 


188 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


is  supposed  to  stand  upon  the  first  spot  of  ground  cleared  by 
Champlain  for  his  fort,  on  founding  the  city  in  1608. — The  Ro- 
man CathoHc  Cathedral  of  Notre  Dame,  a  massive  stone  struc- 
ture, with  a  lofty  tower,  fronts  the  e.  side  of  Market  Square,  hi 
the  centre  of  the  town.  The  Catholics  have  four  other  churches. 
— The  Church  of  England  has  a  cathedral  and  four  chapels. 
There  are  two  churches  belonging  to  the  Scotch  dissenters ;  and 
the  Wesleyan  Methodists  have  two  chapels. — The  Hotel  Dieu 
is  both  a  nunnery  and  an  hospital. — The  Ursuline  Nunnery,  for 
the  education  of  young  females,  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Catholic 
Cathedral  and  the  Place  d'Armes.  The  body  of  Montcalm  was 
deposited  within  the  walls  of  this  convent. 

The  principal  establishment  for  educational  puqioses,  is  the 
French  college.  There  are  also  a  royal  grammar-school,  a  class- 
ical academy,  and  a  national  school ;  a  Royal  Institution  for  the 
promotion  of  learning  in  the  province  ;  a  Literary  and  Historical 
Society;  and  a  Mechanics'  Institute.  The  Public  Library  con- 
tains upwards  of  6,000  volumes  of  valuable  and  standard  works. 
There  is  also  a  good  library  attached  to  the  garrison. — The  city 
has  three  banks,  a  savings-bank,  and  numerous  benevolent  insti- 
tutions. 

Though  on  the  whole  good  and  healthy,  the  climate  here  is  iu 
extremes.  The  heat  of  summer  resembles  that  of  Naples,  while 
the  cold  of  winter  is  not  inferior  to  that  of  Moscow.  Travelling  in 
winter  is  effected,  as  in  Russia,  by  means  of  sledges  and  carricoles. 

The  majority  of  the  population  being  of  French  descent,  the 
French  language  predominates,  and  is  spoken  in  some  of  the  best 
circles  with  great  propriety.  Society  here  has  much  refinement. 
Great  attention  is  paid  to  etiquette.  From  the  seductive  exam- 
ple of  the  mimic  court  established  among  them,  all  classes  are 
much  given  to  show,  and  living  is  consequently  expensive.  The 
citizens  of  Quebec  are  less  enterprising  than  those  of  Montreal, 
and  there  is  a  greater  spirit  of  improvement  in  the  latter  city 
tlian  in  the  former.  The  trade  of  Quebec,  however,  is  extensive ; 
and  vessels  from  all  parts  of  the  world  may  be  seen  riding  at 
anchor  in  its  capacious  harbor,  which  has  iu  general  a  depth  of 
SB  fathoms,  the  water  rising  from  16  to  18  feet  at  noap,  aud  from 
95  to  30  at  spring  tides. 


QUEBEC. 


189 


Quebec  was  taken  from  the  French  in  1759.  Its  capture  was 
the  result  of  the  victory  gained  by  the  English,  on  the  Plains  of 
Abraham.  The  British,  under  Gen.  Wolfe,  having  elTected  a 
landing  near  the  city,  a||acked  and  defeated  the  French  under 
Montcalm.  Wolfe  fell  in  the  moment  of  victory  ;  and  Mont- 
calm, who  was  wounded  in  the  battle,  expired  soon  after.  Panic- 
Btruck  by  the  death  of  their  commander,  the  French  surrendered 
the  city,  before  a  single  battery  had  been  opened  against  it. 

An  attack  made  on  this  city  during  the  Aii^ican  lljevolution, 
by  an  army  under  Montgomery  and  Arnold,  Was  atteJtided  with 
results  widely  different  from  those  that  crowned  tho  efforts  of  the 
British  in  their  contest  with  the  French.  The  attack  was  simul- 
taneously made  by  Montgomery  on  the  southern,  and  by  Arnold 
on  the  northern  side  :'  the  lower  town.  Both  attacks  failed, 
though  made  with  grtr^t  u*  ge  and  impetuosity.  Gen.  Mont- 
gomery and  nearly  all  '  :s  tu5*  were  killed,  while  Gen.  Arnold 
and  most  of  his  men  were  made  prisoners. 

There  are  three  great  lines  of  railway  proposed,  and  in  course 
of  construction,  radiating  from  Quebec,  viz  : — 

1st.  The  line  extending  from  Quebec  to  Toronto,  and  from 
that  city  to  Hamilton  ;  there  uniting  with  the  Great  Western 
Railway,  that  will  terminate  opposite  Detroit,  Michigan. 

2d.  A  railroad  leaving  Quebec,  in  a  s.  w.  direction,  to  unite 
with  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Atlantic  Railroad,  already  in  prog- 
ress, which  is  to  connect  Montreal  and  Portland. 

3d.  The  railway  connecting  the  cities  of  Halifax  and  Quebec, 
and  passing  through  the  provinces  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick. 

There  are  other  important  lines  of  railway  proposed,  all  of 
great  utility  to  their  respective  localities,  but  their  routes  are  not 
yet  determined  on. 

There  are  many  places  of  resort  worthy  the  attention  of  tour- 
ists, in  the  vicinity  of  Quebec.  The  Falls  of  Monttnorenci  are 
nine  miles  distant,  and  should  be  visited  by  all  who  delight  in 
looking  on  such  wonders.  The  Chaudiere  Falls  are  on  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  St  Lawrence,  10  miles  distant  from  Quebec. 
The  waters  of  the  Chaudiere  river,  which  is  here  about  ^00  feet 
wide,  fall  a  depth  of  125  feet  down  a  wild  chasm,  which  is  fear* 


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190 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANIOX. 


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fully  grand.  A  visit  to  tlie  Saguenay  River  is  a  very  pleasant 
steamboat  excursion  from  Quebec.  The  banks  of  this  river  vary 
in  height  from  500  to  1,000  feet,  and  are  very  rocky.  Its  gen- 
eral breadth  is  from  two  to  three  mileci,  but  is  contracted  at  its 
mouth  to  rather  less  than  one  mile.  Its  depth  is  also  very  great ; 
attempts  have  been  made  to  fathom  it,  near  its  mouth,  with  a  500 
fathom  lino  without  reaching  bottom.  In  some  places,  the  stream 
falls  over  intervening  precipices  from  40  to  GO  feet  in  depth. 


GRAND  ROUTES  TO  THE  WEST  FROM  ALBANY  AND  TROY 
TO  BUFFALO  AND  NIAGARA  FALLS. 

The  traveller  to  the  West,  via  Buffalo  and  intermediate  places, 
has  the  choice  of  two  routes.  The  first  is  by  a  continuous  line  of 
railroads  to  Buffalo,  325  miles,  which  has  been  chartered  under 
different  names,  and  under  the  control  of  separate  companies,  viz : 
the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  Railroad,  16  miles  in  length  ;  the  Uti- 
ca  and  Schenectady  Railroad,  11 ;  the  Syracuse  and  Utica, 
54  ;  the  Auburn  and  Syracuse,  26  ;  the  Auburn  and  Rochester, 
77  ;  the  Tonawanda  Railroad,  whicii  extends  from  Rochester 
to  Attica,  42,  and  the  Attica  and  Buffalo  Railroad  to  Buffalo, 
33  miles.  The  other  route  is  by  the  Erie  Canal,  which  extends 
to  Buffalo,  a  distance  of  364  miles.  The  former  route  is  the 
more  expeditious  and  agreeable,  but  those  travelling  at  leisure  will 
find  the  latter  a  very  delightful  one ;  the  canal,  passing  through 
a  highly  fertile  and  interesting  part  of  the  state,  affording  the 
traveller  a  succession  of  varied  and  beautiful  scenery. 

The  rates  and  the  time  between  the  principal  places  are  as 
follows : — By  railroad  from  Albany  to  Schenectady,  50  cents — 
time  one  hour ;  from  Schenectady  to  Ufica,  5^  hours,  ^2.25 ; 
from  Utica  to  Syracuse,  3^  hours,  $1.50 ;  from  Syracuse  to 
Auburn,  2  hours,  80  cts  ;  from  Auburn  to  Rochester,  6  hours, 
.^2.50  ;  from  Rochester  to  Buffalo,  5  hours,  $2.20 :  ti?ne  be- 
tween Albany  and  Buffalo,  23  hours.  Fare  $9.75.  The  cars 
leave  Albany  and  each  of  the, principal  places  on  the  route  three 
times  daily — morning,  afternoon,  and  evening  ;  except  during  the 
winter  months,  when  they  leave  twice  daily.     Returning  from 


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ALBANY  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD. 


191 


Buffalo,  the  regulation  is  the  same.     The  depot  in  Albany  is  in 
Maiden  Lane,  comer  of  Deane-st. 

Persons  going  by  the  Erie  Canal  from  Albany  or  Troy,  take 
the  railroad  cars  to  Schenectady  ;  there  taking  either  the  packet 
boats,  which  go  through  in  about  three  and  a  half  days,  or  tho 
line  boats,  which  occupy  seven  days.  By  the  former  the  charge 
is  $7.50  with  board,  and  $5.50  without ;  and  by  the  latter,  one 
and  a  half  cents  per  mile  with  board,  and  one  cent  a  mile  with- 
out. From  Schenectady  to  Utica,  94  miles,  the  charge  by  the 
packets  is  $1.50  with  board — $1.00  without;  from  Utica  to 
Syracuse,  64  miles,  the  same  ;  from  Syracuse  to  Rochester,  98 
miles,  $2.50  with  board — $2.00  without ;  from  Rochester  to 
Buffalo,  95  miles,  $2.00  with  board— $1.50  without.  (For  de- 
scriptions of  Albany  and  Troy,  the  reader  is  referred  to  pages 
163  and  166.) 


ALBANY  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  19.) 
— This  road,  formerly  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson,  extends  from 
the  city  of  Albany  to  Schenectady,  16  miles,  and  is  4,837  feet 
long.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1831,  and  the  cost  of  construc- 
tion up  to  Jan.  1, 1848,  was  $1,473,253.  During  the  year  229,401 
passengers  had  been  conveyed  over  it.  Tiiis  road  forms  a  con- 
nection at  Schenectady  with  the  chain  of  railroads  to  Buffalo,  and 
also  with  the  routes  to  Lake  Champlain. 

Schenectady,  one  of  the  oldest  places  in  the  state,  and  the 
seat  of  Union  College,  is  16  miles  from  Albany,  and  18  from 
Troy.  The  compact  portion  of  the  city  is  on  the  s.  e.  side  of  the 
Mohawk  river.  The  prosperity  of  this  place  has  received  a  new 
impulse  by  the  railroads  which  pass  through  it  from  Albany  and 
Troy,  to  Saratoga  Springs  and  to  Buffalo  ;  and  also  from  the 
establishment  of  the  packet-boat  lines  on  the  Erie  Canal.  This 
is  the  point  of  embarka  ion  for  all  travellers  proceeding  west- 
wardly  by  the  canal.  Owing  to  the  length  and  tediousness  of 
the  way,  by  the  canal  to  Albany,  the  passage-boats  leave  this 
city.  The  cars,  on  leaving  Schenectady,  cross  the  Mohawk 
river  and  the  Erie  Canal  by  a  bridge  nearly  1,000  feet  long,  and 
an  embankment  of  considerable  length  ;  when  the  roads  diverge, 
that  for  Utica  to  die  West,  the  other  in  a  northeast  direction  to 


192 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT   JOAlPANiON 


the  Springs.     The  canal  is  continued  on  the  south  bank  of  thj 
Mohawk  to  Rome,  where  it  is  joined  by  the  Black  River  Canal. 


UTIOA  AND  SOHENEOTADY  RAILROAD,  (See  Maps  Nos.  19 
and  20.) — This  road  is  properly  an  extension  of  the  railroads  from 
Albany  and  Troy,  which  meet  at  Schenectady,  and  one  of  the 
important  links  in  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Albany  to  Buffalo 
It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1836,  is  78  miles  long;,  and  cost  up  to 
Jan.  1,  1847,  $2,263,114.80.  The  affairs  of  tliis  company  are 
in  a  prosperous  condition  :  it  is  one  of  the  most  productive  rail- 
roads in  the  state,  and  equal  perhaps  to  any  in  the  country.  Its 
dividends  have  averaged  about  10  per  cent,  per  annum,  and  its 
stock  at  the  present  time  ranges  from  15  to  20  percent,  above  par 

Amsterdam,  on  the  railroad,  17  miles  from  Schenectady,  is  a 
small  but  thriving  village.  The  Chuctawnunda  creek  passes 
through  it,  with  falls  of  125  feet  near  its  mouth,  which  afford 
considerable  water-power.  Stages  leave  this  place  daily  for  Fish 
House  village,  a  very  pleasant  place  on  the  Sacandaga  river. 
This  river  is  crosssed  by  a  wooden  bridge  125  feet  long,  with  three 
arches,  and  with  walks  on  each  side. 

Fonda,  the  county-seat  of  Montgomery  county,  contains  a  fine 
courthouse,  and  other  county  buildings. — Johnstown,  four  miles 
N.,  is  an  old  place,  having  been  laid  out  in  1784 ;  it  is  situated 
upon  a  fine  plain,  skirted  on  the  n.  and  w.  by  the  Cayadutta 
creek,  and  on  the  s.  by  a  hill  of  moderate  elevation,  and  contains 
the  courthouse,  prison,  and  county  offices. 

Palatine  Bridge,  on  the  railroad,  53  miles  from  Albany,  is 
connected  by  a  bridge  with  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

Canajoharie  is  situated  on  the  Erie  Canal,  69  miles  from  Al- 
bany. Its  name  is  derived  from  an  Indian  word,  signifying  "  the 
pot  that  washes  itself,"  applied  to  a  whirlpool  at  the  foot  of  one 
of  the  falls  of  the  creek.  This  village,  which  was  incorporated 
in  1829,  is  a  place  of  much  trade,  and  has  a  population  of  about 
2,000.  From  this  place,  and  also  from  Palatine  Bridge,  stages 
are  in  readiness  for  Cherry  Valley  and  Sharon  Springs,  situated 
about  10  miles  in  a  s.  w.  and  s.  direction  from  Palatine  Bridge, 
the  route  being  over  a  fine  country.  The  Springs  are  situated 
near  the  village,  about  half  a  mile  n.  of  the  turnpike-road  ;  they 


1^! 


UTICA  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD. 


193 


id 


are  pure  and  clear,  and  notwithstanding  they  flow  for  one-fourth 
of  a  mile  from  their  source  with  other  water,  preserve  their  dis- 
tinctive character.  The  water  falls,  with  sufficient  volume  to 
turn  a  mill,  over  a  ledge  of  rocks,  which  has  a  perpendicular  de- 
scent of  about  65  feet.  There  are  two  springs,  called  the  sulphur 
and  magnesia  springs,  the  former  being  highly  impregnated  with 
sulphur,  and  somewhat  resembling  the  White  Sulphur  Springs  of 
Virginia.  These  waters  have  an  exhilarating  effect  upon  the 
spirits,  invigorate  the  system,  purify  the  complexion,  and  are  effi- 
cacious in  rheumatic  and  other  diseases. — The  Pavilion  House 
is  large,  well-constructed,  and  admirably  arranged  to  accommo- 
date a  great  number  of  visiters.  It  is  erected  on  an  eminence, 
with  large  columns  in  front,  and  presents  a  comfortable  and  invi- 
ting appearance.  The  prospect  from  the  piazza  towards  the  north 
is  unlimited,  and  few  views  surpass  it  in  grandeur.  The  air  here 
is  always  pure  and  bracing,  and  in  hot  weather  delightfully  cool 
and  refreshing. 

Cooperstown  lies  at  the  s.  end  of  Otsego  Lake,  13  miles  s.  w. 
from  Cherry  Valley,  and  26  miles  s.  w.  from  the  Erie  Canal  at 
Canajoharie.  From  the  village  there  is  a  fine  view  of  the  Otse- 
go Lake,  through  its  whole  extent, — a  delightful  prospect,  the  lake 
being  nine  miles  long  from  n.  to  s.,  and  from  one  to  three  wide. 
The  hills  which  encompass  it  have  an  elevation  of  from  400  to 
500  feet  above  its  surface.  The  purity  of  its  water,  and  the 
rich  and  varied  scenery  around,  give  it  the  highest  claim  to  the 
attention  of  the  lovers  of  natural  beauty.  It  is  replenished  with 
several  small  streams  and  numerous  springs,  and  affords  an 
abundant  supply  of  salmon-trout,  pike,  pickerel,  and  bass, — the 
last  of  which  have  a  remarkable  delicacy  of  flavor,  and  are  said 
to  be  peculiar  to  this  lake. 

Palatine,  59  miles  from  Albany,  on  the  railroad  and  Mohawk 
river,  at  the  mouth  of  Garoga  Creek,  is  one  of  the  stopping- 
places  on  this  route.  St.  Johnsville  is  a  small  settlement  three 
miles  distant.  East  Canada  Creek  joins  the  Mohawk  three 
miles  above :  the  cars  cross  it  by  means  of  a  substantial  bridge. 
It  is  a  very  rapid  stream,  and  within  the  last  two  miles  of  its 
course  falls  200  ft  Its  descent  near  the  outlet  is  by  six  cataractSf 
which,  with  the  intermediate  rapids,  occupy  three-fourths  of  amilcb 

13 


)''.  I 


u 


194 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


1 

I 


Little  Falls,  on  the  Mohawk  river,  73  rniles  from  Albany,  is  a 
place  of  considerable  trade,  and  owing  to  the  facilities  afTordedby 
the  railroad,  canal,  and  river,  is  constantly  increasing.  The  pop- 
ulation is  about  2,700.  The  village  is  supplied  with  water  brought 
from  a  spring  in  the  granite  mountain,  the  elevation  of  the  spring 
being  306  feet  above  the  tops  of  the  houses.  It  is  remarkable 
for  the  passage  of  the  Mohawk  river  through  the  mountain  bar- 
rier, for  its  wild  and  picturesque  scenery,  and  for  the  difficultiea 
which  have  been  overcome  in  constructing  the  Erie  Canal 
through  the  pass.  This  defile,  which  extends  for  two  miles,  is  a 
deep  cut  through  the  solid  rock,  and  presented  obstacles  inferior 
to  none,  save  the  deep  excavation  at  Lockport.  This  place  re- 
ceived the  name  of  Little  Falls  in  contradistinction  to  the  Great 
Falls  at  Cohoes.  The  falls  extend  upon  the  river  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile,  descending  in  that  distance  42  feet,  and  consist 
of  two  long  lapids,  separated  by  a  stretch  of  deep  water,  each 
occupying  about  the  fourth  of  a  mile.  The  upper  rapids  are  the 
most  considerable.  Above  them,  a  dam  across  the  stream  ren- 
ders it  placid,  over  which  the  waters,  separated  by  a  small  island, 
form  beautiful  cascades  falling  into  a  deep  pool  beneath,  whence 
the  current  rushes,  murmuring  and  foaming,  over  ridges  and 
masses  of  rock, — flowing  with  comparative  gentleness  beneath 
the  overarching  bridge  and  aqueduct,  and  thence  hurrying,  with 
new  impetuosity,  over  the  stony  bed  below.  The  Erie  Canal 
descends  the  pass  by  five  locks,  40  feet  in  the  distance  of  one 
mile  ;  and  the  time  occupied  in  passing  it  affords  travellers  in 
boats  ample  time  to  view  leisurely  the  natural  scenery  and  artifi- 
cial improvements.  Here  are  to  be  seen  vast  works  of  art,  as 
well  as  of  nature,  costly  viaducts,  aqueducts,  locks,  raceways, 
waterfalls,  mills,  machinery,  and  a  noble  stream  urging  its  rapid 
course  over  its  rocky  bed  in  the  very  midst,  and  giving  life  and 
animation  to  all  around.  Here  is  the  beautiful  aqueduct  that 
spans  the  entire  volume  of  the  Mohawk,  (that  is  at  this  place 
compressed  into  its  narrowest  limits,)  resting  on  three  arches,  two 
of  50  and  one  of  70  feet  span,  and  thus  forming  a  navigable 
feeder  for  the  canal,  170  feet  long.  If  the  traveller  has  time  to 
tarry  here,  if  only  to  wait  for  the  next  train,  he  will  be  highly 
gratified  by  descending  to  the  stone  bridge  and  viewing  the  cen- 


\ 


UTTCA  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD. 


196 


tral  arch,  with  the  basin  beneath,  and  thon  climbing  up  to  the 
top  of  the  mountain  to  catch  a  view  of  the  Mohawk  valley  for  an 
extent  of  20  or  30  miles. 

Herkimer,  seven  miles  w.  from  Little  Falls,  is  the  county  town 
of  Herkimer.  The  village,  which  is  mostly  built  on  two  parallel 
streets,  contains  the  courthouse,  jail,  and  other  public  buildings, 
and  a  population  of  about  900. 

Richfield  Springs  are  situated  in  Otsego  county,  on  the  n. 
side  of  Schuyler's  Lake,  one  mile  distant ;  they  are  reached  from 
the  north,  east,  and  west,  by  railroad  or  the  Erie  Canal  to  Her- 
kimer, where  post-coaches  and  other  conveyances  are  in  constant 
readiness  to  convey  visitors  to  the  Springs,  V2  miles  distant. 
Their  location  is  in  the  vicinity  of  beautiful  lakes  that  afTord  the 
finest  variety  of  fish  ;  while  their  shores  and  the  neighboring 
hills  and  woods  abound  in  game.  At  the  lake,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Springs,  pleasure-boats  and  fishing  apparatus  are  always  kept 
in  readiness  for  visiters.  The  ride  to  Otsego  Lake,  six  miles 
distant,  is  over  a  fine  road.  Six  miles  farther  is  Cooperstown,  the 
residence  of  Mr.  Cooper,  the  novelist.  Cherry  Valley,  Spring- 
field, and  other  pleasant  villages,  are  within  the  circuit  of  a  few 
miles.  The  accommodations  at  the  Springs  for  visiters,  whethei 
in  search  of  pleasure  or  health,  have  recently  been  greatly  im- 
proved ;  and  the  hotels,  which  are  of  the  first  class,  furnish  every 
luxury  and  comfort  usually  found  at  those  resorts.  The  follow- 
ing is  an  analysis  of  the  Sulphur  Springs,  made  by  Professoi 
Reed,  formerly  of  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  now  consUi;  • 
ing  chemist  in  the  city  of  New  York  :  bicarbonate  of  magnesia, 
20  grains  ;  bicarbonate  of  lime,  10  grains ;  chloride  of  sodium 
and  magnesia,  1.5 ;  sulphate  of  magnesia,  90  ;  hydro.  sul;>h.  ol 
magnesia  and  lime,  2  ;  sulphate  of  lime,  90  ;  solid  mattei,  153.5 ; 
sulphureted  hydrogen  gas,  20.8  inches  per  gallon. 

Utica  is  situated  93  miles  from  Albany  by  railroad,  and  232 
from  Buffalo :  by  the  Erie  Canal  it  is  110  from  the  former  place, 
and  254  from  the  latter.  The  city  is  beautifully  located  on  the 
s.  side  of  the  Mohawk  river,  on  an  niclined  plane  rising  from  the 
river,  so  as  to  command,  from  its  elevated  parts,  many  fine 
views.  The  streets  are  generally  laid  out  with  regularity,  are  of 
good  width,  and  well  paved.    The  buildings,  which  are  of  brick} 


:i' 


!«C1 


it! 


196 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


are  mostly  of  a  superior  kind.  Its  population  is  about  15,000. 
It  contains  a  courthouse,  and  other  county  buildings,  banks,  nu- 
merous churches,  and  has  several  charitable  and  other  institu- 
tions. The  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  situated  on  elevated  ground, 
about  a  mile  west  of  the  centre  of  the  city,  has  fine  buildings, 
with  a  large  farm  attached  to  it.  This  institution,  which  is  an 
honor  to  the  state,  was  established  for  persons  of  unsound  mind 
resident  within  its  limits.  Friends  of  this  unfortunate  class  can 
always  obtain  admission  for  them  by  applying  to  the  proper  au- 
thorities. 

Utica  is  a  central  point  for  canals,  railroads,  and  turnpikes, 
which  radiate  from  it  in  all  directions.  The  railroads,  and  the 
Erie  Canal,  (which  is  here  70  feet  wide  and  seven  feet  deep,) 
pass  through  it,  on  the  east  to  Albany,  and  on  the  west  to  Buf- 
falo ;  and  the  Chenango  Canal,  which  is  here  joined  with  the 
Erie,  extends  s.  to  Binghamton,  in  Broome  county,  96  miles  dis- 
tant. The  country  around  is  fertile,  populous,  and  rich,  and  is 
the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade.  There  are  many  well-kept 
hotels  situated  on  Genesee-street,  the  principal  street  of  the  city. 
Stages  leave  Utica  for  all  the  chief  places  within  a  circuit  of 
many  miles ;  and  for  Ithaca,  94  miles  from  Utica,  three  times  a 
week. 

Trenton  Falls,  situated  on  West  Canada  Creek,  15  miles  In 
a  N.  E.  direction  from  Utica,  are  yearly  growing  in  interest  with 
tourists.  They  can  be  reached  by  conveyances  from  Little  Falls, 
Herkimer,  and  Utica :  they  are,  however,  nearer  to  the  latter 
place,  and  by  leaving  early  in  the  morning,  the  visiter,  if  he  in- 
tends devoting  but  one  day  to  them,  will  have  an  opportunity  of 
returning  in  the  evening.  These  falls,  which  are  six  in  number, 
commence  a  short  distance  above  the  High  Bridge,  on  the  Black 
River  road,  and  terminate  at  Conrad's  Mills :  embracing  a  dis- 
tance of  two  miles,  with  an  aggregate  full  of  312  ft.  The  ap- 
pearance of  the  falls  varies  greatly  with  the  state  of  the  water. 
The  scene,  which  at  all  times  possesses  great  interest,  is  in  sea- 
sons of  freshet  extremely  wild  and  exciting. 

There  is  a  well-kept  hotel  near  the  falls,  where  visiters  meet 
with  every  accommodation  ;  and  the  fine  trout  dinners  which  are 
usually  served  up  here  are  in  high  repute.    From  this  house  you 


h 


UTICA  AND  SCHENECTADY  RAILROAD. 


197 


View  ©f  Trenton  Falls. 

descend  a  pathway  leading  to  a  long  staircase  down  the  steep 
bank  of  the  West  Canada  Creek,  which  has  worn  a  frightful 
chiism  through  a  rocky  range,  in  some  places  150  ft  deep; 
tlience  you  proceed  up  the  stream,  and  follow  the  winding  foot- 
path to  Sherman's  Fall,  which  has  a  descent  of  35  ft,  with  its 
greatest  full  towards  the  west,  from  the  foot  of  which  the  stream 
pours  along,  with  less  rapidity  descending  to  Conrau's  Falls, 
which  have  a  pitch  of  about  20  ft  The  Hnrh  Falls  have  a 
pei-pendicular  pitch  of  109  ft,  and  are  divided  hy  rifts  in  the  rock 
into  three  different  and  splendid  cascades, — forming,  with  the 
chasm,  the  high  banks  covered  with  foliage,  and  the  rocky  cliffs, 
a  scene  of  the  wildest  grandeur.  The  Mill'Dam  Full,  from  the 
regularity  and  smoothness  of  the  rock,  has  a  uniform  pitch  of 
about  16  ft.,  with  a  width  of  175  ft.  The  waters  of  the  Upper 
Falls,  which  have  an  abrupt  descent  of  about  20  ft.,  are  received 
into  a  capacious  basin,  that  passes  off  through  a  wild  ravine  along 
the  rocky  bed  of  the  river,  for  about  a  mile,  towards  the  Cascades, 
which  have  a  fall  of  about  18  ft. 

A  few  years  ago,  two  young  ladies  lost  their  lives  hero,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  unprotected  state  in  wliich  a  narrow  ledge  of 
rocks  was  left,  at  the  foot  of  a  high  precipice,  and  on  the  brink 
overlooking  the  rushing  waters,  from  whence  they  fell  into  the 
boiling  stieam.    After  this  unfortunate  circumstance  it  was  made 


W, 


i 

I 


198 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


secure,  by  guarding  it  with  a  chain,  supported  by  iron  standards, 
made  fast  to  the  rock. 


I ''  I 


SYRACUSE  AND  UTIOA  RAILROAD.- (See  Map  No.  20.)— 
This  road  is  properly  an  extension  of  the  Utica  and  Schenectady 
Raihoad,  and  like  that  road,  is  one  in  the  chain  uniting  the  Hud- 
son with  Lake  Erie.  It  is  54  miles  in  length,  and  was  opened 
for  travel  m  1839,  and  cost,  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $1,350,000. 

Whitesboro\  four  miles  w.  cf  Utica,  is  a  pleasant  village,  sur 
rounded  by  rich  and  cultivated  land.     Pop.  about  2,000. — OriS" 
kany,  situated  on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  near  its  junction 
with  the  Mohawk,  is  a  small  but  thriving  place  seven  miles  from 
Utica. 

Rome,  15  miles,  and  from  Albany  by  railroad  108,  and  by  the 
Erie  Canal  125  miles,  is  situated  between  the  Mohawk  river  and 
Wood  Creek,  and  is  handsomely  laid  out,  having  wide  streets 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  two  squares.  It  contains 
a  courthouse,  jail,  county-offices,  United  States  arsenal,  a  num- 
ber of  workshops,  and  about  2,500  inhabitants.  The  village, 
which  is  a  semi-capital  of  the  county,  is  built  on  the  site  of  Fort 
Stanvvix,  erected  in  1758,  and  rebuilt  during  the  revolutionary 
war,  under  the  name  of  Fort  Schuyler,  on  the  summit-level  be- 
tween the  ocean  and  Lake  Ontario.  Hawley^s  Basin,  on  the 
canal,  four  miles  distant,  is  a  small  but  growing  place. 

Verona  Centre,  Oneida  Depot,  and  Watnpsvillc,  are  small 
and  unimportant  places  on  the  route.  At  the  second  of  these, 
the  passenger  cars  usually  stop  a  few  minutes. 

Syracuse,  54  miles  from  Utica,  situated  on  both  railroad  and 
canal,  is  147  miles  from  Albany  and  178  from  Buffalo,  by  the 
railroad,  and  171  miles  from  Albany  and  103  from  Buffalo,  by 
the  canal.  It  was  incorporated  in  1825,  and  now  contains  about 
8,000  inhabitants.  The  village  and  surrounding  country  are 
celebrated  for  the  manufacture  of  salt,  made  from  brine  springs 
which  abound  here.  These  works  are  an  important  source  of 
revenue  to  the  state,  which  receives  six  cents  per  bushel  on  all 
that  is  manufactured  here.  Fine  salt  is  made  by  evaporation  by 
heat,  and  coarse  salt  by  solar  evaporation.  The  Oswego  Canal 
connects  Syracuse  and  the  Erie  Canal  with  Lake  Ontario.    The 


OSWEGO  AND  SYRACUSE  RAILROAD. 


199 


Syracuse  House,  an  excellent  hotel  near  the  railroad  depot,  and 
the  Empire  House,  which  has  recently  been  built  and  elegantly 
furnished,  are  the  principal  hotels.  Omnibuses  leave  Syracuse 
for  Salina  every  hour.  The  canal-boats  stop  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
8.  of  the  railroad  depot. 

At  Syracuse,  the  railroad  and  canal,  which  have  kept  in  close 
proximity  with  each  other  from  Schenectady,  take  a  separate 
course,  each  winding  and  twisting  about  until  they  again  meet  at 
Rochester,  the  railroad  crossing  the  canal  at  Pittsford ;  whence 
they  again  diverge,  the  Erie  Canal  taking  a  westerly  direction  to 
Lockport,  and  thence  a  southerly  one  to  Buffalo.  The  railroad 
takes  a  course  s.  w.  to  Batavia ;  thence  southerly  to  Attica ; 
thence  almost  due  west  to  Buffalo.  Those  journeying  west,  can 
select  either  of  the  above  routes,  or  the  canal  route  from  Syra- 
cuse to  Oswego,  38  miles, — the  usual  time  being  seven  hours,  and 
the  faro  ^1.50, — and  there  take  the  steamboat  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Genesee  river.  (See  the  following  route.)  Travellers  can  also 
go  from  Oswego  to  Niagara  Falls.  Fare,  including  meals,  $4.00 
to  $5.00.     (For  continuation  of  the  western  route  see  page  200.) 

OSWEGO  AND  SYRACUSE  RAILROAD.— The  opening  of  this 
road  now  completes  the  chain  of  communication  which  con- 
nects Luke  Ontario  by  railroad  and  steamboat  with  the  Atlantic 
cities.  It  extends  from  Oswego  on  the  lake  to  Syracuse,  there 
uniting  with  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  chain  of  railroads  from  Bos- 
ton to  Buffalo.  Its  entire  length  is  35  miles:  its  highest  grade 
does  not  exceed  19^  feet,  and  that  only  for  a  short  distance,  and 
most  of  the  grades  are  under  14  feet.  It  is  in  a  great  degree  free 
from  curves,  and  those  which  exist  are  of  a  radius  varying  from 
400  to  11,000  feet.  The  entire  cost  is  estimated  at  $437,500,  or 
$12,500  per  mile  ;  it  is  to  bo  constructed  in  the  best  possible  man- 
ner, and  of  heavy  rail,  and  will  be  opened  for  travel  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1848. 

Oswego,  a  port  of  entry,  and  semi-capital  of  Oswego  county, 
N.  Y.,  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Oswego  river,  at  its  confluence 
with  Lake  Ontario.  Its  location  affords  great  facilities  for  com- 
merce and  manufactures,  (the  great  water-power  of  the  river  be- 
ing applied  to  the  lutt.r  purpose  J  commanding,  us  it  does,  the 


200 


BAILROAD  AND   STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


markets  of  the  lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  river ;  also  the  iute- 
riorof  the  state,  and  the  city  of  N.York  by  the  railroad  and 
canal  from  Oswego  to  Syracuse,  and  here  with  the  Erie  Canal 
and  the  railroads  diverging  from  thence  both  on  the  e.  and  on  the 
w.  Tlie  harbor,  if  we  except  that  of  Suckett's  Harbor,  is  the  best 
port  on  Lake  Ontario  ;  it  is  formed  by  a  pier  or  mole  filled  with 
stone,  1,219  feet  long  on  the  w.  side,  and  250  feet  on  tlie  e.  side, 
with  an  entrance  between  them  sufficient  for  the  egress  and  in- 
gress of  vessels.  The  de])th  of  water  within  the  pier  is  from  10 
to  20  feet.  The  entire  cost  of  this  work  was  ,^93,000.  The 
population  of  Oswego,  according  to  a  census  in  completed, 
(184B,)  is  9,539  ;  East  Oswego  having  4,341,  and  West  Oswego 
5,198.  In  1840  the  entire  population  was  4,500,  and  in  1845  it 
was  6,818.  Steamboats,  during  the  period  of  navigation,  run  to 
the  pi'incipal  places  on  Lake  Ontario  ;  also  to  Rochester  and  Lew- 
iston. 


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AUBURN  AND  SYRACUSE  RAILROAD,  western  route  continued 
from  page  199. — (See  Map  No.  21.) — This  short  road  runs  from 
Syracuse  to  Auburn,  26  miles,  and  is  the  fourth  separate  line  on 
the  route  from  Albany  to  Buffalo.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in 
1839,  and  cost  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $820,000. 

Skaneateles,  live  miles  s.  of  the  Auburn  and  Syracuse  Rail- 
road, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  branch  railroad,  is  delight- 
fully situated  at  the  foot  of  Skaneateles  Lake.  The  site  of  the 
village  is  one  of  surpassing  beauty,  commanding  a  view  of  tlio 
lake  for  seven  or  eight  miles,  and  of  the  country  rising  gently 
from  the  shore  into  hills  100  feet  high,  the  dides  of  which  are 
highly  cultivated,  and  surrounded  by  fine  farms  and  country  res- 
idences. The  lake  is  16  miles  loug,  and  from  half  a  mile  to  one 
and  a  half  wide,  and  abounds  with  trout,  salmon-trout,  and  other 
fish.  Its  water  is  deep  and  remarkably  pure,  its  bottom  gravelly, 
and  its  shores  bold  and  picturescjue,  rising,  towards  the  head  oi 
the  lake,  abruptly  several  hundred  feet. 

Auburn^  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  thriving  villages  in  the 
state,  is  situated  on  the  Outlet,  two  and  a  half  xniles  from  Owasco 
Lake.  This  lake,  which  is  12  miles  long  and  about  one  wide, 
contains  au  abundance  of  excellent  fish,  and  is  a  great  resort  for 


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AUBURN  AND  ROCHESTER  RAILROAD. 


201 


anglers.  The  shores  of  the  lake  are  surrounded  by  rugged  and 
picturesque  scenerj'.  Auburn  is  173  miles  w.  from  Albany,  and 
153  E.  from  Buffalo,  and  contains  about  6,000  inhabitants.  The 
streets  are  wide,  well  paved,  and  there  are  handsome  ranges  of 
stone  and  brick  stores,  and,  in  the  retired  parts,  some  tasteful 
dwellings  and  ornamented  grounds.  The  Auburn  State  Prison, 
located  on  the  n.  side  of  the  Owasco  Outlet,  is  a  splendid  edifice 
of  its  kind,  erected  at  a  cost  of  more  than  half  a  million  of  dollars 
The  enclosure  forms  a  square,  500  feet  on  a  side,  surrounded  by  a 
stone  wall  2,000  feet  long,  and  from  16  to  40  feet  high.  The 
Owasco  Outlet  runs  along  the  outside  of  the  s.  wall,  and  moves 
a  water-wheel  attached  to  a  shaft,  which  extends  through  the 
wall,  and  sets  in  motion  the  machinery  within  the  prison.  The 
buildinjT  forms  three  sides  of  a  square,  the  front  of  which  is  276 
feet  loii^r,  and  the  wings  242  feet  long  and  45  wide.  The  main 
building  faces  to  the  e.  The  n.  wing  is  divided  into  solitary  cells 
and  a  hospital,  and  the  s.  wing  into  cells.  Between  the  wings 
is  an  area  of  grass  and  gravelled  walks  ;  to  the  w.  of  this  is  the 
interior  yard,  surrounded  with  workshops  built  against  the  outer 
wall.  In  the  front  part  of  the  main  building  is  the  residence  of 
the  keeper,  and  offices  for  the  clerk  and  agent.  The  walls  that 
form  the  enclosure  are  35  feet  high,  4  thick,  and  2,000  in  extent, 
or  500  feet  on  each  front.  The  prisoners  labor  together  in  silence 
when  at  work,  and  when  not  employed  are  confined  in  solitary 
cells.  Visiters  can  obtain  admission  within  the  walls  by  paying 
a  small  fee. 

AUBURN"  AND  ROCHESTER  RAILROAD,  (See  Map  No.  21.) 
— This  road  forms  the  fifth  link  in  the  Great  Western  line  of 
railroads  from  Albany  to  Buffalo.  It  joins  with  the  Auburn  and 
Syracuse  Railroad,  and  extends  from  Auburn  to  Rochester,  a  dis- 
tance of  77  miles.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1840,  and  cost, 
up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $2,087,797. 

Cayuga  village  lies  on  the  n.  e.  side  of  Cayuga  Lake,  and 
contains  about  350  inhabitants.  The  celebrated  "  Cayuga  Bridge," 
a  mile  and  eight  rods  in  length,  here  crosses  the  lake,  and  gives 
the  traveller  an  extensive  and  beautiful  view  of  this  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, and  its  highly  cultivated  shores,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach. 


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202 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  railroad  bridge,  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  is  carried  over  its  n 
end.  Cayuga  Lake  is  a  beautiful  expanse  of  very  transparent 
water,  40  miles  long,  and  from  ono  to  four  broad.  Its  outlet  is 
about  25  miles  s.  of  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  surrounded  by  well- 
cultivated  farms  and  thriving  villages,  and  abounds  with  salmon- 
trout,  pickerel,  perch,  white-fish,  pike,  &c.  Owing  to  its  depth, 
which  is  said  in  some  places  to  exceed  500  feet,  it  is  rarely  closed 
by  ice,  even  in  the  most  rigorous  winters.  Steamboats  ply  be- 
tween Cayuga  Bridge  and  Ithaca  in  its  s.  part,  a  distance  of  40 
miles,  stopping  at  intermediate  places.  These  boats  run  in  con- 
nection with  the  cars  on  the  Auburn  and  Rochester,  and  the 
Ithaca  and  Owego  railroads,  and  also  with  the  various  stage 
routes  in  this  vicinity.  The  boats  leave  Ithaca  at  an  early  hour 
in  the  morning  daily  for  Cuyuga  Bridge,  arriving  in  time  for  the 
trains  goiug  either  east  or  west.     (For  Ithacu,  see  page  151.) 

Seneca  Falls  village,  situated  on  both  sides  of  tiie  outlet  of 
Seneca  Lake,  is  16  miles  w.  from  Auburn.  The  water-power 
afforded  by  the  outlet  is  very  great,  the  descent  in  12  miles  be- 
ing about  80  feet.  The  Cayuga  and  Seneca  Canal,  which  unites 
with  the  Erie  Canal  at  Montezuma,  passes  through  the  village. 

Waterloo  lies  on  the  outlet  of  Seneca  Lake,  along  which  runs 
the  Seneca  Canal,  and  the  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad, 
which  passes  through  the  village.  It  contains  grist  and  saw  mills, 
tanneries,  and  other  evidences  of  industry,  and  is  a  busy  place, 
with  a  population  of  about  2,500. 

Geneva,  situated  at  the  n.  w.  corner  of  Seneca  Lake,  which  is 
here  about  two  miles  wide,  is  52  miles  w.  from  Syracuse,  51  s.  e. 
from  Rochester,  199  from  Albany,  and  12G  from  Buffalo.  It  is 
built  upon  the  side  and  summit  of  an  eminence  rising  up  from 
the  lake,  the  plane  of  which,  elevated  more  than  100  feet  above 
the  lake,  affords  a  fine  view  of  this  beautiful  expanse  of  water, 
the  high  and  sloping  shore  beyond  it,  and  the  valley  of  its  outlet. 
Upon  the  w.  it  is  bounded  by  low  hills,  rising  by  terraces,  highly 
cultivated,  and  adorned  with  handsome  dwellings.  The  principal 
street  of  the  village  runs  near  to,  and  parallel  with  the  lake  shore, 
and  the  mansions  on  the  eastern  side  have  hanging  gardens  reach- 
ing to  the  water's  edge.  The  business  part  of  the  village,  which 
is  compactly  built,  extends  to  the  plain  that  lies  at  the  foot  of  the 


AUBURN  AND  ROCHESTER  RAILROAD. 


203 


ake,  and  contains  many  fine  stores,  &c.  The  accommodations 
at  the  several  hotels  are  very  good,  and  the  charges  moderate. 
Conveyance  can  readily  be  obtained  to  any  part  of  the  village 
or  vicinity.  Steamboats  ply  regularly  on  the  lake,  connecting 
with  stage  routes  to  Elmira  and  Corning,  and  at  the  latter  place 
with  the  railroad  to  Blossburg,  in  the  n.  part  of  Pennsylvania. 

Seneca  Lake,  one  of  the  most  beautiful,  and  the  largest  of  tho 
lakes  of  Western  New  York,  is  40  miles  long,  and  varies  in  width 
from  two  to  four  miles.  From  its  great  depth,  which,  12  miles 
from  its  outlet,  Is  560  feet,  it  is  never  entirely  frozen  over.  It  is 
elevated  431  foet  above  tidewater.  Its  outlet,  which  is  at  the 
northeastern  angle,  affords  great  water-power  at  Waterloo  and 
Seneca  Falls.  The  outlet  of  Crooked  Lake  enters  Seneca  Lake 
12  miles  s.  of  Geneva,  having  a  descent  of  265  feet.  A  canal 
extends  from  its  north  end  to  the  Erie  Canal,  and  another  con- 
nects it  with  Crooked  Lake. 

Canandaigua,  on  the  Auburn  and  Rochester  Railroad,  221 
miles  from  Albany,  104  from  Buffalo,  74  from  Syracuse,  and  29 
from  Rochester,  is  finely  situated  on  a  plain  at  the  n.  end  of  Ca- 
nandaigua Lake.  The  ground  descends  gently  towards  the  lake, 
presenting  a  fine  view  of  it  from  the  village.  The  town  is  beau- 
tifully built,  lying  chiefly  in  two  parallel  streets,  running  n.  and 
s.,  and  crossed  at  right  angles  by  a  number  of  others.  At  the 
centre  is  a  fine  public  square,  on  which  stands  the  courthouse  and 
other  public  buildings.  No  town  in  the  state  excels  this  in  pic- 
turesque beauty,  or  is  a  more  desirable  place  of  residence,  it  being 
surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  country,  producing  every  luxury 
and  comfort. — Canandaigua  Lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
14  miles  long,  and  from  a  mile  to  a  mile  and  a  half  wide,  presents 
on  its  shores  much  delightful  scenery.  Its  waters,  which  are 
elevated  670  feet  above  the  ocean,  are  very  deep,  beautifully 
clear,  and  contain  a  variety  of  excellent  fish.  The  Burning 
Spring  is  situated  in  a  ravine,  on  the  w.  side  of  Bristol,  eight 
miles  s.  e.  from  Canandaigua.  Tho  gas  rises,  through  fissures  of 
slate-rock,  from  the  margin  and  bed  of  a  brook :  where  it  passes 
through  the  water  it  is  in  bubbles,  and  flashes  only  when  a  flame 
is  applied  ;  but  where  it  flows  directly  from  the  rock,  it  burns  with 
a  steady  and  beautiful  flame.    In  winter  it  forms  openings  'm  the 


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204 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


snow,  and  being  set  on  fire,  presents  the  novel  spectacle  of  a  fiame 
rising  out  of  the  snow.  In  very  cold  weather,  tubes  of  ice  are 
formed  around  these  currents  of  gas,  to  the  height  of  two  or  three 
feet,  the  gas  issuing  from  their  tops.  When  burning  in  a  still 
evening,  these  natural  gas-lights  present  a  beautiful  appearance. 

Rochester  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Genesee  river,  seven  miles 
8.  of  Lake  Ontario ;  by  railroad  w.  from  Albany  250  miles — by 
the  Erie  Canal,  269  ;  and  e.  from  Buffalo,  by  the  former  route 
75  miles — by  the  latter,  95.  The  population,  in  1820,  was  1,502  ; 
in  1830,  9,269  ;  in  1840,  20,191.  It  was  founded  in  1812,  by 
Nathaniel  Rochester,  and  others,  all  of  whom  were  from  Mary- 
land;  and  was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1817 — as  a  city  in 
1834.  It  is  handsomely  laid  out,  with  considerable,  though  not 
entire,  regularity.  The  e.  and  w.  parts  of  the  city  are  connect- 
ed by  three  bridges,  and  the  river  is  also  crossed  in  the  middle  of 
the  city  by  the  splendid  aqueduct  of  the  Erie  Canal,  which  rests 
on  11  arches,  is  804  feet  long,  and  cost  $80,000.  The  streets 
are  spacious,  with  a  width  varying  from  60  to  80  feet,  well  paved 
in  the  centre,  with  convenient  sidewalks  ;  and  there  are  also 
several  public  squares  which  are  enclosed.  Buifalo-st.,  which  is 
broad  and  straight,  runs  through  the  centre  of  the  city,  crossing 
the  river  on  a  bridge  :  on  the  east  side  it  is  called  Main-st.  The 
city  is  handsomely  built,  chiefly  with  brick,  and  a  large  number 
of  the  stores  and  dwellings  are  elegant ;  many  of  the  houses 
have  fine  gardens,  ornamented  with  fruit-trees  and  shrubbery. 
Some  of  the  churches  and  public  buildings  are  handsome  struc- 
tures. 

Rochester  owes  its  rapid  growth  and  present  greatness  to  the 
vast  water-power  created  by  the  falls  in  Genesee  river,  which 
amount  to  268  feet  within  the  bounds  of  the  city,  in  which  are 
three  successive  perpendicular  falls  of  96,  20,  and  105  feet,  be- 
sides rapids.  On  these  rapids  and  falls  are  many  large  flouring- 
mills,  not  surpassed  by  any  others  in  the  world,  and  numerous 
other  hydraulic  works.  These  mills  are  capable  of  manufactu- 
ring 5,000  barrels  of  flour  daily. 

As  a  seat  of  commerce,  the  city  is  most  admirably  situated. 
]  I  is  the  port  of  entry  of  the  Genesee  collection  district,  and  by 
Lake  Ontario  may  participate  iu  all  the  trade  of  the  St.  Law- 


AUBURN  AND  ROCHESTER  RAILROAD. 


205 


rence  basin.  Vessels  come  up  the  Genesee  river  from  the  lake 
to  Carthage,  2^  miles  n.  of  the  centre  of  the  city,  wiiero  steam- 
boats arrive  and  depart  daily,  and  to  which  there  is  a  railroad 
from  the  city.  The  river  is  navigable  for  boats  to  the  head  of 
the  rapids,  a  distance  of  53  miles,  and  steamboats  of  light  burden 
may  ply  between  the  city  and  the  village  of  Avon,  20  miles  s. 
The  Erie  Ci.ual  passes  centrally  through  the  city,  giving  it  ac- 
cess on  the  east  to  Albany,  and  thence  by  the  Hudson  river  to 
New  York ;  and  on  the  west  to  Buffalo,  and  thence  to  the  upper 
lakes  and  the  great  West.  The  Genesee  Valley  Canal  is  to 
connect  it  with  Olean  on  the  Alleghany  river,  and  thence  with 
Pittsburg.  The  chain  of  railroads  from  Boston  to  Buffalo  passes 
through  it,  giving  it  a  ready  access  to  both  sections  of  the  coun- 
try, and  intermediate  places.  It  has  several  well-kopt  and 
elegantly  furnished  hotels,  where  the  traveller  will  find  every 
accommodation.  The  principal  ones  are  the  Eagle,  American^ 
New  Mannion  House,  (Jonyress  Hall,  Clinton,  Rochester,  Island 
Hotel,  (kc,  <kc. 

The  Genesee  Falls  arc  seen  to  the  best  advantage  from  the 
E.  side  of  the  stream.  The  railroad  cars  pass  about  100  rods  s. 
of  the  most  southerly  fall  on  Genesee  River,  so  that  passengers 
in  crossing  lose  the  view.  These  falls  have  three  perpendicular 
pitches,  and  two  rapids ;  the  first  great  cataract  is  80  rods  below 
the  aqueduct,  the  stream  plunging  perpendicularly  96  feet.  The 
ledge  here  recedes  up  the  river  from  the  centre  to  the  sides, 
breaking  the  water  into  three  distinct  sheets,  unsurpassed  in 
beauty  by  any  waterfall  in  the  state,  although  those  of  Niagara 
and  Cohoes  have  more  sublimity.  From  Table  Rock,  in  the 
centre  of  these  falls,  Sam  Patch  made  his  last  and  fatal  leap. 
The  river  below  the  first  cataract  is  broad  and  deep,  with  occa- 
sional rapids  to  the  second  fall,  where  it  again  descends  perpen- 
dicularly 20  feet.  Thence  the  river  pursues  its  course,  which  is 
noisy  and  rapid,  to  the  third  and  last  fall,  over  which  it  pours  its 
flood  down  a  perpendicular  descent  of  105  feet.  Below  this  fall 
are  numerous  rapids  which  continue  to  Carthage,  the  end  of 
navigation  on  the  Genesee  river  from  Lake  Ontario.  The 
entire  descent  from  Rochester  to  Carthage  is  stated  at  268  feet. 

Mount  HopCf  a  rural  cemetery  amidst  wild  and  picturesque 


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206 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


scenery,  is  situated  two  miles  s.  of  the  railroad  depot,  and  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  e  f  the  river  and  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal. 
It  is  said  to  surpass  in  beauty  either  Greenwood  at  Brooklyn,  or 
Mt.  Auburn  near  Boston.  Omnibuses  leave  Rochester  for  ML 
Hope  many  times  daily.     Fare  12^  cents. 

The  Avon  Springs,  v/hich  are  yearly  increasing  in  public 
favor,  are  situated  in  the  valley  of  the  Genesee,  19  miles  from 
Rochester,  and  25  from  Canandaigua.  The  village,  which  is  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  river,  is  elevated  100  feet  above  it,  and  is 
delightfully  situated  on  a  terrace,  commanding  an  extensive  view 
of  the  neighboring  country.  The  waters  of  these  springs  have 
obtained  celebrity,  from  their  efficacy  in  curing  various  disorders ; 
this,  added  to  the  rural  attractions  of  the  spot,  induces  thousands 
to  visit  them.  The  hotels  are  the  Com<*tock  House,  which  has 
recently  been  enlarged,  and  finished  with  drawing  and  sleeping 
rooms  in  the  most  elegant  modern  style ;  the  Avon  Hotel,  an 
excellent  house,  also  greatly  improved ;  the  American,  Knicket' 
backer  Hall,  and  the  Pavilion,  which  afibrd  fine  accommoda- 
tions. A  stage  leaves  Rochester,  during  the  season,  every 
morning,  and  packet-boats  on  the  Genesee  Valley  Canal  land 
passengers  within  two  miles,  from  which  point  carriages  are  in 
readiness  to  convey  them  to  the  Springs. 

From  Rochester  there  are  three  modes  of  conveyance  to 
Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls.  The  route  by  railroad  to  Buffalo, 
74  miles,  is  tho  most  expeditious ;  the  canal  route,  95  miles, 
is,  however,  the  cheapest.  Steamboats,  during  the  season  of 
navigation,  run  daily  from  Carthage,  which  is  connected  with 
Rochester  by  railroad,  to  Lewiston,  on  the  Niagara  river ;  and 
thence  the  passengers  are  conveyed  by  railroad  to  Niagara  Falls 
and  Buffalo.  The  wholo  distance  from  Rochester  to  Niagara 
Falls,  by  the  railroad,  about  to  be  built,  is  81  miles,  26  of  which 
(from  Lockport  to  the  Falls)  are  already  in  operation.  When 
this  road  is  finished,  it  will  complete  a  chain  of  railroad  from  Bos- 
ton to  a  point  in  Canada  opposite  Detroit,  Mich. ;  and  when  the 
roads  from  New  York  to  Albany  are  finished,  it  will  make  a  line 
from  the  metropolis  to  the  same  point,  via  Niagara  Falls,  and 
through  Upper  Canada. 

Lockport t  on  the  Erie  Canal,  31  miles  n.  k.  from  Buffalo* 


ATTICA  AND  BUFFALO  RAILROAD. 


207 


contains  the  deep  excavation  for  the  canal,  cut  through  the 
mountain  ridge  for  the  distance  of  th''oe  miles,  at  an  average 
depth  of  20  feet,  in  limestone  rock.  It  descends  in  a  natural 
ravine  from  the  higher  to  the  lower  plain,  by  five  double  locks  of 
12  feet  lift  each  ;  so  that  whilst  one  boat  ascends,  another  may 
descend  the  steep.  These  locks,  which  are  of  superior  workman- 
ship, with  stone  steps  in  the  centre  and  at  either  side,  are  guard- 
ed with  iron  railings  for  the  convenience  of  passengers.  The 
canal  being  supplied  by  Tonawanta  creek  from  the  inexhaustible 
reservoir.  Lake  Erie,  distant  30  miles,  affords  an  abundant  supply 
of  water  for  hydraulic  purposes,  whence  the  village  chiefly  de- 
rives its  prosperity.  From  the  foot  of  the  steps  the  canal  con- 
tinues upon  one  level  of  66  miles,  ending  two  miles  e.  of  Rochester. 


Si! 


TONAWANDA  RAILROAD,  (see  Map  No.  22.)— This  road  ex- 
tends from  Rochester  to  Attica,  and  is  a  continuation,  from  the 
former  place,  of  the  roads  from  Albany  to  Buffalo  and  Niagara 
Falls.  It  is  43  miles  in  length,  aiid  the  cost  of  construction  up  to 
Jan.  1,  1848,  was  $753,555. 

This  road  passes  through  the  villages  of  Chili,  9  miles ; 
Churchville,  13;  Bergen,  17 ',  Byron,  25 1  Batavia,32',  Alex- 
ander, 40,  and  to  Attica,  43  miles. 


ATTIOA  AND  BUFFALO  i^AILROAD,  (see  Map  Na  22.)— 
This  road  extends  from  Attica  to  Buffalo,  32  miles,  and  com- 
pletes the  great  chain  in  the  lino  of  railroads  extending  from 
Boston  to  the  waters  of  Lake  Erie,  and  by  the  Hudson  river  to 
the  city  of  New  York.  It  was  opened  for  travel  in  1842,  and 
cost  in  its  construction,  up  to  Jan.  1,  1848,  $»412,188. 

The  principal  places  on  this  route  are  Darien,  6  miles  from 
Attica;  Alden,  11  miles;  Lancaster,  21  miles;  Checktatoagaj 
26  miles.     We  now  arrive  at  Buffalo. 

Buffalo. — This  city,  a  port  of  entry,  and  the  capital  of  Erie 
county,  is  situated  on  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the  head  of 
Niagara  river,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  creek,  which  forms 
its  harbor.  It  is  frcai  Albany,  by  railroad,  325  miles, — by  the 
Erie  Canal  364  miles ;  470  from  New  York ;  22  s.  s.  e.  from 
Niagara  Falls;  75  from  Rochester,  by  railroad;  31  from  Ijock- 


if 


208 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Dort ;  103  n.  n.  e.  from  Cleveland,  Ohio ;  290  e.  by  n.  from  De- 
.roit ;  and  597  from  Chicago,  Ilhnois. 

Buffalo  was  originally  laid  out  in  1801,  but  grew  slowly  until 
1812,  in  which  year  it  became  a  military  post.  In  Dec.  1613, 
every  building  in  it,  save  two,  was  burnt  by  a  party  of  British 
and  Indians.  It  soon,  however,  rose  from  its  ashes,  and  in  four 
years  afterwards  contained  upwards  of  100  buildings,  some  of 
them  large  and  elegant.  Pop.  in  1825,  only  2,412;  in  1835, 
15,661;  in  1845,  29,773;  and  in  January,  1848,  it  contained 
40,000.  At  the  close  of  the  war  of  1812,  the  United  States 
P-iid  the  inhabitants  of  Buffalo  a  compensation  of  ,*^80,000  for 
the  losses  they  had  sustained  by  the  conflagration  of  1813. 

Buffalo  owes  the  commencement  of  her  jnosperity  to  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Erie  Canal,  which  was  opened  in  1825.  It  war 
incorporated  as  a  city  in  April,  1832,  is  divided  into  five  wards, 
and  governed  by  a  mayor  and  common  council,  annually  elected. 
It  is  laid  out  partly  on  a  bluffer  terrace,  rising  50  feet  above  the 
lake,  and  partly  on  the  low  ground  or  marsh  towards  the  lake 
and  creek.  The  marsh  having  been  drained,  is  now  become  the 
business  part  of  the  city.  The  ground  on  which  the  city  is  built 
rises  gradually  from  the  creek,  which  runs  through  its  s.  part,  and 
at  "  distance  of  two  miles  it  becomes  an  extended  plain,  ele- 
vated 50  feet  above  Lake  Erie,  whence  there  is  a  delightful  view 
of  the  lake,  the  Niagara  river,  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  Canada 
ehore.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  broad  and  straight 
streets  that  intersect  usually  at  right  angles.  Main-st.,  more  than 
two  miles  long  and  120  feet  broad,  is  occupied  on  either  side  with 
fine,  lofty  stores,  dwellings,  and  hotels,  which  present  an  imposing 
appearance.  The  three  public  squares,  Niagara,  Franklin,  and 
Washington,  which  are  planted  with  trees,  add  much  to  the 
beauty  and  health  of  the  city.  Buffalo  has  a  courthouse,  jail, 
county-clerk's  office,  two  markets,  in  the  upper  story  of  one  of 
Wiiich  are  the  common-council  chamber  and  city  offices,  about 
twenty  churcheS;  several  banking-houses,  a  theatre,  and  many 
spacious  and  elegant  hotels. 

A  pier,  of  wood  and  stone,  extends  1,500  feet  on  the  s.  side  of 
the  mouth  of  the  creek,  forming  a  breakwater,  for  the  protection 
of  vessels  from  the  violent  gales  occasionally  experienced  here. 


BUFFALO  AND  NIAGARA  FALLS  RAILROAD. 


209 


The  lighthouse,  46  feet  high  and  20  in  diameter,  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  pier,  is  a  substantial  and  beautiful  structure,  built  of 
dressed  yellowish  limestone. 

Buffalo  has  already  become  a  great  commercial  mart,  from  the 
trading  facilities  afforded  by  the  canal  and  railroad,  in  connection 
with  the  lake  navigation,  which  has  an  extent  of  some  thousands 
of  miles.  It  has  communication  on  the  e.  by  canal  with  Albany, 
and  thence  by  a  chain  of  railroads,  525  miles  long,  with  Boston. 
It  is  also  connected  by  railroad  with  Niagara  Falls  and  Lewiston, 
on  the  north. 

The  principal  hotels  in  Buffalo  are  the  American,  Mansion 
House,  Western,  United  States,  Commercial,  Exchange,  and 
Huff's.  There  are  also  other  excellent  houses,  where  the  wants 
of  travellers  are  well  attended  to.  (For  routes  from  Buffalo  to 
Detroit,  Chicago,  &c.,  see  page  298. 


BUFFALO  AND  NIACJARA  FALLS  RAILROAD.-This  road 
extends  from  Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls,  22  miles  ;  it  was  opened 
for  travel  in  1836,  and  the  cost  of  construction  to  Jan.  1,  1848, 
was  {j^204,902.  The  toti'.l  number  of  passengers  carried  over  the 
road  during  the  year  was  66,506. 

Routes  fuom  Buffalo  to  Niagara  Falls. — (See  Map  No. 
22.) — Visiters  can  reach  Niagara  Falls  from  Buffalo,  cither  oy 
the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad,  or  by  stcainhnat  to 
Chippowa,  on  the  Canada  side,  or  to  Sclilo.sser,  on  the  Ani"ri(  un 
side.  These  Falls  are  also  reached  from  Rochester  by  th?  Lrie 
Canal  to  Lockport,  and  thence  by  railroad  to  the  Fal!.-  ,  .here- 
by dispensing  with  the  route  through  Buffalo, — a  saving  of  both 
time  and  expense.  By  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Foils  Rail- 
road, passengers  are  conveyed  direct  tc  the  Falls,  on  the  Ameri- 
can side,  22  miles  distant ;  and  froin  the  steamboat-landing  at 
Schlosser,  either  by  the  cars  or  stugr,  running  direct  to  the 
Falls.  From  the  landing  at  Chippewa,  the  railroad  connecting 
Queenston  witli  that  place  takes  you  to  Niagara  Falls,  a  sl>ort 
distance  n.  of  Chippowa,  stopping  opposite  the  Pavilion  Hotel, 
and  about  half  a  mile  from  the  Clifton  House.  The  fare  on 
each  of  the  routes  from  Buffalo  is  75  cents;  going  and  return- 
ing hi/  the  same  councyancc,  }$1.25. 

14 


210 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT   CGMFAMON. 


▼law  of  Klagtura  FftUa 


PALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 
(See  Map  No.  29.) 

These  Falls  are  believed  to  be  the  most  sublime  object  of  the 
kind  in  the  world.  Langiiajje  is  iucfpablo  of  conveying  to  the 
mind  an  adequate  description  of  their  beauties.  Their  immensity 
raises  emotions  of  terror,  wonder,  and  delight,  in  all  who  look 
upon  them.  There  are  other  falls  which  have  a  greater  perpen- 
dicular descent,  but  none  in  the  known  world  where  such  a  mass 
of  water  is  precipitated  from  so  great  a  height.  It  has  been  com- 
puted that  the  quantity  of  water  discharged  over  tho  Falls  is 
670,000  tons  per  minute.  On  viewing  'this  magnificent  work  of 
nature,  the  words  of  the  Psalmist  are  forcibly  brought  to  mind : 
"  I  will  remember  the  works  of  the  Lord.  Thou  art  the  God 
that  docst  wonders.  The  waters  saw  theo,  O  God  ;  the  depths 
also  were  troubled  ;  the  earth  trembled  and  shook.  Thy  way  is 
in  the  sea,  and  thy  path  in  the  great  waters,  and  thy  foosteps  are 
not  known." 

The  Falls  are  situated  on  the  Niagara  river,  14  iwUs  above 
Lake  Ontario,  and  23  below  Lake  Erie,  on  tho  New  York  side. 


■wr^. 


V  r 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


211 


I' 


The  river  forms  the  outlet  of  the  waters  of  tlie  grctxt  upper  lakes, 
which,  toj;;ethfr  with  Erie  and  Ontario,  drain,  according  to  Pro- 
fessor Drake  of  Kentucky,  an  area  of  country  equal  to  40,000 
square  miles,  and  the  extent  of  their  surface  is  estimated  at 
93,000  square  miles.  These  lakes  contain  nearly  one-half  of  the 
fresh  water  on  the  surface  of  the  glohe.  At  the  distance  of  ahout 
three-fourths  of  a  mile  above  the  Falls,  the  river  begins  a  rapid 
descent,  making  within  that  distance  a  succession  of  slopes,  equal 
to  52  feet  on  the  American  side,  and  57  on  the  opposite  one  ;  and 
forming  a  powerful  current  at  the  Falls,  it  turns  at  a  right  angle 
to  the  N.  E.,  and  is  then  suddenly  contracted  in  width  from  three 
miles  to  three-fourths  of  a  mile.  Below  the  cataract  the  river  is 
:nly  half  a  mile  wide,  but  its  d-  !)th  exceeds  300  feet.  The  cat- 
aract is  divided  into  two  parts  by  Goat  or  Iris  Island,  containing 
about  75  acres  ;  but  the  principal  channel  is  on  the  western  or 
Canadian  side,  and  forms  the  Great  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  over  which 
about  seven-eighths  of  the  whole  is  thrown.  The  eastern  channel 
between  Goat  Island  and  the  State  of  New  York  is  again  divided 
by  a  small  Island,  named  Prospect,  forming  a  beautiful  cascade. 
The  descent  on  the  American  side,  as  ascertained  by  measure- 
ment, is  164  feet,  and  on  the  Canadian  side  158  feet. 

The  chief  features  of  this  sublime  scene  are — the  Great  Ilorse- 
Skoe  Fall,  Goat  Island,  Table  Rock,  and  the  American  Fall 
The  best  single  view  of  the  cataract  is  that  from  Table  Rock,  on 
the  Canadian  side  ;  thv  best  view  of  the  rapids  is  from  Goat  Isl- 
and ;  and  of  the  American  Fall,  from  the  ferry,  a  short  distance 
below  the  Falls,  on  the  American  side  :  but  the  most  sublime 
and  overpowering  view  is  that  of  the  Great  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  on 
the  Canada  side. 

A  bridge  connects  Bath  and  Goat  islands  with  the  main  land. 
the  erection  of  which  was  a  work  of  noble  daring,  for  it  is  hen 
that  the  waters  rush  with  tremendous  velocity  Jowards  the  fear- 
ful abyss.  On  Bath  Island  is  a  toll-house,  where  visiters  are  re- 
quired to  inscribe  their  names,  and  at  the  same  time  pay  a  fee 
of  tiventif-Jii-e  cents,  which  entitles  them  to  visit  all  the  islands 
with  their  appendages,  as  often  as  may  be  wished,  during  the 
visit  or  season,  without  any  additioniil  charge.  On  Goat  Island 
the  visiter  will  Ihid  guidi'4)ourds,  directing  to  all  the  most  iuter- 


i'H 


M 


212 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


1 


esting  places  and  objects  around  the  island.  There  is  also  a 
bridge,  called  the  Terrapin  Bridge,  about  300  feet  in  length,  jut- 
ting out  from  the  w.  part  of  Goat  Island,  which  projects  10  feet 
over  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall.  On  the  rocks,  at  the  verge  of  the 
precipice,  is  a  stone  tower,  erected  in  1833,  which  is  45  ft.  high, 
with  winding  stairs  on  the  inside,  and  an  open  gallery  on  the  top, 
surrounded  by  an  iron  balustrade,  from  which,  or  from  tho  end 
of  the  bridge,  the  effect  of  the  Falls  upon  the  beholder  is  awfully 
sublime. 

The  cioscent  to  the  bottom  of  the  Falls,  on  Goat  Island,  is  ac- 
conipliKi  !^  by  covered  winding  stairs,  erected  in  the  year  18:^9, 
by  the  1;U*  Nicholas  Biddle,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia  :  it  gives  visit- 
ers a.)  opportunity  of  descending  below  the  bank,  and  of  passing 
a  coi'sidorixiile  distance  behind  the  two  main  sheets  of  water. 
The  de^t  '♦  from  the  island  to  the  margin  of  tho  river  is  185  ft. 
A  conwii  >'!  Hight  of  steps  loads  down  40  feet  to  the  perpendicular 
spiral  steps,  90  in  number,  which  are  enclosed  in  a  building  in 
the  shape  of  a  hexagon,  resting  on  a  firm  foundation  at  the  bot- 
tom. From  the  foot  of  the  building  there  are  three  paths  leading 
to  the  most  important  points  of  observation,  one  of  which  leads  to 
the  nver  below,  a  distance  of  80  feet,  where  visiters  will  find  one 
of  the  finest  fishing  places  in  this  part  of  the  world.  Here  was 
Sam  Patch's  jumping-place.  The  path  at  the  left  of  the  stair- 
case leads  to  the  great  Crescent,  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall,  where, 
when  the  wind  blows  up  the  river,  a  safe  and  delightful  passage 
is  opened  behind  the  sheet  of  water.  The  path  to  the  right  loads 
to  a  magnificent  cava,  appropriately  named,  on  its  discovery, 
i^olus'  Cave,  or  Cave  of  the  Winds  ;  it  is  about  120  feet  across, 
50  wide,  and  100  high,  and  is  situat-^H  directly  behind  thd  Centre 
Fall,  or  Cascade,  which  at  the  boti«j  ;  is  more  than  ^00  ft.  wide. 

About  100  feet  below  the  Falls,  on  the  Americiii'  ^ide,  is  an- 
other staircase  leading  to  the  ferry,  which  connects  with  the  Ca- 
nadian shore.  From  the  ferry  a  very  near  view  of  the  highest 
Fall,  and  a  most  charming  prospect  of  the  entire  Fall,  are  ob- 
tained. There  is  not  the  least  danger  in  crossing  the  river,  com- 
petent persons  having  charge  of  the  boats ;  and,  for  a  short  one, 
the  excursion  is  delightful,  eight  minutes  being  the  usual  time  in 
crossing.     Persons  occasionally  swim  across  without  difficulty 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


213 


The  visiter  on  being  landed  will  proceed  up  the  bank  by  a  ear 
riage  road,  at  the  head  of  which  stands  the  Clifton  House ;  here 
he  may  obtain  refreshments,  and  afterwards  proceed  towards 
Table  Rock,  where  will  be  found  a  spiral  staircase,  from  the  foot 
of  whicli.  he  can  pass  153  foet  behind  the  sheet  of  water.  A 
gentleman  has  the  charge  of  this  stuircase,  and  furnishes  dresses 
and  a  guide  for  visiters  who  wish  to  go  behind  the  sheet.  There 
is  here  a  reading-room,  and  a  place  of  refreshment,  with  albums, 
an  examination  of  which  will,  no  doubt,  prove  interesting.  A 
short  distance  from  Table  Rock  stands  Mr.  Barnett's  very  inter- 
esting Museum,  a  visit  to  which  should  not  be  omitted.  The 
Camera  Obscura,  a  short  walk  from  the  Museum,  is  also  worthy 
the  attention  of  visiters. 

From  Table  Rock,  a  view  of 
which  is  presented  in  the  en- 
graving, there  is  one  broad  and  ^vv 
imposing  view  of  the  entire 
Falls,  and  much  of  the  scenery 
of  the  rapids  and  islands.  It  is 
geuer?,lly  conceded  that  this 
view,  and  tiiat  from  the  Terra- 
pin Bridge  and  Tower,  are  the 
best,  and  combine  more  of  the 
beautiful  and  sublime  than  can 
be  obtained  from  any  other  point 
on  either  side  of  the  river.  In 
ascending  the  bank  from  Tabic 
Rock  to  the  hotels,  you  have  a 
fine  and  extensive  view  of  the 
surrounding  country. 

One  of  the  grand  new  features  at  Niagara  is  the  rininiiii;  of  a 
powerful  steamer  to  the  very  edge  of  the  cataract,  thort  hy  miv- 
ing  visitors  an  opportunity  of  enjoying  a  near  and  ciitirpiy  new 
view  of  the  falls  ;  and  the  grand  scenery  of  the  "  (»uli',"  Goat 
Island,  Table  Rock,  and  other  p!;iccs  of  interest  in  the  vicinity. 
The  steamer  "  Maid  of  tiie  Mist"  runs  four  times  daily,  leaving 
her  wharf  at  the  lower  landing,  and  touching  at  the  landing  on 
the  Canada  side,  and  thence  passing  along  in  front  of  the  Amer- 


214 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


I 


ican  and  the  Great  Horse-Shoe  Falls, — so  close  that  the  spray 
dashes  over  the  boat.  The  view  thus  afforded  is  sublime.  The 
steamer  is  of  100  tons  burden,  and  fitted  with  every  precaution 
against  accidents,  and  so  carefully  guarded  as  to  inspire  full  con- 
fidence. It  has  two  engines,  so  that  if  one  fails,  the  other  may 
be  put  in  gearing,  which  can  be  done  in  a  minute  and  a  half. 
She  is  found  with  two  anchors  and  chain  cables  ;  and  is  also 
provided  witli  a  small  boat,  by  which  a  strong  line  can  be  run 
ashore  the  moment  a  necessity  for  doing  so  exists.  Visiters  aro 
taken  from  the  village  in  carriages,  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  to 
the  steamer.  The  road  down  the  bank  starts  from  the  point  on 
the  American  side  which  has  been  fixed  upon  as  the  terminus 
of  the  Suspension  Bridge.  A  band  of  music  accompanies  the 
boat. 

The  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge  will  span  the  narrow  gorge 
of  the  Niagara  river,  between  the  cataract  and  the  whirlpool,  in 
view  of  both,  by  an  arch  800  feet  long,  40  wide,  and  230  above 
the  water.  It  will  be  supported  by  16  wire  cables,  1,100  ft.  long, 
and  upwards  of  12  inches  in  circumference.  Its  strength  is  to  be 
equal  to  G.oOO  tons  tension  strain  ;  and  it  is  to  be  subjected  to  the 
most  severe  and  conclusive  tests,  so  as  to  render  it  safe  beyond 
any  possible  contingency.  A  railroad  track  will  extend  through 
its  centre,  uniting  the  roads  terminating  at  the  falls ;  there  will 
also  be  carriage-ways  and  a  footpath.  It  was  completed  during 
the  year  1849,  at  a  cost  of  -^190,000.  The  engineer  was 
Charles  EUet,  Jr.,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia. 

Three  miles  below  the  Falls  is  the  Whirlpool,  resembling  in  its 
appearance  the  celebrated  Maelstrom  on  the  coast  of  Norway. 
It  is  occasioned  by  the  river  making  nearly  a  right  angle,  while 
it  is  here  narrower  than  at  any  other  place,  not  being  more  than 
30  rods  wide,  and  the  current  running  with  such  velocity  as  tc 
rise  up  in  the  middle  10  foot  above  the  sides.  This  has  been 
ascertained  by  measurement.  There  is  a  path  leading  down  the 
bank  to  the  Whirlpool  on  both  sides,  and,  though  somewhat  diffi- 
cult to  descend  and  ascend,  it  is  accomplished  almost  every  day 
on  the  American  side. 

A  mile  below  tin  Whirlpool  is  a  place  on  the  American  side 
called  the  "  Devil's  Hole,"  embracing  about  two  acres,  cut  ou 


laterally 
and  150  f 
feet  of  th 
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alight  an 
where  tht 

The  B 
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The  wate 
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and  burns 

On  the 
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English  at 


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From  tl 
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Across  1 
Length 
Across  1 
From  til 
the 
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Width  c 
Distanci 

Depth  o 
Depth  0 


n 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


215 


laterally  and  perpendicularly  in  the  rock  by  the  side  of  the  river, 
and  150  ft.  deep.  An  angle  of  this  hole  or  gulf  comes  within  a  few 
feet  of  the  stage-road,  affording  travellers  an  opportunity,  without 
alighting,  of  looking  into  the  yawning  abyss.  But  they  should 
alight  and  pass  to  the  further  side  of  the  flat  projecting  rock, 
where  they  will  feel  themselves  richly  repaid  for  their  trouble. 

The  Burning  Spring,  on  the  Canada  side,  is  half  a  mile 
above  the  Falls,  and  within  a  short  distance  of  the  rapids  in  the 
Niagara  river.  (By  referring  to  Map  29  its  location  will  be  seen.) 
The  water,  which  is  warm,  is  surcharged  with  sulphureted  hy- 
drogen gas,  which,  on  introducing  a  light,  immediately  takes  fire 
and  burns  with  a  clear  and  steady  flame. 

On  the  same  side  of  the  Falls  with  the  above  are  the  village  of 
Chippewa,  and  Lundy's  Lane,  noted  as  battle-grounds  of  the 
English  and  Americans  in  the  war  of  1812. 

DISTANCES. 

MUet. 

From  Steamboat  Landing  across  to  Chippewa 2i 

From  Fort  Schlosser  to  Chippewa 14 

From  the  Falls  to  Chippewa 3 

Across  the  River  at  the  Falls % 

From  the  Eagle  and  Cataract  Hotels  to  Table  Rock 14 

From  the  Falls  to  the  Mineral  Springs 2 

«'              to  the  Whirlpool 3 

«•              to  the  Devil's  Hole 4 

•'             to  Erie  Canal  at  Tonawanda 11 

«»              to  Buffalo 22 

«♦              toLockport 18 

"             to  Lewiston 7 

Rods. 

♦'             to  Goat  Island  by  the  bridge 58 

Across  the  Falls  on  the  American  side 56 

Across  the  foot  of  Goat  Island 80 

Length  of  Goat  Island 160 

Across  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall 114 

From  the  steps  of  the  Eagle  and  Cataract  Hotels  to  top  of 

the  bank 100 

From  top  of  the  bank  down  the  staircase  to  the  River  —  28 

Width  of  River  at  the  Ferry 76 

Distance  up  the  Canada  bank 76 

FttU 

Depth  of  water  at  the  Horse-Shoe 20 

Depth  of  water  at  the  Ferry 250 


l.i 


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216 


I  All.KOAl)  AND  STKAMHOAT  COMTANION. 


Qummton  is  novon  milos  bolow  the  FallH,on  tliu  Niagara  rivor^ 
(iin<ctly  opposite  licwiston,  with  wliic^li  it  is  <M)ni»octrd  by  u  forry. 
ThiH  |)hico  wuN  also  i\w  Ihciitrodf  u  battles  (biriiijir  tho  war  ol'  181iJ| 
Hud  it  contains  tlu'  inonnmrnt  <M-(^cto(l  to  tbo  inmiory  of  (ioiicrul 
Hrock,  a  Hritisli  olUror,  who  rccoivod  a  mortal  wound  when 
abotil  to  load  on  his  nion  tn  tho  contlict.  It  is  now,  howovt^r,  in 
u  shatttMcd  condition,  havin^j  boon,  a  few  years  Hiacc,  blown  u|) 
by  ;xunpowd«M-,  by  sonic  iniUnown  indiviilual. 

At  tho  cl«)so  of  the  last  war  with  (Jrt^at  Ilritain,  three  largo 
British  ships  stationed  on  Lake  lOrie,  were  dcclartul  nntit  lor  ser- 
vice, and  <'on(l(Mnn(Hi.  Pcrniission  was  obtained  to  send  thcni 
over  the  Fa!ls.  The  first,  lorn  to  shivers  by  the  rapids,  wont 
over  ii\  iVaji^nnMits  ;  the  second  tilled  with  water  Ix^l'ore  she  reached 
the  Falls  ;  lint  the  third,  in  better  condition,  took  the  leapgallant- 
ly,  and  retained  her  Ibrni  till  hidden  in  tln^  mist  below.  A  re- 
ward of  ten  dollars  was  etVered  for  tho  largest  fragment  of  wood 
which  shonld  be  t'onnd  iVoni  either  wreck,  live  for  the  second, 
and  so  on.  Owv  piece  only  was  .^oimi,  and  that,  abont  u  foot  long, 
wus  mashi'd  as  by  a  vice,  v«'ui  its  edges  notched  like  tho  tcoth  uf 
a  saw. 

In  the  year  1S27  ii  few  nuiividnals  purchased  a  largo  schoonor 
of  MO  tons  bnniin.  This  vessel  was  towed  down  tho  river  to 
within  half  n  mile  of  the  "  rapids,"  when  it  was  cut  adrift  and 
loft  to  its  fate.  The  rapids  arc  cansed  by  numerous  lodges  of 
rocks  from  two  to  four  feet  high,  extending  wholly  across  tho 
river,  over  which  tho  water  successively  pitches  for  abont  a  milo 
immediately  above  the  main  cataraci.  Tho  vessel  got  safely 
over  the  lii-st  ledge,  but  upon  pitching  over  the  second,  her  masts 
went  by  the  board.  Springing  a-leak,  she  filled  with  water,  and 
her  position  changed  to  stern  foremost,  in  which  manner  she  took 
her  last  plunge  over  the  main  fall,  her  bowsprit  being  the  last 
part  that  was  visible  of  her.  !She  of  course  never  rose  more,  but 
uumerons  fragments  of  her  timbers  were  picked  up  some  miles 
below  in  very  small  pieces,  bruised,  torn,  and  shivered.  There 
were  two  bears  and  some  other  animals  on  board  of  her,  but  the 
bears  seem  to  have  had  sonie  misgivings  of  tho  safety  of  tho 
voyage,  and  therefore  when  she  sprang  a-leak  and  floated  stern- 
foremost  they  stepped  overboard,  and  with  much  difficulty  sue* 


ROUTES  FROM  IflAOARA  FALLS. 


217 


deeded  in  Hwimmiiig  ashoro,  aftor  haviii);  boen  carried  halfway 
down  towardH  thu  inaiii  cataract  by  tho  rapidity  uf  tlio  current 
It  id  tho  opinion  of  tliOHO  who  have  been  ion^;  rcHidrut  n(;ar  the 
r.itaraet,  that  not  «von  the  fwh  that  ha  )pontu  bo  forced  down  the 
FuIIh  ever  oKcape  with  Hfo  ;  and  in  corrol)oratiun  of  thiH,  uiuncr- 
ouH  drad  iiHh  aro  daily  Houn  bnlow  tho  gulf:  wild  fowl  too,  un- 
mindful of  their  danger,  or  floated  down  while  thoy  ar«'  '  '"op, 
meet  destruction  if  once  driven  within  tho  verge  of  the  nta  a  cat- 
aract. 

RouTKs  FUOM  Niagara  Falls  to  Hamilton,  Dktroit  — 
By  the  railroad  to  Queouston  iH  Heveii  inileN;  from  tliiH  ^,.  loe  lo 
Hamilton,  at  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  in  5U  milcH,  which  may 
bo  reached  either  by  stage,  or  by  croHsing  tho  river  to  Lewinton, 
and  taking  tho  steamer  from  Ogdensburg,  which  Hto])8  there  to  land 
and  receive  patwengers,  and  thence  proceeds  to  Hamilton.  From 
the  latter  place,  at  present,  the  conveyance  is  by  stage,  over  an 
excellent  macadamized  road  to  Windsor,  opposite  Detroit,  201 
miles,  passing  through  VVomistock,  London,  Chatham,  and  other 
places.  Total  distance,  258  miles  ;  time  2^  days.  Usual  fare 
^12. 

At  Windsor  the  river  is  crossed  to  Detroit,  from  which  place 
travellers  may  proceed  to  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  and  down  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  New  Orleans,  and  other  places  in  the  West  and  South- 
west. 

Hamilton,  Canada,  is  situated  on  Durlington  Bay,  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Ontario.  Its  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  the  lake,  and 
its  advantages  for  trade  are  very  great.  A  regular  steamboat 
communication  will  be  opened  tho  present  season  between  this 
place  and  Ogdensburg.  The  importance  of  Hamilton  will  be 
greatly  increased  by  its  becoming  the  terminus  of  the  Great  West- 
ern Railway. 


Routes  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Montreal  and  Quebec, 
(see  Map  No.  28.) — Tourists  and  others,  at  this  fasliionable  re- 
sort, wishing  to  proceed  to  the  above  places  iu  Canada,  will  have 
a  choice  of  several  routes,  as  follows : — 

Ist.  From  Niagara  to  Lewiaton,  7  miles,  at  which  place  we 
take  the  steamboat,  and  cross  the  lake  to  TorontOt  50  milea; 


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23  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WCBSTIR.N.Y.  MSaO 

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218 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COIffFANION. 


thence  to  Kingstofit  175  miles,  and  to  Montreal,  215  miles: 
total  distance  440  miles :  usual  time  48  hours.  Fare  about  $10. 
There  is  also  a  stage-route  from  Toronto  to  Kingston  ;  and  also 
one  from  Toronto  to  Queenston  via  Hamilton,  95  miles. 

Toronto,  175  miles  w.  from  Kingston,  and  45  miles  n.  e.  from 
Hamilton,  has  a  fine  situation  at  the  head  of  a  bay  v;hich  sets 
up  from  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  handsomely  built,  with  wide  streets 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles.  Its  growth  has  been  very 
rapid,  and  it  now  (1848)  contains  21,025  inhabitants.  Twenty 
years  ago  it  did  not  contain  2,000  inhabitants. 

Kingston,  on  Lake  Ontario,  175  miles  from  Toronto  and  215 
&  w.  from  Montreal,  is  also  very  advantageously  situated  for 
trade.  It  is  a  military  post  of  great  strength.  The  Navy  Yard 
and  fortifications  here  are  worthy  the  attention  of  strangers 
and  visiters  ;  au  order,  however,  is  necessary,  which  may  be  pro- 
cured from  the  chief  officer  in  command.  The  Rideau  Canal, 
commences  at  Kingston,  and  extends  to  the  Ottawa  river,  100 
miles.  This,  with  the  Welland  Canal,  completes  the  navigation 
from  the  ocean  to  the  great  lakes.  During  the  season  of  naviga- 
tion steamboats  ply  between  Kingston  and  the  principal  places 
on  Lake  Ontario ;  and  boats  of  an  inferior  class  pass  through  the 
Rideau  Canal  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Montreal. 

2d.  From  Niagara  Falls,  by  railroad,  to  Lockport ;  and  thence 
by  the  Erie  Canal  to  Rochester  ;--or  from  the  Falls  to  Buffalo, 
and  thence  to  Rochester  by  railroad,  and  on  the  Genesee  river 
take  the  steamboat,  and  thence  down  Lake  Ontario,  &.C.,  to 
Montreal. 

3d.  From  Niagara  Falls  proceed  to  Lewiston  ;  there  take  the 
steamer  down  the  lake  to  Ogdensburg ;  thence  across  the  river 
to  Prescott  on  the  Canada  side  ;  thence  by  stage  and  steamboat 
to  La  Chine  ;  thence  by  railroad  to  Montreal ;  and  from  that 
city  to  Quebec  by  steamboat.  The  distance  to  Montreal  by  this 
route  is  about  420  miles.  At  Ogdensburg,  travellers  may  take 
the  stage  to  Montreal  via  Covington,  130  miles. 

4th.  Or  travellers  may  proceed  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Canadai 
by  the  chain  of  railroads,  or  the  Erie  Canal,  from  Buffalo  to  Al- 
bany or  Troy ;  thence  by  the  routes  to  Whitehall,  and  down 
Lake  Champlain  and  the  Sorel  river,  to  St.  Johns,  Canada; 


ROUTES  FROM  NIAGARA  FALLS. 


219 


thence  by  railroad,  15  miles,  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  down  that 
stream  to  Montreal.  At  the  latter  place  take  the  steamboat 
down  the  river  to  Quebec.  The  distance  by  this  route  from  Ni- 
agara Falls  to  Montreal  is  599  miles,  and  to  Quebec  180  miles 
farther.  (These  routes  are  described  at  length  under  their  re- 
spective heads.) 

Port  Genesee,  74  miles  from  Lewiston,  is  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Genesee  river.  It  is  a  port  of  entry  and  delivery,  aud  con- 
tains a  Custom-House.  Great  Sodus  Bay  is  35  miles  farther : 
Oswego,  30  miles  beyond,  is  described  at  page  199. 

Sacketfa  Harbor,  40  miles  still  lower  down  the  lake,  is  a 
flourishing  village  on  the  s.  w.  side  of  Black  river.  Its  harbor  is 
one  of  the  best  upon  Lake  Ontario.  A  bill  passed  the  legislature 
in  April,  1848,  for  the  construction  of  a  railroad  under  the  name 
of  the  "  Saratoga  aud  Sackett's  Harbor  Railroad,"  which  is  to 
connect  this  village,  at  the  nearest  and  best  point,  with  the  rail- 
roads at  Saratoga.    The  length  will  be  about  135  miles. 

Cape  Vincent,  20  miles  from  Sackett's  Harbor,  a  growing  and 
prosperous  village,  is  situated  on  Lake  Ontario,  opposite  to  Kings- 
ton, and  near  the  commencement  of  the  "  Thousand  Isles." 
Arrangements  are  making  to  connect  Cape  Vincent  by  railroad 
with  Rome,  on  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  Syracuse  and  Utica 
Railroad. 

The  Thousand  Isles  is  a  name  given  to  a  number  of  islands 
in  the  St  Lawrence,  extending  down  from  the  foot  of  Lake  On- 
tario 30  miles.  They  are  of  every  size  and  form,  though  never  at- 
taining to  any  great  elevation.    The  scenery  here  is  most  bRuiitiful. 

Ogdensburg,  a  port  of  entry  upon  the  St.  Lawrence  river,  at 
the  confluence  of  the  Oawegatchie  river  with  that  stream,  is  204 
miles  N.  from  Albany.  It  lies  on  a  beautiful  plain,  and  is  regu- 
larly laid  out  and  well  built.  It  is  a  place  of  much  trade,  and  its 
harbor,  an  excellent  oue,  is  considered  as  at  the  foot  of  Lake  On- 
tario, because  the  river  at  this  point  has  little  descent,  although 
it  is  in  reality  60  miles  below  the  outlet. 

A  new  steamer  will  run  the  present  summer  between  Ogdens- 
burg and  Hamilton.  By  this  arrangement  a  direct  communica- 
tion will  be  established  between  the  port  at  the  head  of  Lake 
Ontario  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  as  fur  as  vessels  can  go  without 


I 


J- 


220 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


encountering  rapids.  From  Hamilton  to  Detroit  is  301  mileS; 
most  of  the  way  over  a  fine  plank  or  macadamized  road.  Hith- 
erto it  has  been  usual  for  travellers,  particularly  from  the  s.  side 
of  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  laud  at  Lewiston,  then  cross  the  Niagara 
river  to  Queenston,  and  travel  by  land  to  Hamilton,  about  50 
miles,  the  very  point  at  which  they  will  be  landed  by  the  steam- 
er between  Ogdensburg  and  Hamilton.  (For  Montreal  and 
Quebec,  see  pages  181, 186.) 


'^ 


THE  OGDENSBURG  BAILROAD  will  extend  from  Ogdens- 
burg on  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  Rouse's  Point,  on  Lake  Chaniplaiu. 
It  is  designed  to  connect  the  waters  of  Lake  Champlain  with 
those  of  the  river  St.  Lawrence  and  the  great  lakes.  This  work 
is  in  a  good  state  of  forwardness,  aiid  the  directors  believe  that  it 
will  be  .open  for  freight  and  travel  during  the  present  year,  1850. 
This  road  will  connect  at  Lake  Champlain  with  the  railroads 
from  Boston  which  intersect  the  states  of  New  Hampshire  and 
Vermont,  forming  a  continuous  line  from  Boston  harbor  to  the 
St  Lawrence  river. 

The  engineer  of  the  Ogdensburg  Railroad  states  that  the  length 
of  line  is  117^  miles;  the  distance  from  Ogdensburg  to  the  sum- 
mit being  82  miles,  and  thence  to  Lake  Champlain  35^.  Tho 
elevation  of  the  summit  is  1,009  feet  above  Lake  Champlain,  and 
859  feet  above  the  place  of  departure,  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  at 
Ogdensburg.  From  Ogdensburg  to  the  summit  the  maximum 
grade  is  26.4  feet  per  mile,  or  one  foot  in  200,  there  being  in  this 
distance  1,195  feet  of  ascending  and  285  feet  of  descending  grade. 
The  distance  of  the  railroad  from  the  Canada  line,  near  the  sum- 
mit, does  not  exceed  2^  miles.  In  the  distance  from  tho  summit 
to  Lake  Champlain  there  is  no  ascending  grade,  a  'he  maxi- 
mum of  descending  grade  is  39.6  feet  per  mile.  eh  grades 
are  favorable  for  the  transport  of  heavy  trains  from  west  to  east, 
and  they  are  not  too  great  for  the  rapid  transport  of  passenger 
trains  in  other  directions.  The  whole  line  is  remarkable  for  its 
directness,  there  being  no  curvature  of  any  importance  of  a  less 
radiuej  than  5,000  feet.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  whole  line  is 
$2,229,270,  or  $19,000  a  mile,  $9,000  a  mile  being  allowed  for 
vhe  superstructure 


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RAILROAD  ROUTES  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 


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RAILROAD  ROUTES  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 
(See  Map  No.  23.) 

Route  from  New  York  to  Paterson,  N.  J. — Passengers  for 
Paterson  take  the  feny-boat  at  the  foot  of  Courtland-st,  New 
York,  for  Jersey  City  ;  at  which  place  they  take  the  cars  of  the 
Paterson  and  Hudson  Railroad  for  Paterson,  17  miles  distant 
Fare  50  cents. 

The  city  of  Paterson,  an  important  manufacturing  town,  is 
situated  in  New  Jersey,  on  the  Passaic  river,  near  the  great  falls. 
By  a  dam  in  the  river,  four  and  a  half  feet  high,  and  a  canal 
around  the  falls,  a  vast  water-power  is  created,  sufficient  for  the 
supply  of  numerous  manufactories.  The  Morris  Canal  passes  a 
little  to  the  s.  of  the  city.  The  Passaic  Falls  are  celebrated  for 
their  picturesque  beauty.  The  amount  of  water,  however,  taken 
from  the  river  for  manufacturing  purposes,  has  greatly  diminished 
their  fine  effect.  The  Paterson  and  Ramapo  Railroad  will  connect 
the  city  of  Paterson  with  the  Erie  Railroad  at  Ramapo,  and  thereby 
open  a  new  thoroughfare  for  travellers  over  the  Erie  Railroad  to 
New  York.     (See  Map  No.  18.) 

Route  from  New  York  to  Morristown,  also  to  Schooley's 
Mountain,  (See  Map  No.  23.) — Passengers  leaving  New  York 
for  places  on  this  route,  and  also  for  the  Springs,  take  the  ferry- 
boat at  the  foot  of  Courtland-st.  to  Jersey  City  ;  thence  by  rail- 
road to  Morristown,  32  miles,  stopping  at  intermediate  places. 
Fare  $1.00. 

Passengers  by  the  morning  line  to  Morristown  will  arrive  there 
at  11^  o'clock,  where  stages  will  be  in  readiness  to  convey  them 
to  Schooley's  Mountain,  Washington,  Belvidere,  and  Easton, 
daily ;  to  Owego,  Milford,  Newton,  Stanhope,  andSuckasunn;^on 
Mondays,  Wednesdays,  and  Fridays ;  and  to  Rockaway,  Dover, 
Sparta,  and  Newton,  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays : 
each  line  returning  on  the  following  days  to  meet  the  afternoon 
train  for  New  York.  A  stage  will  also  leave  for  Basking  Ridge 
every  evening  on  the  arrival  of  the  cars  at  Morristown. 

By  a  line  recently  established,  a  stage  leaves  Morristown  for 
the  Delaware  Water  Gap  and  Stroudsburg,  via  Stanhope,  John- 


''  I 


222 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Bonburg,  Columbia,  and  Blairstown,  every  Tuesday,  Thursday 
and  Saturday,  on  the  arrival  of  the  morning  train  from  New 
York.  Returning  on  the  alternate  days,  the  stage  leaves  Strouds- 
burg  at  4  A.  M.  to  meet  the  afternoon  cars  from  Morristowu. 

Passengers  go  through  to  and  from  Jersey  City  without  chan- 
ging cars.  On  leaving  the  city,  passengers  deposite  their  bag- 
gage in  the  car  at-  the  foot  of  Courtland-st.,  where  an  agent  is  in 
attendance  to  receive  it. 

MorristowTiy  the  seat  of  justice  of  Morris  county,  is  one  of  the 
most  populous  and  thriving  towns  in  New  Jersey.  The  houses 
are  generally  well  built,  and  surrounded  by  cultivated  gardens, 
imparting  to  it  an  air  of  rural  beauty.  The  town  is  supplied  with 
water  from  a  copious  spring  two  miles  distant. 

Schooley's  Mountain,  18  miles  from  Morristown,  is  a  celebra- 
ted summer  resort,  owing  to  its  elevated  situation,  its  pure  and 
bracing  atmosphere,  and  its  mineral  springs,  the  waters  of  which 
are  used  with  great  advantage  for  chronic  diseases  and  general 
debility.  They  contain  muriate  of  soda,  of  magnesia,  and  of 
lime,  carbonate  of  magnesia,  sulphate  of  lime,  silex,  and  carbon- 
ated oxide  of  iron.  Visiters  to  this  healthful  region  will  find  the 
accommodations  equal  to  those  at  similar  places  elsewhere.  Bel- 
mont Hall,  and  Marsh's  Health-House,  are  fine  and  extensive 
establishments.    Usual  stage  fare  from  Morristown,  $1.50. 

Philadelphia  passengers  leave  the  cars  at  New  Brunswick,  and 
there  take  the  stage,  via  Somerville,  for  the  Mountain. 

The  Morris  and  Essex  Railroad  is  being  continued  from 
Morristown  through  Dover  and  Stanhope,  to  the  Delaware  Wa- 
ter Gap,  at  which  place  it  will  unite  with  the  Susquehanna  and 
Delaware  Railroad,  which  is  intended  to  start  from  the  coal-beds 
of  the  Lackawana,  some  20  miles  above  Wilkesbarre,  by  which 
means  New  York  will  obtain  her  supply  of  fuel  direct  from  the 
mines  of  Pennsylvania. 


Route  from  New  York  to  Somerville,  (see  Map  No.  23.)— 
Passengers  take  the  steamboat  from  Pier  No.  1  North  River, 
Battery  Place,  and  are  thence  conveyed  to  Elizabethport,  15 
miles  ;  from  which  place  they  proceed  in  the  cars  to  Somerville, 
stopping  at  the  following  places  on  the  route,  viz :  Elizabeth- 


RAILROAD  ROUTES  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 


223 


town,  16  miles;  Westficld,  24  miles;  Scotch  Plains,  27  miles; 
Plainfield,  29  miles;  New  Market,  31  miles;  Bound  Brook,  35 
miles ;  Somerville,  40  miles,  Fare  62  i  cts. ;  N.  Branch,  43  miles ; 
White  House,  60  miles,  76  cts. 

The  Somerville  and  Easton  Railroad  is  being  continued  west- 
ward from  Somerville  36^  miles  to  the  Delaware  river  at  Phil- 
lipsburg,  opposite  Easton,  Pa.,  with  a  branch  to  Belvidere,  12 
miles  long. 

Easton,  Pa.,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Northampton  county,  is  sit- 
uated at  the  confluence  of  the  Delaware  and  Lehigh  rivers.  It 
is  65  miles  from  New  York  by  land,  and  by  the  Morris  Canal 
112  miles;  from  Philadelphia  by  land,  56  miles;  to  Bristol  by 
canal,  60  miles  ;  and  thence  to  Philadelphia  20  miles  more. 
In  the  advantages  of  its  position,  and  the  beauty  of  its  surround- 
ing scenery,  it  can  vie  with  any  inland  town  in  the  state.  La- 
fayette College  occupies  a  commanding  site  on  a  high  hill  n.  of 
the  town,  from  which  a  superb  view  is  enjoyed  of  the  fine  scene- 
ry of  this  vicinity.  A  splendid  bridge  crosses  the  Delaware  rivir, 
which  cost  $65,000. 

Belvidere,  the  shire  town  of  Warren  county,  situated  on  the 
Delaware  river,  12  miles  above  Easton,  is  a  beautiful  town,  pos- 
sessing an  immense  water-power,  which  seems  destined  ere  long 
to  make  it  the  Lowell  of  New  Jersey. 

The  Delaware  Water  Gap  is  about  eight  miles  n.  from  Belvi- 
dere. The  scenery  here  is  of  the  most  magnificent  description. 
The  Delaware  river  appears  at  a  short  distance  as  if  arrested  in 
its  course  by  the  mountains  on  either  side,  between  which  it 
flows  in  a  contracted  channel,  presenting  a  smooth  and  lake-like 
appearance. 

The  Lehigh  Water  Gap  is  25  miles  w.  from  Easton,  Pa.,  and 
six  s.  E.  from  Mauch  Chunk.  Here  also  the  scenery  is  ot  the 
highest  order.  Both  this  and  the  preceding  are  natural  cuiiosi* 
ties  worthy  the  attention  of  the  tourist. 


^1 


\] 


224  RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES  FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  PHILA. 
DELFHIA,  BALTIMORE,  AND  WASHINGTON. 

See  Map  No.  23.) 

Railroad  Route  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia. — There_ 
are  two  great  routes  of  travel  between  these  importaut  aud  popu- 
lous cities,  making /our  lines  daily  each  way.  The  first  of  which 
is  the  railroad  line;  the  other  is  by  steamboat  and  railroad 
united,  described  hereafter ;  the  former  is  the  most  expeditious, 
and  the  latter  (in  pleasant  weather)  the  most  varied  and  inter- 
esting. 

The  railroad  line  leaves  New  York  from  the  foot  of  Llbcrty- 
st.  daily,  at  9  o'clock  a.  m.,  and  4^  o'clock  p.  m.,  where  tickets 
for  the  route  are  procured;  thence  passengers  are  conveyed 
across  the  ferry  to  Jersey  City,  where  is  the  depot  aud  starting- 
place.     Time  between  the  two  cities,  usually  4J^  hours. 

Distances  and  Fares  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia.— 
To  Jersey  City,  1  mile :  Newark,  9  miles,  25  cents ;  Elizabeth- 
town,  14,  31  cents;  Rahway,  19,  31  cts. ;  Metuchin,  27,  38  cts. ; 
New  Brunswick,  31  miles,  50  cents;  Kingston,  45,  81,13; 
Princeton,  49,  |1,25 ;  Trenton,  60,  $2,25;  Tullytown,  65, 
12,75  ;  Bristol,  69,  $3,00 ;  Philadelphia,  87,  $3,00. 

N.  B. — During  the  opening  of  navigation,  the  cars  stop  at 
Taconey,  six  miles  above  Philadelphia,  to  which  passengers  are 
conveyed  by  steamboat.  In  the  winter,  when  the  river  is  closed, 
the  cars  run  to  Kensington  :  passengers  are  forwarded  in  stages. 

Jersey  City  is  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  Hudson  River, 
opposite  to  New  York,  and  is  connected  with  that  city  by  a 
steam  ferry,  over  a  mile  in  length,  the  boats  on  which  are  con- 
stantly plying.  According  to  the  census  of  1843,  its  population 
was  3,750,  being  an  increase  of  700  since  1840.  At  the  present 
time  (1850)  it  is  about  15,000.  II  has  become  an  important 
place,  as  a  diverging  point  for  the  great  routes  connecting  the 
North  with  the  South.  It  is  also  the  starting-place  of  the  Pater- 
son  Railroad,  which  has  its  depot  here.  The  Morris  Canal, 
uniting  the  Delaware  and  Hudson  rivers,  and  wliich  is  101  miles 
long,  terminates  at  this  place. 


GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES  FROM  NEW  YORK.     225 


Pataraon  Depot 


niUadelphia  Capot 


Jersey  City  is  now  the  station  for  the  new  line  of  British  steam- 
ships  sailing  between  New  York  and  Liyerpool.  The  Ciznard 
dock,  built  at  the  foot  of  Grand-st,  cost  upwards  of  $dO,OU0- 

Newark,  9  miles  from  Jersey  City,  51  from  Trenton,  and  78 
from  Philadelphia,  is  situated  on  the  Passaic  river,  and  is  the 
most  populous  and  flourishing  place  in  the  state  of  New  Jersey. 
At  the  present  time  (1850)  it  contaius  33,000  people.  The  city, 
which  is  elevated  some  40  feet  above  the  river,  is  regularly  laitk 
out  with  broad  and  straight  streets,  many  of  which  are  bordered 
by  lofty  and  cleguut  shade-trees,  and  contaius  two  large  and 
handsome  public  squares.  It  is  well  built,  and  presents  a  very 
fine  appearance,  many  of  the  dwellings  being  large,  and  finished 
in  a  superior  style.  The  courthouse,  in  liie  north  part  of  the 
city,  is  built  of  brown  freestone,  in  the  Egyptian  style  of  archi- 
tecture. The  city  is  well  supplied  with  pure  water,  brought  from 
a  copioub  spring  more  thau  a  niilu  distaut. 

Newark  contains  numerous  churciios,  some  of  which  have 
great  architectural  beauty,  three  banks,  an  apprentices'  library,  a 

16 


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226 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


circulating  library,  with  literary  and  scientific  iuctitutions,  &c> 
It  is  very  extensively  engaged  in  manufactures,  a  great  part  of 
which  is  sent  to  distant  markets.  In  1840,  the  capital  invested 
.n  this  species  of  industry,  am«.  inted  to  upwards  of  $1,500,000. 
In  two  articles  alone,  that  of  carriages  and  leather,  there  was 
$500,000  invested,  employing  many  hundreds  of  workmen.  The 
commerce  of  Newark  is  also  considerable,  there  being  owned 
here  upwards  of  70  vessels,  of  100  tons  each.  The  Morris  Canal 
runs  through  the  city.  The  cars  of  the  New  Jersey  Railroad,  on 
the  route  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  pass  through  it 
twice  daily,  in  each  direction,  and  those  also  from  Jersey  City 
arrive  and  depart  several  times  daily.  Fare  25  cents.  A  steam- 
boat also  plies  between  Newark  and  New  York. 

Elizabethtown,  on  the  New  Jersey  Railroad,  5  miles  from 
Newark,  14  from  New  York,  and  46  from  Trenton,  is  situated  on 
a  creek,  2^  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Staten  Island  Sound.  It 
is  a  beautiful  town,  regularly  laid  out  with  broad  streets,  and 
contains  a  courthouse,  and  other  public  buildings,  with  saw-mills, 
oil-cloth  factories,  tanneries,  &.c.  Population  about  3,000.  The 
railroad  from  Elizabethport  to  Somerville  passes  through  this 
place.  It  extends  26  miles  to  Somerville,  which  is  40  miles  from 
New  York. 

Rahway,  situated  on  both  sides  of  Rahway  river,  contains 
about  2,500  inhabitants,  and  several  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, which  are  in  daily  operation.  The  manufactures  consist 
of  silk  printing,  carriages  and  carriage  furniture,  hats,  shoes, 
clocks,  earthenware,  and  cotton  goods. 

New  Brunswick f  31  miles  from  New  York,  29  from  Trenton, 
and  56  from  Philadelphia,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  steamboat 
navigation  on  the  Raritan  river,  and  15  miles  from  its  entrance 
into  Raritan  Bay  at  Amboy,  by  the  course  of  the  river.  This  is 
the  scat  of  Rutgers  College  and  school,  founded  in  1770.  The 
streets  on  the  river  are  narrow  and  crooked,  and  the  ground  low ; 
but  those  on  the  upper  bank  are  wide,  and  many  of  the  dwellingii 
are  very  neat  and  elegant,  surrounded  by  fine  gardens.  From 
ihe  site  of  Rutgers  College  on  the  hill,  there  is  a  wide  prospect, 
terminated  by  mountains  en  the  north,  and  by  Raritan  Bay  on 
the  east.    The  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal  extends  from  New 


GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES  FROM  NEW  YORK. 


227 


Brunswick  to  Bordentown  on  Delaware  river.  It  is  75  feet  wide 
and  seven  deep,  admitting  the  passage  of  sloops  of  75  or  100  tons 
burden ;  is  42  miles  long,  and  has  14  locks,  and  117  feet  of  lock- 
age, the  locks  being  110  feet  long  and  24  wide.  The  entire  cost 
was  about  $2,500,000.  A  railroad  is  about  to  be  built  from  the 
New  Jersey  road  at  New  Brunswick  to  unite  with  the  proposed 
Trenton  and  Easton  railroad,  via  Flemington. 

Princeton f  11  miles  from  Trenton,  is  the  seat  of  the  New 
Jersey  College,  long  celebrated  as  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  re- 
spectable colleges  in  the  country.  It  was  originally  founded  at 
Elizabethtown  in  1746,  removed  to  Newark  in  1748,  and  in  1756 
was  permanently  located  here.  It  has  a  library  of  12,000  vol- 
umes. The  commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday  in  Sep- 
tember. The  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Presbyterian  church 
founded  in  1812,  is  also  located  here.  Both  institutions  are  in  a 
flourishing  condition.  Princeton  is  a  neat  and  pleasant  village, 
built  mostly  on  one  street,  and  contains  about  1,500  inhabitants. 
In  this  vicinity  was  fought  the  memorable  battle  of  Jan.  Sd,  1777, 
between  the  American  forces  under  General  Washington,  and 
those  of  the  British  under  Lt.  Col.  Mawhood,  in  which  the  former 
were  victorious. 

Trenton,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  is  situated  on 
the  east  side  of  Delaware  river,  at  the  head  of  steamboat  and 
sloop  navigation.  It  is  27  miles  from  Philadelphia,  and  60  from 
New  York.  The  population  in  1810  was  3,003  ;  in  1820, 3,942 ; 
in  1830,  3,925 ;  in  1840,  6,500,  and  in  Jan.,  1848,  estimated  at 
10,000.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  has  many  fine  stores 
and  handsome  dwellings.  The  State  House,  which  is  100  feet 
long  and  60  wide,  is  built  of  stone,  and  stuccoed,  so  as  to  resem- 
ble granite.  Its  situation,  on  the  Delaware,  is  very  beautiful, 
commanding  a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  vicinity.  The  Dela- 
ware is  here  crossed  by  a  handsome  covered  bridge  1,100  feet 
long,  resting  on  five  arches,  supported  on  stone  piers,  and  which 
is  considered  a  fine  specimen  of  its  kind.  It  has  two  carriage- 
ways, one  of  which  is  used  by  the  railroad.  The  Delaware  and 
Rantan  Canal,  forming  an  inland  navigation  from  New  Bruns- 
wick, passes  through  Trenton  to  the  Delaware  at  Bordentown. 
It  is  supplied  by  a  navigable  feeder,  taken  from  the  Delaware  23 


) 


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228 


RAILROAD    AND    STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


miles  N.  of  Trenton.  It  was  completed  in  1834,  at  a  cost  of 
$2,500,000.  The  New  York  and  Philadelphia  trains  pass 
Trenton  twice  daily  in  each  direction.  A  train  also  leaves  the 
Kensington  depot,  Philadelpliia,  for  Trenton,  every  morning, 
(Sundays  excepted,)  returning  in  the  afternoon.  Fare  from 
Philadelphia^  50  cents.  A  railroad  is  in  progress  from  Trenton 
to  Belvidere. 

On  Christmas  night,  in  1776,  and  during  the  most  gloomy  pe- 
riod of  the  revolutionary  war,  Gen.  Washington  crossed  the  Del- 
aware with  2,500  men,  and  early  on  the  morning  of  the  26th 
commenced  an  attack  upon  Trenton,  then  in  possession  of  the 
British.  So  sudden  and  unexpected  was  the  assault,  that  of  the 
1,500  German  troops  encamped  there,  906  were  made  prisoners. 
This  successful  enterprise  revived  the  spirit  of  the  nation,  as  it 
was  the  first  victory  gained  over  the  German  mercenaries.  Gen. 
Mercer,  a  brave  American  officer,  was  mortally  wounded  in  the 
attack. 

Morriaville,  a  thriving  village  on  the  Delaware,  directly  oppo- 
site Trenton,  has  considerable  water-power,  which  is  derived  from 
the  river.    The  population  is  about  500. 

Bristol  is  a  beautiful  village  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Delaware, 
nearly  opposite  to  Burlington,  18  miles  n.  e.  from  Philadelphia. 
It  is  regularly  laid  out  and  neatly  built,  and  contains  about  2,000 
inhabitants.  The  Delaware  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal, 
which  communicates  with  the  Lehigh  Canal  at  Easton,  termi- 
nates here,  in  a  spacious  basin  on  the  Delaware.  This  canal,  in 
connection  with  the  Lehigh  Canal,  forms  an  uninterrupted  water 
communication  with  the  anthracite  coal  region  of  Northampton 
county,  in  Pennsylvania.  Fare  to  Bristol  by  railroad  from 
Philadelphia,  25  cents ;  by  steamboat,  which  runs  twice  daily 
in  each  direction  during  the  summer  season,  12^  cents. 

Andalusia  and  Holmesburg,  pleasant  places  a  few  miles  n.  e. 
from  Philadelphia,  are  much  resorted  to  by  the  citizens  during 
the  summer  months. 

Bridesburg,  a  beautiful  village  situated  on  the  Delaware  five 
miles  from  the  city,  and  elevated  about  25  feet  above  the  river,  is 
a  neat  and  attractive  place.  It  is  the  residence  of  many  wealthy 
and  retired  citizens  of  Philadelphia.  * 


GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES  FROM  NEW  FORK. 


229 


Port  Richmond^  a  town  of  recent  date,  on  the  bank  of  the 
Delaware,  and  at  the  eastern  termination  of  the  Reading  Rail- 
road, is  three  miles  distant  from  Philadelphia.  It  has  become  an 
important  place,  owing  to  its  favorable  situation  for  trade.  Coal 
brought  over  the  Reading  Railroad,  from  the  productive  anthra- 
cite coal  region  in  Pennsylvania,  is  shipped  here  for  other  places. 

Tacony,  the  terminus  of  the  railroad,  is  six  miles  from  Phila- 
delphia :  from  this  place  we  proceed  in  the  steamer  to  that  city, 
for  a  description  of  which  we  refer  the  reader  to  page  230. 


Steamboat  and  Railroad  Route  between  New  York  and 
Philadelphia.— (See  Map  No.  23.) — This  route  between  the  two 
cities  is  performed  both  by  steamboat  and  railroad  united ;  the 
former,  leaving  from  the  pier  at  the  foot  of  Battery  Place,  con- 
veys us  to  South  Amboy,  28  miles,  the  terminus  of  the  Camden 
and  Amboy  Railroad  ;  at  which  place  we  take  the  cars  for  Cam- 
den, 62  miles  distant,  and  from  thence  by  ferry  across  the  river  to 
Philadelphia. 

Distances  and  Fares  from  New  York  to  Philadelphia,  via 
South  Amboy. — To  South  Amboy,  28  miles,  25  cents ;  Spotstcood, 
38,  75  cts. ;  West's  Turn  Out,  42,  75  cts. ;  Prospect  Plains,  45, 
75  cts.;  Cranberry,  47,  $1,00;  Hightstown,  49,  $1,50;  Centre- 
ville,  53,  $1,75  ;  Hungry  Hill,  56,  $1,75  ;  Sand  Hills,  58,  $2,00 ; 
BoRDENTOWN,  63,  $2,50;  Kincora,  67,  $2,50;  Burlington,  71, 
$2,50;  liancocas,  77,  $2,87;  Camden,  95;  Philadelphia,  96, 
$3,00. 

Stages  leave  West's  Turnout  for  Freehold  and  Monmouth, 
fare  87  i  cts,,  or  by  stages  from  Hightstown,  $1,60. 

On  leaving  the  wharf,  the  traveller  is  conveyed  across  the  bay 
and  harbor  of  New  York.  The  beauty  of  the  scene  which  will 
here  arrest  his  attention  is  proverbial.  As  the  boat  proceeds  to- 
wards Staten  Island,  and  shapes  its  way  through  the  narrow 
straits  between  the  island  and  the  New  Jersey  shore,  called  the 
«« Kills,"  many  beautiful  places  will  be  presented  to  his  view ; 
among  others.  New  Brighton,  a  village  of  country'Seats,  erected 
by  opulent  citizens  from  the  metropolis,  arrayed  in  all  its  attrac- 
tions of  fine  architecture  and  eligible  position,  and  commanding 
views  of  the  city,  islands,  h»rbnr,  and  adjacent  shores. 


) 


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230 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


The  Sailors*  Snug  Harbor,  a  short  distance  beyond,  an  asy- 
lum for  superannuated  seamen,  is  the  most  imposing  edifice  on 
this  shore. 

Staten  Island,  which  we  keep  on  our  left  as  we  proceed  to- 
wards Amboy,  abounds  with  beauties,  and  is  no  doubt  destined 
to  be,  ere  long,  a  favorite  place  of  residence  of  the  wealthy  and 
retiring  citizens  of  the  metropolis. 

We  now  approach  South  Amboy,  the  landing-place,  and  also 
the  terminus  of  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad.  Upon  our 
arrival  there  we  are  transported.  In  a  short  space  of  time,  from 
the  steamboat  to  the  railroad  cars  ;  and  after  a  slight  detention, 
we  proceed  on  our  journey  up  the  steep  ascent  from  the  river,  and 
soon  enter  a  line  of  deep  cutting  through  the  sandhills.  The  road 
is  then  continued  through  a  barren  and  uninteresting  region  of 
country,  towards  the  Delaware  at  Bordentown,  35  miles  from 
Amboy.  Here  are  the  extensive  grounds  and  mansion  formerly 
occupied  by  the  late  Joseph  Bonaparte,  ex-king  of  Spain,  which 
are  among  the  most  conspicuous  objects  of  the  place. 

Bordentown  is  situated  on  a  steep  sandbank,  on  the  e.  side  of 
the  Delaware.  Although  in  a  commanding  situation,  its  view  is 
greatly  obstructed  from  the  river.  This  is  a  favorite  resort  of  the 
Fhiladelphians  during  the  summer  season.  The  Delaware  and 
Raritan  Canal  here  connects  with  Delaware  river.  A  branch 
road  running  along  the  canal  and  river,  connects  this  town  with 
Trenton. 

The  further  continuation  of  the  route  to  Philadelphia  from 
Bordentown  will  be  either  by  the  railroad  running  along  the  e. 
bank  of  the  Delaware  to  Camden,  or  by  steamboat  down  the 
river  to  Philadelphia,  landing  at  the  foot  of  Walnut-street. 


PHILADELPHIA. 


Philadelphia,  the  metropolis  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  after  New 
York,  the  largest  city  in  the  United  States,  is  situated  in  Lat. 
39°  57'  9"  N.,  Long.  75°  10'  37"  W.  from  Greenwich,  and 
1°  50'  47"  W.  Long,  from  Washington.  It  is  87  miles  b.  w.  from 
New  York,  322  s.  w.  from  Boston,  97  s.  k.  from  Baltimorei  106 


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PHILADELPmA. 


231 


,} 


View  of  Fklrmount  'Wfttor<worki.  PhiladalphiiL 

from  Harrisburg,  and  135  from  Washington.  The  population  in 
1800  was  70,287 ;  in  1810,  96,287  ;  in  1820,  119,325  ;  in  1830, 
167,325 ;  in  1840,  inchiding  the  county,  258,691 ;  and  in  1848 
not  less  than  330,000. 

The  city  is  situated  between  the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill 
rivers,  five  miles  above  their  junction,  and  is  about  100  miles  from 
the  ocean  by  the  course  of  the  former  river.  The  city  proper  is 
that  portion  which  is  bounded  by  the  Delaware  on  the  e.,  the 
Schuylkill  on  the  w.,  Vine-st  on  the  n.,  and  South-st.  or  Cedar- 
Bt.  on  the  s.  The  districts  are  the  Northern  Liberties,  Kensing> 
ton,  and  Spring  Garden  on  the  n.  ;  and  South wark,  Moyamen- 
siug,  and  Passyunk  on  the  s.  These  districts,  which  properly  be- 
long to  Philadelphia,  have  municipal  authorities  of  their  own,  en- 
tirely distinct  from  that  of  the  city,  and  from  each  other.  The 
densely  built  parts  of  the  city  and  districts  have  an  outline  of 
about  8^  miles :  the  length  of  the  city  on  the  Delaware  is  4^ 
miles.  It  is  built  on  a  plain,  slightly  ascending  from  each  river, 
the  highest  point  of  which  is  elevated  64  feet  above  high-water 
mark.  It  is  laid  out  with  much  regularity  ;  the  streets,  which 
•re  broad  aud  straight,  with  a  few  exceptious  crossing  each  other 


)  '■ 


332 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


at  right  angles,  and  varying  in  width  from  50  to  120  feet.  The 
dwellings,  which  are  neat  and  clean-looking  in  their  appearancej 
ire  built  chiefly  of  brick,  the  style  of  architecture  being  plain 
/ather  than  showy  and  ornamental.  White  marble  is  generally 
used  for  the  door -steps,  window-sills,  the  basement  story,  and  not 
unfrequently  for  the  entire  front.  A  stranger  on  visiting  this  city 
would  judge  it  to  be  one  of  the  cleanest  in  the  world,  (which  it 
certainly  is,)  from  the  great  use  made  of  the  waters  of  the 
Schuylkill,  which  are  visible  in  washing  and  scrubbing  continue 
ally.  It  is  drained  by  common  sewers,  which  are  arched  culverts 
of  brick-work,  constructed  under  most  of  the  main  streets. 

This  city  is  celebrated  for  its  fine  markets,  which  are  well 
supplied  not  only  from  its  own  state,  but  from  the  states  adjacent, 
and  particularly  New  Jersey.  The  "  Neck,"  which  is  formed 
by  the  Ddaware  and  Schuylkill  rivers,  and  which  lies  south  of 
the  city,  is  divided  off  into  farms  and  gardens,  on  which  large 
quantities  of  vegetables  and  fruit  are  raised  for  the  Philadelphia 
markets. 

Philadelphia  has  the  advantage  of  a  double  port,  connected 
with  very  remote  sections  :  that  on  the  Schuylkill  is  accessible  to 
vessels  of  300  tons,  and  is  the  great  depot  for  the  coal  of  the  in- 
terior ; — the  other,  on  the  Delaware,  admits  the  largest  merchant 
vessels  to  the  doors  of  the  warehouses,  and  is  spacious  and  secure. 
As  might  be  expected,  it  has  a  large  foreign  and  domestic 
trade ;  the  latter,  however,  predominates.  The  registered  ton- 
nage entered  from  foreign  ports  in  1847,  was  148,071.  The 
value  of  imports  amounted  to  $13,145,937,  and  that  of  the  ex- 
ports to  $8,579,265.  The  commerce  of  Philadelphia  will  be  great- 
ly increased  by  the  recent  establishment  of  a  line  of  steamships 
from  that  port  to  Charleston,  S.  C.  A  line  is  also  contemplated 
between  Philadelphia  and  Liverpool.  This  city  is  also  distin- 
guished for  its  manufactures,  which  are  various  and  extensive. 
At  the  present  time  (1848)  the  amount  of  capital  invested  in  this 
branch  of  industry  exceeds  $15,000,000.  The  manufacture  of 
morocco  leather  (for  which  it  is  celebrated)  is  carried  on  more 
extensively  here  than,  perhaps,  in  any  other  part  of  the  country. 

Public  Squares. — In  the  city  are  many  public  squares,  orna- 
mented with  fine  shade  and  flowering  trees.    The  principal  one 


!l 


J 


FHILADEI FHIA. 


233 


1. 


Ml  Washington  Square,  a  little  s.  w.  of  the  State-House :  it  is 
finely  oraamented  with  trees  and  gravelled  walks,  is  surrounded 
by  a  handsome  iron  railing,  with  four  principal  entrances,  and  is 
kept  in  excellent  order.  Independence  Square,  in  the  rear  of 
the  State-House,  is  surrounded  by  a  solid  brick  wall  rising  three 
or  four  feet  above  the  adjacent  streets,  surmounted  by  an  iron 
railing.  Tho  entire  area  is  laid  off  in  walks  and  grassplota,  sha- 
ded with  majestic  trees.  It  was  within  this  enclosure  that  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  was  first  promulgated,  and  at  the 
present  day  it  is  frequently  used  as  a  place  of  meeting  for  politi- 
cal and  other  purposes.  Franklin  Square,  between  Race  and 
Vine,  and  Sixth  and  Franklin  sta,  is  an  attractive  promenade^ 
with  a  splendid  fountain  in  its  centre,  surrounded  by  a  marble 
basin  ;  it  is  embellished  with  a  great  variety  of  trees,  graesplots, 
&C.  The  other  squares  are — Penn  Square,  at  the  intersection 
of  Broad  and  Market  sts.,  now  divided  into  four  parts  by  cutting 
Market  and  Broad  sts.  through  it ;  Logan  Square,  between  Race 
and  Vine  sts. ;  and  Rittenhouse  Square,  between  Walnut  and 
Locust  sts. 

Fairmount  Water-works. — The  inhabitants  of  Philadelphia 
are  liberally  supplied  with  water  from  the  Fairmount  Water- 
works, constructed  at  an  expense  of  about  $450,000 :  upwards 
of  100  miles  of  iron  pipe  convey  it  to  all  parts  of  the  city  and 
districts.  These  water-works  are  situated  on  the  e.  bank  of  the 
Schuylkill,  about  two  miles  in  a  n.  w.  direction  from  the  city, 
occupying  an  area  of  30  acres,  a  large  part  of  which  consists  of 
the  "  mount,"  an  eminence  100  feet  above  tidewater  in  the  river 
below,  and  about  60  feet  above  the  most  elevated  ground  in  the 
city.  The  top  is  divided  into  four  reservoirs,  capable  of  contain- 
ing 23,000,000  gallons,  one  of  which  is  divided  into  three  sec 
tions  for  the  purpose  of  filtration.  The  whole  is  surrounded  by 
a  beautiful  gravel-walk,  from  which  may  be  had  a  fine  view  of 
the  city.  The  reservoirs  contain  an  area  of  over  six  acres ;  they 
are  12  feet  deep^  lined  with  stone  and  paved  with  brick,  laid  in 
a  bed  of  clay,  in  strong  lime  cement,  and  made  watertight.  The 
power  necessary  for  forcing  the  water  into  the  reservoirs  is  ob- 
tained by  throwing  a  dam  across  the  Schuylkill ;  and  by  means 
of  wheels  moved  by  the  water,  which  work  forcing-pumps,  the 


f'f^'' 


234 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


water  of  the  river  is  raised  to  the  reservoirs  on  the  top  of  the 
**  mount."  The  dam  is  1,600  feet  long,  and  the  race  upwards  of 
400  feet  long  and  90  wide,  cut  in  solid  rock.  The  niill-house  is 
of  stone,  238  feet  long,  and  56  wide,  and  capable  of  containing 
eight  wheels,  and  each  pump  will  raise  about  1,250,000  gallons 
hi  24  hours. — The  Spring  Garden  Watei-works  are  situated  on 
the  Schuylkill,  a  short  distance  above  Fairmount. 

The  Schuylkill  Excursions. — Two  enterprising  citizens  of 
Philadelphia  have  placed  a  line  of  steamboats  on  the  Schuylkill, 
plying  between  Fairmount  and  Manyunk.  The  distance  is  seven 
miles,  and  the  excursion  a  delightful  one.  These  boats  are  con- 
structed in  a  peculiar  manner,  the  wheel  being  in  the  rear, — a 
novelty  that  creates  considerable  interest  with  those  who  have 
only  seen  the  ordinary  steamers.  For  the  accommodation  of 
strangers  who  may  wish  to  take  this  jaunt,  we  give  the  places 
on  the  river  at  which  they  may  land,  with  fares.  A  boat  leaves 
from  above  the  **  Dam"  every  hour  for  Sweetbrier  Farm,  2 
miles,  6  cents  ;  Laurel-Hill  Cemetery,  4  miles,  10  cents ;  Falls 
of  Schuylkill,  4  miles,  10  cents ;  Wissahiccon  Creek,  6  miles, 
and  Manyunk,  7  miles,  12^  cents  each. 

The  United  States  Navy  Yard  is  located  in  Front-st.,  below 
Prince,  and  contains  within  its  limits  about  12  acres.  It  is  en- 
closed on  three  sides  by  a  high  and  substantial  brick  wall ;  the 
east  side  fronts  on  and  is  open  to  the  Delaware  river.  Its  en- 
trance is  in  Front-st.  The  Yard  contains  every  preparation  ne- 
cessary for  building  vessels  of  war,  and  has  marine  barracks,  with 
quarters  for  the  officers. 

Public  Bitildings. — The  State-House  fronts  on  Chesnut-st., 
and  including  the  wings,  which  are  of  modern  construction,  oc- 
cupies the  entire  block,  extending  from  Fifth  to  Sixth  st.  In  a 
room  in  this  building,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1776,  the  Declaration 
of  Independence  was  adopted  by  Congress,  and  publicly  pro- 
claimed from  the  steps  on  the  same  day.  The  room  presents 
now  the  same  appearance  it  did  on  that  eventful  day,  in  furni- 
ture and  interior  decorations.  This  chamber  is  situated  on  the 
first  floor,  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  original  building,  and  can  be 
seen  by  visiters  on  application  to  the  person  in  charge  of  the 
State-House.    In  the  Hall  of  Independence  is  a  statue  of  Wash* 


,. 


PHILADELPHIA. 


f 


1 


235 


Ti«w  of  Oirard  OolUg* 

ington,  carved  in  wood,  and  alno  R^vernl  fine  paintings.  The 
mayor's  court,  and  the  district  and  circuit  courts  of  the  United 
States,  are  held  in  this  building.  Visiters  have  free  access  to  the 
cupola,  from  which  there  is  an  extensive  view  of  the  city  and 
vicinity. 

The  Girard  College  is  situated  on  the  Ridge  Road,  in  a  n.  w. 
direction  from  the  city  proper,  about  3^  miles  from  the  Exchange. 
It  was  founded  by  the  late  Stephen  Girard,  a  native  of  France, 
who  died  in  1831,  and  bequeathed  $2,000,000  for  the  purpose 
of  erecting  suitable  buildings  for  the  education  of  otphans.  More 
than  one-half  of  this  sum  has  already  been  expended  upon  the 
buildings,  and  a  largo  amount  will  still  be  required  for  their  cono- 
pletion.  It  occupies  a  commanding  position.  The  site  on  which 
it  stands  contains  about  45  acres  of  ground,  bequeathed  for  the 
purpose  by  the  founder  of  the  institution.  The  college,  or  cen- 
tre building,  which  is  devoted  to  the  purposes  of  education,  is 
one  of  the  most  superb  buildings  in  the  country  ;  it  is  218  feet 
long  from  n.  to  s.,  160  from  e.  to  w.,  and  97  in  height  This 
building,  with  its  beautiful  columns  and  gorgeous  capitals,  at  once 
attracts  the  attention  of  the  beholder.  It  is  surrounded  by  34 
columns  of  the  Corinthian  order,  with  beautiful  capitals,  support- 


236 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


iug  an  ontabluture ;  each  column,  including  capital  and  base,  it 
55  feet  high  mul  6  in  diameter,  having  a  base  3  feet  high  and  9 
in  diameter, — leaving  a  space  of  15  feet  between  the  columns  und 
the  body  of  the  building.  At  each  end  is  u  doorway  or  entrance, 
32  feot  high  and  16  wide,  decorated  with  massive  architraves, 
surmounted  by  a  sculptured  cornice.  Each  of  these  doors  opens 
into  a  vestibule,  26  feet  wide  and  48  long,  the  coiling  of  which  is 
supported  by  eight  marble  colmnns.  Immediately  above  these 
vestibules,  in  the  second  story,  are  an  equal  number  of  lobbies, 
the  ceilings  of  which  are  supported  by  Corinthian  columns.  In 
each  corner  of  the  building  are  marble  stairways,  which  are 
lighted  from  above.  On  each  floor  are  four  rooms,  50  feet  square, 
and  the  third  is  lighted  by  a  skylight,  which  does  not  rise  above 
tlie  roof.  No  wood  is  used  in  the  construction  of  the  building, 
except  for  the  doors,  so  that  it  is  fireproof.  The  remaining 
four  buildings,  situated  two  on  either  side  of  the  main  building, 
are  each  52  feot  by  120,  und  two  stories  high,  with  commodious 
basements.  The  most  eastern  of  these  is  so  divided  as  to  con- 
stitute four  distinct  houses  for  the  professors.  The  other  three 
are  designed  for  the  residence  of  the  pupils. 

The  Merchants*  Exchange,  situated  between  Dock,  Walnut, 
and  Third  sts.,  is  of  white  marble.  It  is  a  beautiful  structure,  and 
of  its  kind,  one  of  the  finest  iu  the  country. 

The  United  States  Mint  is  iu  Chesnut-st.  below  Broad-st.,  and 
fronts  on  the  former  street  122  feet.  It  is  built  of  white  marble 
iu  the  style  of  a  Grecian  Ionic  temple,  and  comprises  several  dis- 
tinct apartments.  Coining  is  among  the  most  interesting  and  at- 
tractive of  processes,  to  those  who  have  never  witnessed  such 
operations.  Visiters  are  admitted  during  the  morning  of  each  day, 
until  one  o'clock,  on  application  to  the  proper  officers. 

The  Arcade  is  in  Chesnut,  between  Sixth  and  Seventh  sts.,  and 
extends  through  to  Carpeuter-st.  150  feet,  fronting  100  feet  on 
Chesnut-st.  On  the  ground-floor  are  two  avenues,  extending  the 
entire  depth  of  the  building,  with  rows  of  stores  fronting  on  each. 
The  second  floor,  which  is  reached  by  flights  of  marble  steps  at 
each  end,  is  divided  into  stores  similar  to  those  on  the  ground- 
floor.  The  third  story  was  originally  prepared  for  Peale's  Mu-* 
Beuni,  uow  kept  in  the  Masonic  Hall,  in  Chesnut-st 


i. 


PHILADELPHIA. 


237 


Tho  Custom- House t  formerly  tho  United  States  Bank,  is  lo- 
cated in  Chesnut-st.,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  sts.  It  is  a 
chaste  specimen  of  tho  Doric  order  of  architecture,  after  the  Par- 
thenon at  Athens,  with  the  omission  of  the  colonnades  at  the 
sides.  It  was  commenced  in  1819,  and  completed  in  about  five 
years,  at  a  cost  of  {$.'500,000. 

Banks,  &c. — There  are  about  15  banks,  7  savinjirB  institutions 
and  loan  companies,  and  numerous  insurance  companies,  in  Phil- 
adelphia. Some  of  the  banks  occupy  splendid  and  costly  build- 
ings. The  Pennsylvania  Bank  is  of  white  marble,  and  bus  an 
enclosure  ornamented  with  plants  and  shrubbery,  and  surrounded 
by  an  iron  railing.  Tho  Girard  Bank — formerly  the  old  United 
States  Bank,  purchased  by  the  late  Stephen  Girard,  and  used  by 
him  for  a  banking-house — has  u  marble  front,  and  is  enriched  by 
a  portico  of  six  Corinthian  columns.  Tho  Philadelphia  Bank 
is  a  beautiful  structure.  Tho  Bank  of  North  America,  origin- 
ally chartered  by  Congress  in  1781,  was  the  first  institution  of  its 
kind  organized  in  the  United  States.  Its  banking-house  (a  new 
building)  is  one  of  the  most  chaste  and  elegant  in  design  in  tho 
United  States.  Many  of  the  other  banking-houses  are  handsome 
buildings,  but  generally  of  a  plain  stylo  of  architecture.  The 
banks  in  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  with  their  loca- 
tions, are  as  follows  :  Bank  of  Commerce,  s.  e.  corner  of  Second 
and  Chesnut  sts. ;  Bank  of  North  America,  Chesnut-st.,  above 
Third  ;  Bank  of  Pennsylvania,  Second-st.,  above  Walnut ;  Gi- 
rard B^nk,  South  Third-st.,  below  Chesnut ;  Commercial  Bank 
of  Pennsylvania,  Market-st.,  above  Second  ;  Bank  of  Northern 
Liberties,  Vine-st.,  below  Third ;  Farmers*  and  Mechanics* 
Bank,  Chesnut-st.,  above  Fourth  ;  Bank  of  Germantown,  at 
Germantown  ;  Bank  ofPenn  Township,  n  w.  corner  of  Vine  and 
Sixth  sts. ;  Kensington  Bank,  Beach-st.,  below  Maiden  ;  Manu- 
facturers* and  Mechanics*  Bank,  n.  w.  corner  of  Third  and  Vine 
sts. ;  Mechanics*  Bank,  South  Third-st.,  below  Market ;  Phila- 
delphia Bank,  Chesnut-st.,  above  Fourth  ;  Southwark  Bank, 
Second-st.,  below  South  ;  Western  Bank,  n.  w.  corner  of  Market 
and  Sixth  sts. 

Churches. — In  Jan.,  1848,  there  were  in  Philadelphia  159 
churches  of  difTerent  denominations,  as  follows :  Episcopal,  27  ; 


S38 


KATT.KOAl)  AND  STrAMHOAT  ronil'ANION. 


Mrthotlint,  (MpiHropal.)  lii? ;  ntrlfiodiiif,{l*ro\vntM\l,)  fi ;  Ihipliftt, 
KJ;  Vvrshijtrriaiu  Now  School,  l.'J— Old  School,  l*J  ;  «r- 
formrd  l^trshylrrian,  4 — /l«.wrirt/r,  4 — Asuocintf  Rvformrd  i2 ; 
Roman  Cittholic,  IM  ;  Frinnh,  7  ;  (inman  liffurmrd^  ,'J  ;  /w- 
dfjirndriit,  "2  ;  liutltrran,  (•crnmn,  .'I — riii^lmh,  !;.* ;  Viiirnml- 
ist,''2;  Dutch  lit'formrd,2  \  Miirinnn\2;  Ihiitarian,  I;  iVnc 
Jt'iii.'nilrm,  I  ;  Moranmu  I  ;  Diariplm  of  Christ,  1  ;  Jrwi,sh 
S}^n(i<xoirueii,  li ;  chiirchcH  of  liiircreiit  (hMioininutiouH  for  coloroil 
l)ooj)lo,  lii. 

Tho  stylo  of  constrnrtiou  of  iho  churches  \h  variouH.  Only  u 
fpw  have  pi'iMciisionN  (o  jjn>at.  architectural  beauty.  St.  Ste- 
phen's (^titrh,  (Episcopal,)  hi  'IVuth-st.,  bctwccu  Market  nud 
Chesuut.  is  a  Hue  specinu«n  of  (Jothic  architecture  ;  it  is  1&2  feet 
lonj;  and  ;"»()  wide,  au<l  oii  its  front  corn«M's  has  two  octajjonal  tow- 
ers Sf)  feet  hijjh.  The  upper  parts  of  the  windows  are  embellish- 
ed  with  cherubim,  in  white  jrhiss  on  a  bluo  pround,  and  tlio 
snsiies  are  tilled  with  diamoiul-shaped  ^lass  of  various  colors,  or- 
namented in  the  sam»>  nuinner.  Christ  Church,  in  Second-st, 
was  built  in  1()!)1,  and  enlarfjed  in  1810.  It  is  the  oldest  church 
in  the  city  ;  its  spire,  ll)(»feet  hijih,  was conunenced  in  llitli,  and 
completed  the  followiufj  year,  by  means  of  a  lottery,  a  mode  of 
raising  money  not  unconnnon  in  those  days.  This  church  has  a 
chime  of  Im>IIs.  St.  John's  Church,  (Catholic,)  situated  in  Thir- 
teeuth-st.,  between  Chcsnut  and  Market  sts.,  is  an  elejijant  (jothic 
structure,  with  square  towers  on  each  of  its  front  corners.  The 
windows  are  of  stained  jjlass,  ai\d  the  interior  is  decorated  with 
several  handsome  paintinjjs.  The  First  Prcshyteruin  Church, 
frontiujj  on  Washinjiton  Square,  is  one  of  the  most  elejraut 
churches  of  this  denomination  in  the  city.  There  are  others 
very  chaste  and  elegant  in  their  design,  but  the  limits  of  this 
work  will  not  permit  of  a  detailed  description. 

Bknevolknt  Institutions. — The  county  Almshouse,  situated 
on  the  w.  side  of  the  Schuylkill,  opjvMjite  South-st.,  is  a  place  for 
the  reception  of  the  poor  of  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  an  immense  structure,  cousistingf  of  four  main  buildings,  cov- 
erinjj  and  enclosinjj  about  ten  acres  of  ground,  and  fronting  ou 
the  Schuylkill  river.  The  site  is  much  elevated  above  the  bank 
of  the  river,  and  commands  a  line  view  of  the  city  and  surround- 


■ 


r-aiM>».W«llHM 


T'HILADKLl'lirA. 


239 


in);  roiiiitry.  ViNiforH  nrn  luliiiiltitd  to  lliiH  oxcrllriit  iiiHtitiilion, 
whicli  oil  iiiH|H>(;tioii  citiiiiot  fail  to  oxrito  tiiiioli  NutiHf'uctioii. — 
VriwHyhnnia  lloHiiital,  in  I'ino-Ht.,  bntwiMMi  Ki|r|itli  and  Ninth 
fitH.,  in  an  udinirablo  inntitiition.  It  rMuitaiiiH  an  uiialomiral  niii- 
BfMini,  and  u  library  of  riioro  than  H,(M)0  vohiriioH.  f  n  tho  rear  of 
thn  h>t  t'rontinfir  on  Sprtico-Ht.  iH  a  Mtiiall  hiiildint;  which  conlainH 
VVohI'm  (M^h'ltrattid  picjturo  of  ('hriHt  llournjf  the  Sick,  jMrHimtod 
to  thiH  iiiNtit'ition  by  itH  author. — 'J'ho  United  Slalr.H  Murine 
Ifospital  or  Naval  Asylum  hiiH  a  handHoniM  Hitimtioii  on  tho  nattt 
bank  of  tho  Schuylkill  IkOow  Sontli-Nt.  It  iH  for  tho  iiko  of  inva- 
lid Hoaiiion,  and  olficcrH  dinablrd  in  thn  Hcrvicf^. — Tho  Pcnnsyl- 
vania  Inntitntiun  for  ike  Deaf  and  Dumb  in  nitnatcd  on  tho 
coriior  of  Hroad  and  Piiin  hIh.,  having  (^xtonsivn  buildiii|fH  aduptod 
to  the  purpoHOH  of  tho  CHtabliHiiiiKMit. — Tho  Pcnntiylvania  Innti- 
tution  fur  the  InHtrnction  of  the  lilind  w  Hitnatcd  in  Kaco-Ht. 
near  Schuylkill  Third-Ht.  Tho  pupilH  of  tliiH  iiiNtitiition  aro  iu« 
Htructcd  in  rcadin^r,  writing;,  urithnictic,  Kcoirra|)liy,  and  inuHic  ; 
and  arc  alHo  tau^lit  to  nmiiufacturo  a  groat  variety  of  UHoful  and 
ornarnoiital  articlcn. 

Thoro  aro  in  Philadelphia  many  other  nocieticH  for  tho  relief 
of  tho  diHtrcHsed. 

Literary  and  Scientific  Institutions. — Tho  American  Philo- 
aophical  Society  wan  founded  in  174.'j,  principally  throiigti  tho 
oxortioHH  of  Dr.  Franklin  ;  itn  hall  k  Hitiiuted  in  South  Fifth-Ht., 
below  Chcsnut,  and  in  tho  rear  of  tho  Slato-Ilouse.  In  addition 
to  its  library  of  15,000  volumes  of  valuable  works,  tho  nociety  has 
a  fuio  collection  of  minerals  and  foNsils,  ancient  relics,  and  other 
interesting  objects.  Strangers  are  admitted  to  the  hall  on  appli- 
cation to  the  librarian. — Tho  Philadelphia  Library  is  situated  in 
Fifth-st.,  below  Chesnut,  on  tho  north  corner  of  Library-st. 
This  library,  which  was  founded  in  1731,  by  the  influence  of  Dr. 
Franklin,  contains  upward  of  35,000  volumes,  embracing  works 
ou  almost  every  branch  of  general  knowledge.  Citizens  and 
strangers  have  free  access  to  tho  library,  and  lor  their  accom- 
modation tables  and  seats  aro  provided.  To  t.iis  1ms  been  added 
the  Loganian  library,  (which  formerly  belonged  to  the  late  Dr. 
Logan.)  containing  11,000  volumes  of  raro  and  valuable  books, 
ipofitly  classical. — The  Atkeneum,  in   Sixth  below  Waluut-st, 


240 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


contains  the  periodical  journals  of  the  day,  and  a  library  consist- 
ing of  several  thousand  volumes.  The  rooms  are  open  every  day 
and  evening  (Sundays  excepted)  throughout  the  year.  Strangers 
are  admitted  gratuitously  for  one  mouth,  on  introduction  by  a 
member. — The  Franklin  Institute  was  incorporated  in  1824 ;  it 
is  situated  in  Seventh-st,  below  Market.  Its  members,  about 
3,000  in  number,  consist  of  manufacturers,  artists,  and  mechanics, 
and  persons  friendly  to  the  mechanic  arts.  The  annual  exhibi- 
tions of  this  institute  never  fail  to  attract  a  large  number  of  vis- 
iters. It  has  a  library  of  about  3,500  volumes,  and  an  extensive 
reading-room,  where  most  of  the  periodicals  of  the  day  may  be 
found.  Strangers  are  admitted  to  the  rooms  on  application  to 
the  actuary. — The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  incorporated 
in  1817,  has  a  well-selected  library  of  about  9,000  volumes,  be- 
sides an  extensive  collection  of  objects  in  natural  history.  Its 
splendid  hall  is  in  Broad-st.,  between  Chesnut  and  Walnut.  It 
is  open  to  visiters  every  Saturday  afternoon. — The  Mercantile 
Lihrartft  situated  on  the  corner  of  Fifth  and  Library  stB.,  was 
founded  in  1823,  for  the  purpose  of  diffusing  mercantile  know- 
ledge. It  contained  in  Jan.,  1848,  11,425  volumes,  chiefly  on 
commercial  subjects,  and  pursuits  connected  with  commerce. — 
The  Apprentices*  Library,  cor.  Fifth  and  Arch,  consists  of  about 
14,000  volumes,  and  is  open  to  the  youth  of  both  sexes. — The 
Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Fifth-st,  below  Chesnut, 
was  founded  for  the  purpose  of  diffusing  a  knowledge  of  local 
history,  especially  in  relation  to  the  state  of  Pennsylvania.  It 
has  caused  to  be  published  a  large  amount  of  information  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  the  early  history  of  the  state,  and  is  now 
actively  engaged  in  similar  pursuits. — The  Friends'  Library,  on 
the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Arch  sts.,  has  about  3,000  volumes,  the 
books  of  which  are  loaned  free  of  charge  to  persons  who  come 
suitably  recommended. — There  are  several  excellent  libraries  in 
the  Districts  of  Philadelphia,  which  are  conducted  on  the  most 
liberal  principles. 

Mbdical  Institutions. — The  University  of  Pennsylvania^ 
which  is  an  admirable  institution,  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of 
Ninth-st.,  between  Market  and  Chesnut.  It  was  founded  in 
1791,  by  the  Union  of  the  old  University  and  College  of  Phila- 


PHILADELPHIA. 


241 


delphia.  The  buildings  consist  of  two  handsome  structures,  85 
feet  front  by  112  deep,  surrounded  by  open  grounds,  tastefully 
laid  out  in  gravel-walks,  &.C.,  which  are  separated  from  the 
street  by  an  iron  railing.  The  average  number  of  students  who 
attend  annually  the  medical  lectures  in  this  institution,  is  about 
400. — Jefferson  Medical  College  is  situated  in  Tenth -st.  below 
Chesnut ;  it  was  originally  connected  with  the  college  at  Canons- 
burg,  but  is  now  an  independent  institution.  The  number  of 
pupils  averages  about  300  annually.  The  anatomical  museum 
of  this  institution  is  open  to  visiters. — Pennsylvania  Medical 
College,  in  Filbert-st.  above  Eleventh,  is  a  flourishing  institution 
of  recent  origin ;  the  first  lectures  having  been  delivered  in  the 
winter  of  1839-40. — The  College  of  Physicians  is  an  old  insti- 
tution, having  existed  before  the  Revolution.  It  is  one  of  the 
principal  sources  from  which  proceeds  the  PharmacopcBia  of  the 
United  States. — The  Medical  Institute,  in  Locust-st.  above 
Eleventh,  is  where  the  elementary  branches  of  medical  science 
in  all  their  relations  are  taught. — The  Philadelphia  College  of 
Pharmacy,  in  Zane-st.,  above  Seventh,  was  the  first  regularly 
organized  institution  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  Its  objects  are  to 
impart  appropriate  instruction,  to  examine  drugs,  and  to  cultivate 
a  taste  for  the  sciences. 

Prisons. — The  Eastern  Penitentiary,  in  the  n.  w.  part  of  the 
city,  is  situated  on  Coates-st.,  w.  of  Broad-st.,  and  s.  of  Girard 
College.  It  covers  about  ten  acres  of  ground,  is  surrounded  by  a 
wall  thirty  feet  high,  and  in  architecture  resembles  a  baronial 
castle  of  the  middle  ages.  It  is  constructed  on  the  principle  of 
strictly  solitary  confinement  in  separate  cells,  and  is  admirably 
calculated  for  the  security,  the  health,  and,  so  far  as  consistent 
with  its  objects,  the  comfort  of  its  occupants. — The  County 
Prt«on,  situated  on  Passyunk  road,  below  Federal-st.,  is  a  spacious 
Gothic  building,  presenting  an  imposing  appearance.  It  is  ap> 
propriated  to  the  confinement  of  persons  awaiting  trial,  or  those 
who  are  sentenced  for  short  periods.  The  Debtor*8  Prison,  ad« 
joining  the  above  on  the  north,  is  constructed  of  red  sandbtone, 
in  a  style  of  massive  Egyptian  architecture. — ^The  House  of 
Refuge,  at  the  corner  of  Coates-st.  and  Ridge  Road,  near  the 
Penitentiary,  was  founded  by  the  benevolence  of  citizens  of  Phila- 

16 


242 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


delphia,  and  is  devoted  to  the  confinement  of  vicious  and  aban- 
doned juvenile  ofTeuders  of  both  sexes. — The  House  of  Correc- 
tioTif  at  Bush  Hill,  is  used  for  the  confinement  of  disorderly  per- 
sons, and  such  as  are  charged  with  minor  offences. 

Cemeteries. — The  beautiful  cemetery  of  Laurel  Hill  is  situ- 
ated on  the  Ridge  Road,  3^  miles  n.  w.  of  the  city,  and  on  the  e. 
bank  of  the  Schuylkill,  which  is  elevated  about  90  feet  above  tlio 
river.  It  contains  about  20  acres,  the  surface  of  which  is  undu- 
lating, prettily  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and  adorned  with  a 
number  of  beautiful  trees.  The  irregularity  of  the  ground,  to- 
gether with  the  foliage,  shrubs,  and  fragrant  flowers,  which  here 
abound — the  finely-sculptured  and  appropriate  monuments — with 
an  extensive  and  diversified  view — make  the  whole  scene  grand 
and  impressive  in  a  high  degree.  On  entering  the  gate,  the  first 
object  that  presents  itself  to  the  gaze  of  the  visiter,  is  a  splendid 
piece  of  statuary,  representing  Sir  Walter  Scott  conversing  with 
Old  Mortality,  executed  in  sandstone  by  the  celebrated  Thom. 
The  chapel,  which  is  situated  on  high  ground  to  the  right  of  the 
entrance,  is  a  beautiful  Gothic  building,  illuminated  by  an  im- 
mense window  of  stained  glass.  Visiters  are  admitted  within  the 
cemetery  by  making  application  at  the  entrance ;  those  with 
carriages,  wishing  to  enter  the  enclosure,  must  show  a  ticket 
from  one  of  the  managers.  The  cars  of  the  Norristown  Rail- 
road will  convey  visiters  to  the  cemetery  and  back,  twice  daily, 
from  their  depot  at  the  corner  of  Ninth  and  Green  sts.  Faref 
13^  cents. — Monument  Cemetery,  another  beautiful  enclosure,  is 
situated  on  Broad-st.,  in  the  vicinity  of  Turner's  Lane,  in  the 
north  part  of  Philadelphia,  and  about  three  miles  from  the  State- 
House.  It  was  opened  in  1838,  and  now  contains  many  hand- 
some tomhs.—'Ronaldson's  Cemetery,  in  Shippen-st.,  between 
Ninth  and  Tenth,  occupying  an  entire  square,  and  surrounded 
by  an  iron  railing,  is  very  beautiful.  It  formerly  belonged  to  Mr. 
James  Ronaldson,  from  whom  it  takes  its  name,  who  divided  it 
into  lots,  and  disposed  of  it  for  its  present  purposes.  It  contains 
a  large  number  of  splendid  tombs,  and  is  adorned  with  a  great 
variety  of  flowers  and  foliage,  whose  fragrance  and  beauty  make 
this  an  attractive,  although  a  mournful  spot 

Places  of  Amusement. — Walnut-street  Theatre,  on  the  cor« 


PHILADELPHIA. 


243 


cor* 


ner  of  "Walnut  and  Ninth  sts.  Arch-street  llieatre,  in  Arch-si, 
above  Sixth.  BarnunHs  Museum,  an  admirable  place  of  amuse- 
ment, in  Chesnut-street,  corner  of  Seventh.  Admission  25 
cents.  Academy  of  Fine  ArtSf  north  side  of  Chesnut,  between 
Tenth  and  Eleventh  sts.  Open  daily,  admission  25  cents.  West's 
Picture  of  Christ  Healing  the  Sick,  in  Spruce-st.,  between 
Eighth  and  Ninth  sts.  Admission  25  cents.  Musical  Fund  Hall, 
in  Locust-st.  between  Eighth  and  Ninth  sts.,  for  concerts.  DiO' 
ramOf  in  Sansom-st.  above  Eighth.     Admission  25  cents. 

Principal  Hotels. — Washington  House,  in  Chesnut-st.  be- 
tween Seventh  and  Eighth  sts.  Jones's  Hotel,  Chesnut-st.  be- 
tween Sixth  and  Seventh  sts.  Columbia  House,  Chesnut-st.  be- 
low Seventh.  United  States  Hotel,  Chesnut-st.  between  Fourth 
and  Fifth.  Merchants'  Hotel,  North  Fourth-st.  near  Arch-st 
Congress  Hall,  85  Chesnut,  and  37  South  Third-st.  Madison 
House,  39  North  Second-st.  above  Market-st.  Franklin  House, 
Chesnut-st.  above  Second-st.  Morris  House,  Temperance  Ho- 
tel, 188  Chesnut-st.  Mansion  House,  Third-st.  near  Spruce. 
Red  Lion  Hotel,  200  Market-st.  White  Swan  Hotel,  106  Race- 
st.  above  Third.  Indian  Queen,  in  Fourth  above  Chesnut-st. 
There  are,  also,  many  other  excellent  houses  here  where  the 
traveller  will  find  every  comfort  and  convenience,  with  moderate 
charges.  Private  boarding-houses,  and  refectories,  likewise  abound. 

Rates  of  Fahe,  as  fixed  by  City  Ordinance.  —HacA:ney  Coaches. — 
For  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  pla^o  east  of  Broad-st.,  to  any 
other  place  east  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  hmits,  25  cents.  For  con- 
veying one  passenger  from  any  place  west  of  Broad-st.,  to  any  other 
place  west  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  limits,  25  cents.  Each  addition- 
al passenger,  25  cents.  Not  more  than /our  passengers  to  be  charged  for 
any  one  carriage.  For  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  place  east 
of  Broad-st.  to  any  place  west  of  Broad-st.,  or  from  any  place  west  of 
said  street  to  any  place  east  of  the  same,  within  the  city  limits,  50  cents. 
If  more  than  one  passenger,  then  for  each  passenger  25  cents.  For 
conveying  one  or  more  passengers  in  any  other  direction,  within  the 
limits  of  the  pavement,  for  each  passenger,  per  mile,  25  cents.  For 
conveying  one  or  more  passengers,  when  a  carriage  is  eronloyed  by  the 
hour,  $1  per  hour. 

Baggage.—  For  each  trunk  or  other  baggage  placed  inside,  at  the  own- 
er's request,  and  which  would  exclude  a  passenger,  for  each  passenger 
that  might  be  excluded  thereby,  25  cents.  For  each  trunk,  &c.,  placed 
outside,  12i  cents.    Baggage  placed  outside  not  to  pay  more,  in  the 


f — 


ssssatagmoKsm 


244 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


whole,  than  25  cents.    The  penalty  for  exceeding  the  above  charges  is 
a  fine  of  $5. 

Cabs.— Fox  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  place  east  of  the  centre 
of  Broad-st.,  to  any  other  place  east  of  the  centre  of  Broad-st. ;  or  from 
any  place  west  of  the  centre  of  Broad-st.,  to  any  other  place  west  of  the 
centre  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  limits,  25  cents.  Each  additional 
passenger  12i  cents.  For  conveying  one  passenger  from  any  place  east 
of  the  centre  of  Broad-st.,  to  any  other  place  west  of  the  centre  of 
Broad-st. ;  or  from  any  place  west  of  the  centre  of  Broad-st.,  to  any 
other  place  east  of  the  centre  of  Broad-st.,  within  the  city  limits,  37i 
cents.  Each  additional  passenger  124  cents.  For  the  use  of  a  cab  by 
the  liour,  within  the  city  limits,  with  one  or  more  passengers,  with  the 
privilege  of  going  from  place  to  place,  and  stopping  as  often  as  may  be 
required,  for  each  and  every  hour  50  ceiits.  Whenever  a  cab  shall  be 
detained,  except  as  in  the  foregoing  section,  the  owner  or  driver  shall 
be  allowed  per  hour  50  cents.  And  so,  in  proportion,  for  any  part  of  an 
hour  exceeding  ]5  minutes.  For  conveying  one  or  two  persons,  with 
reasonable  baggage,  to  or  from  any  of  the  steamboats  or  raihoads,  (ex- 
cept the  Trenton  and  New  York  railroads,)  50  cents  :  more  than  two 
persons,  each  25  cents.  For  exceeding  the  above  charges,  or  for  re- 
fusing or  neglecting,  wiien  unemployed,  to  convey  any  persons  or  their 
baggage  to  any  place  within  the  limits  prescribed  by  the  ordinance, 
upon  being  applied  to  for  that  purpose,  the  penalty  is  a  fine  of  $5. 

Omnibuses  leave  the  Exchange  every  few  minutes  for  the  va- 
rious parts  of  the  city,  Fairmouut,  Girard  College,  &c.  Fare  6i 
cents. 

Places  worth  visiting. —  Fahtnount,  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery ^ 
Girard  College^  Navy  Yard ;  the  Mint,  and  State  House,  both 
of  which  are  in  Chesnut-st. ;  State  Penitentiary,  Almshouse,  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Schuylkill ;  and  the  various  Market  Houses, 
all  of  which  are  described  under  their  respective  heads. 

Places  in  the  Vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  &c. — Camden,  a 
city  and  port  of  entry  of  Gloucester  county,  N.  J.,  is  situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Delaware  river,  opposite  Philadelphia.  It 
was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1831.  Much  of  the  soil  in  the 
vicinity  is  employed  in  raising  fruits  and  vegetables,  which  always 
find  a  ready  market  in  the  neighboring  city  opposite.  The  pop- 
ulation is  about  4,000.  Numerous  steam  ferry-boats  keep  up  a 
constant  communication  between  Philadelphia  and  Camden. 

A  railroad  extends  from  this  place  to  Woodbury,  the  county 
town  of  Gloucester,  nine  miles.  It  contains  a  population  of  about 
1«200,  a  courtiiouse,  jail,  churches,  schools,  libraries,  and  many 


VICINITY  OF  PHILADELrHIA. 


245 


jounty 
aboul 
many 


otlier  institutions  for  the  promotion  of  knowledge,- and  the  moral 
improvement  of  the  people. 

KaighrCa  Pointy  a  short  distance  below  Camden,  Greenwich 
Point,  three  miles  bulow  the  city,  and  Gloucester  Point,  directly 
opposite,  are  favorite  places  of  resort  during  the  summer  season. 
Steamboats  run  many  times  daily  from  Philadelphia.  Fare  to 
the  former  place  5  cents — to  the  latter,  64  cents. 

Germantown,  six  miles  n.  of  Philadelphia,  consists  of  one  street 
only,  compactly  built,  and  extending  for  about  four  miles,  in  a 
direction  from  s.  e.  to  n.  w.  A  railroad  and  numerous  stages  af- 
ford a  constant  communication  between  this  place  and  the  city, 
of  which  it  is  a  suburb.  Cars  leave  the  depot  in  Philadelphia, 
corner  of  Ninth  and  Green  sts.,  four  times  daily.  Fare  15  cents. 
Manayunk,  eight  miles  from  the  city,  has  become  a  large  man- 
ufacturing place.  It  is  indebted  for  its  existence  to  the  water 
created  by  the  improvement  of  the  Schuylkill,  which  serves  the 
double  purpose  of  rendering  the  stream  navigable,  and  of  supply- 
ing hydraulic  power  to  the  numerous  factories  of  the  village. 

Norrislown,  17  miles  from  Philadelphia,  is  the  county  seat  of 
Montgomery.  It  occupies  an  elevated  site  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Schuylkill,  and  is  a  flourishing  manufacturing  place.  A  dam 
built  across  the  river  gives  it  an  immense  water-power.  The 
town  is  well  built,  and  many  of  the  houses  are  plastered,  present- 
ing from  tlie  opposite  side  of  the  river  a  bright  and  lively  appear- 
ance. From  the  hills  in  the  vicinity  there  is  an  extensive  view 
of  the  fine  scenery  of  the  Schuylkill.  The  cars  of  the  Phila- 
delphia and  Norrislown  Railroad  leave  Ninth-st.,  corner  of  Green. 
Fare  40  cents.  Stages  leave  here  for  Doylestown,  New  Hope, 
and  other  places. 

Wissahickon  Creek,  a  stream  remarkable  for  its  romantic  and 
beautiful  scenery,  falls  into  the  Schuylkill  about  six  miles  above 
the  city.  It  has  a  regular  succession  of  cascades,  which  in  the 
aggregate  amount  to  about  700  feet.  Its  banks,  for  the  mos* 
part,  are  elevated  and  precipitous,  covered  with  a  dense  forest, 
and  diversified  by  moss-covered  rocks  of  every  variety.  The 
banks  of  the  beautiful  Wissahickon  afford  one  of  the  most  de- 
lightful rides  in  the  vicinity  of  Philadelphia,  and  are  a  great  resort 
for  the  citizens,  picnic  parties,  and  Sunday  schools. 


r 


246 


RAILROAD   AND   STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


The  Falls  of  the  Schuylkill  are  about  four  miles  above  the 
city,  on  the  river  of  that  name.  Since  the  erection  of  the  dam 
at  Fairmount,  the  falls  have  almost  disappeared.  From  the  city 
to  the  falls,  however,  is  a  very  pleasant  drive  ;  and  they  might 
be  reached  in  a  return  visit  to  the  Wissahickon. 

The  Schuylkill  Viaduct,  three  miles  n.  w.  from  the  city,  is 
980  feet  in  length,  and  crossed  by  the  Columbia  Railroad.  It 
leads  to  the  foot  of  an  inclined  plane,  2,800  feet  long,  with  an 
ascent  of  187  feet.  The  plane  is  ascended  by  means  of  a  sta- 
tionary engine  at  the  top,  which  conveys  the  cars  from  one  end 
of  the  plane  to  the  other.     It  is  a  pleeisant  and  cheap  excursion. 

Cape  May,  an  attractive  watering-place,  and  now  much  fre- 
quented by  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia,  and  by  others,  is  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay,  the  extreme  southern  portion  of 
New  Jersey.  The  accommodations  here  are  of  the  first  order, 
and  the  beach  is  unsurpassed  as  a  bathing-place.  During  the 
summer  season  steamboats  leave  Philadelphia  for  Cape  May 
daily.     Fare  $3.00— distance  102  miles. 

Brandywine  Springs. — Visiters  to  this  celebrated  watering- 
place  take  the  cars  in  Philadelphia,  which  leave  the  depot,  coi- 
ner of  Eleventh  and  Market  sts.,  twice  daily,  for  Wilmington, 
where  carriages  are  in  waiting  to  convey  them  to  the  Springs. 
Fare  through  $1.00. 

ROUTES  FROM  PHILADELPHIA.— (For  the  routes  from  Phil- 
adelphia to  Baltimore  and  Washington,  see  page  262.) 

Route  from  Philadelphia  to  New  York,  (see  Map  No.  23, 
and  also  the  description  of  routes  from  New  York  to  Philadel- 
phia.)— During  the  present  season  there  will  be  four  daily  lines 
in  operation  between  Philadelphia  and  New  York,  leaving  at  7 
and  9  a.  m.,  at  12  m.,  and  at  4^  p.  m.  By  the  first  and  third 
lines  passengers  are  taken  over  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad 
to  Amboy,  and  are  thence  conveyeu  by  steamer  to  New  York. 
Time  5  hours.  Fare  $3.00.  By  the  second  and  fourth  lines, 
passengers  leave  from  the  foot  of  Walnut-street,  in  the  steam 
boat  New  Philadelphia,  for  Taconey ;  thence  by  railroad,  via 
CornwelU,  Bristol,  Morrisville,  Trenton,  Princeton,  New 
Brunswlek,   Elizabethtown,  Newark,   Jersey    City ;   and  arrive 


.» 


/ 


ROUTES  FROM  PHILADELPHIA. 


247 


No.  23, 

iladcl- 
y  lines 
ig  at  7 

third 
ailroad 

York. 

lines, 

team 

d,  via 
New 

arrive 


at  New  York  (by  the  line  leaving  at  9)  at  1  o'clock,  in  time  for 
the  North  and  East  River  boats.     Fare  on  this  route  $4.00. 

From  Philadelphia  to  Harrisburg  and  Pittsburg,  and  in- 
termediate places,  (see  page  255.) 

From  Philadelphia  to  Pottsville,  &c.,  (see  page  248.) 

From  Philadelphia  to  Bethlehem,  Mauch  Chunk,  &c.  &c. 
— Stage  1  nes  leave  Philadelphia  from  the  office,  106  Race-st., 
daily,  for  Alleiitown  and  Bethlehem,  52  miles.  Fare  $2.50  ;  for 
Easton,  56  miles,  $2.50  ;  for  Mauch  Chunk,  77  miles,  $4.00. 
(For  the  location  of  the  above  places,  situated  n.  and  n.  w.  from 
Philadelphia,  see  Map  No.  23.) 

Allentown,  Pa.,  the  county-scat  of  Lehigh,  is  situated  a  short 
distance  w.  from  the  Lehigh  river,  at  the  junction  of  the  Jordan 
and  Little  Lehigh  creeks.  It  is  built  upon  high  ground,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  the  neighboring  country.  Pop.  about  3,300. 
It  contains  a  handsome  courthouse,  several  churches  of  difTorent 
denominations,  academies,  and  libraries.  It  has  also  handsome 
water-works,  about  half  a  mile  distant,  by  which  means  spring- 
water  is  raised  to  the  height  of  160  feet,  and  thence  distributed 
amongst  the  inhabitants.  The  mineral  springs  here  are  highly 
prized  by  those  who  have  tried  the  efficacy  of  their  waters  A 
visit  to  '*  Big  Rock,"  1,000  feet  in  elevation,  a  short  distance  from 
the  village,  will  amply  repay  the  tourist,  by  the  extent  and  rich- 
ness of  the  scene  there  spread  out  before  him  in  every  direction. 

Bethlehem,  Pa.,  occupies  an  elevated  site  upon  the  left  bank  of 
the  Lehigh,  at  the  mouth  of  Monokicy  creek.  It  is  the  principal 
seat  of  the  United  Brethren,  or  Moravians,  in  the  United  States, 
and  was  originally  settled  under  Count  Zinzendorf,  in  1741.  The 
village  contains  a  large  stone  church  of  Gothic  architecture,  142 
feet  long  and  68  wide,  and  capable  of  seating  2,000  persons. 
From  the  centre  rises  a  tower,  surmounted  by  an  elegant  dome. 
The  society  is  distinguished  by  great  simplicity  of  manners,  and 
their  love  of  music,  which  is  used  not  only  in  their  religious  ser- 
vices, but  in  the  burial  of  their  dead.  Bethlehem  is  also  distin- 
guished for  an  excellent  boarding-school  for  young  ladies,  founded 
in  1788,  which  has  on  an  average  70  pupils. 

Nazareth,  aiother  pretty  Moravian  village,  is  situated  ten 
miles  N.  from  B  jthlehem,  and  seven  miles  n.  w.  from  Easton,  on 


248 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


the  turnpike  road  to  Wilkesbarre.  It  contains  a  large  and  flour- 
ishing school  for  boys. — (For  Easton,  and  Delaware  and  Lehigh 
Water  Gaps,  see  page  223.) 

Mauch  Chunk,  seat  of  justice  of  Carbon  county,  is  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  the  Lehigh,  ul  the  confluence  of  that  stream 
with  Mauch  Chunk  creek.  It  occupies  a  space  in  a  narrow  and 
romantic  glen  at  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  and  is  surrounded  by 
mountains,  some  of  which  are  1,000  feet  in  elevation.  "  The 
face  of  these  mountains,  although  covered  with  fragments  of 
rocks,  and  displaying  in  many  places  huge  beetling  precipices,  is 
clothed  in  summer  with  verdant  trees  and  shrubs,  obscuring  the 
rough  surface  of  the  mountain,  and  forming  a  pleasing  contrast 
with  the  white  buildings  clustered  beneath  its  shade." 


THE  PHILADELPHIA,  READING,  AND  POTTSVILLE 
RAILROAD.    (See  RIai)s  Nos.  23  and  25.) 

This  road  extends  from  the  edge  of  the  coal  formation  in 
Schuylkill  county,  at  Mt.  Carbon,  one  mile  south  of  Pottsville,  to 
the  Delaware  at  Richmond,  S^  miles  above  Philadelphia.  In 
Schuylkill  county,  it  connects  directly  with  four  lateral  roads 
running  to  coal  mines.  It  joins  the  Norristown  road  at  Conshe- 
hocken,  and  the  Columbia  road  at  Schuylkill  Falls.  By  these  it 
is  immediately  connected  with  the  city.  In  Jan.  1842,  the  road 
wjis  opened  through  to  Mt,  Carbon,  within  a  mile  of  Pottsville. 
There  are  three  tunnels,  of  962,  1,600,  and  1,934  feet,  excavated 
through  solid  rook,  and  arched ;  and  one  under  the  Norristown 
Railroad,  of  172  feet.  On  its  whole  length,  there  are  18  stone, 
9  iron,  and  1 7  wooden  bridges,  over  road,  ravines,  and  water ; 
total  length,  8,016  feet,  of  which  3,693  ft.  are  stone,  367  iron,  and 
3,956  Avood.     The  entire  cost  (94  miles)  is  placed  at  $16,000,000. 

From  Philadelphia  to  Reading  and  Pottsville. — The  depot 
is  in  Broad,  corner  of  Vine-st.  Tlie  follov/ing  are  the  stopping- 
places,  with  distances  and  fares :  From  Philadelphia  to  Manyunk, 
7  miles,  25  cents  ;  to  Norristown,  17,  40  cents;  to  Valley  Forge, 
23,  80  cents;  to  Phcenixville,  27,  |1,00;  to  Pottstown,  40, 
f;i,60;  to  Bonr/lassvillc,  44,  61,75;  to  Reading,  68,  |2,25  ; 
to  Mohrsville,  67,  ^2,00;  to  Hamhxirg,  75,  $2,90;  to  Port 


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READINCr  RAILROAD. 


249 


Cl:nfon,  78,  $3.00  ;  to  Orwigshurg,  86,  Schuylkill  Haven,  89, 
$3.40  ;  to  Pottsville,  94,  $3.50. 

Valley  Forge,  a  place  of  much  interest  in  American  history, 
is  where  Gen.  Washington  established  his  head-quarters  during 
tiie  winter  of  1777.  The  house,  which  is  still  standing,  is  near 
the  railroad,  from  which  it  can  be  seen. 

Pottstown  is  prettily  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill. Thb  houses,  which  are  built  principally  upon  one  broad 
street,  are  surrounded  by  fine  gardens  and  elegant  shade-trees. 
The  scenery  of  the  surrounding  hills  is  very  fine,  especially  in  the 
fall  of  the  year,  when  the  foliage  is  tinged  with  a  variety  of  rich 
autumnal  tints.  The  Reading  Railroad  passes  through  one  of 
its  streets,  and  crosses  the  Manatawny  on  a  lattice  bridge,  1,071 
feet  in  length. 

Reading,  the  capital  of  Berks  county,  is  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Schuylkill,  and  is  built  on  gently  rising  ground,  with  the  river 
on  one  side,  and  a  ridge  of  hills  on  the  other.  It  contains  a  new 
and  handsome  courthouse,  a  jail,  15  churches,  upwards  of  30  ho- 
tels and  taverns,  several  manufactories  of  iron,  brass  foundries, 
locomotive  engine  shops,  &c.  &c.     Population  about  12,000. 

Port  Clinton,  a  small  but  thriving  village,  is  situated  in 
Schuylkill  county,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Schuylkill  river. 
It  is  indebted  for  its  growth  to  the  shipment  of  coal  over  the  rail- 
road from  the  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Tamaqua,  12  miles  dis- 
tant 

Schuylkill  Haven  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill, amidst  picturesque  and  romantic  scenery.  The  West 
Branch  Railroad,  running  from  the  coal  mines,  unites  here  with 
the  Schuylkill  navigation.  The  transhipment  of  coal  is  the  busi- 
ness from  which  the  town  chiefly  derives  support. 

Pottsville  is  situated  on  the  edges  of  the  coal  basin,  in  the  gap 
by  which  the  Schuylkill  breaks  through  Sharp's  mountain.  It  is 
noted  for  its  rapid  growth,  being  a  great  mart  for  the  coal  trade  ; 
it  contains  a  splendid  Catholic  cathedral,  and  an  elegant  Episco- 
pal church,  both  built  in  the  Gothic  stylo.  It  has  other  churches 
of  different  denominations,  a  spacious  town-hall,  several  ex- 
cellent hotels,  a  furnace  for  making  iron,  forgo  and  rolling  mills, 
a  foundry,  a  steam-engine  factory,  &c. 


1>   I 


260 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


A  visit  to  the  coal  region  of  Peniisytvania  forms  a  very  agreea* 
ble  summer  excursion  ;  whilst  the  fine  and  varied  scenery,  and 
the  pure  mountain  air,  cannot  be  otherwise  than  pleasing  and 
healthful.  The  accommodations  for  travellers  at  Pottsville  and 
other  places  here,  are  ample.  An  excursion  to  the  colliery  of 
Messrs.  Potts  and  Bannon  will  be  found  very  interesting.  It  is 
the  deepest  in  this  region,  and  is  known  as  Guinea  Hill,  or  Black 
Mine. 

*'  The  depth  of  the  slope  is  400  feet,  which,  at  an  inclination  of  40  de- 
grees, would  give  a  perpendicular  depth  of  252  feet  into  tlie  very  bowels 
of  the  earth.  The  colliery  is  worked  with  two  steam-engines— one  of 
50  horse  power,  and  the  other  of  20  ;  the  former  is  used  in  pumping  the 
water  which  accumulates  in  the  mines,  and  the  latter  in  hoisting  the 
coal  in  cars  to  the  mouth  of  the  slope.  Tl'e  pump  used  in  the  colliery 
is  of  cast-iron,  12  inches  in  diameter,  and  extends  the  entire  depth  of 
the  slope— 400  feet.  The  column  of  water  brought  up  by  the  engine,  at 
each  lift  of  the  pump,  is  equal  in  weight  to  about  6\  tons.  At  the  depth 
of  200  feet  of  this  slope,  a  tunnel  has  been  driven  270  feet  s.  to  the  Tun- 
nel vein,  and  210  n.  to  the  Lawton  vein— both  through  solid  rock.  As 
the  visiter  leaves  the  slope,  and  finds  himself,  lantern  in  hand,  groping 
his  way  through  the  gangway  into  the  heart  of  the  mine,  he  is  bewil- 
dered and  startled,  as  the  alntost  indistinct  masses  of  coal,  slate,  dirt,  &c., 
fashion  themselves  into  something  bordering  upon  a  dark,  dusky,  and 
even  forbidding  outline.  It  seems  as  if  you  had  fallen  upon  a  subterra- 
nean city,  buried  by  some  great  convulsion  of  nature ;  and  the  illusion 
is  still  further  heightened  by  observing  workmen  busily  engaged,  appa- 
rently in  excavating  the  ruins." 

From  Pottsville  travellers  can  proceed  by  stage  to  Northum- 
berland, Danville,  Catawissa,  Mauch  Chunk,  Wilkesbarre,  &c. 
Passengers  leaving  Philadelphia  for  either  of  these  places,  or 
others  in  this  vicinity,  should  apply  for  seats,  or  information,  at 
106  Race-st.,  or  at  the  depot,  corner  of  Broad  and  Vine  sto. 

Wilkesbarre  is  situated  in  the  beautiful  valley  of  Wyoming,  on 
a  plain  elevated  about  20  feet  above  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  a 
well-built  rural  village,  with  a  population  of  about  3,000.  This 
valley,  famous  in  story  and  song,  is  rich  in  soil  and  the  best  agri- 
cultural productions,  and  in  fertility  and  beauty  is  unrivalled.  Its 
historical  associations  are  replete  with  thrilling  interest.  A  rail- 
road, 20  miles  long,  unites  Wilkesbarre  with  the  Lehigh  river  and 
canal  at  White  Haven.  (For  the  country  ncrth  of  Wilkesbarre, 
see  Map  No.  17.) 


READING  RAILROAD. 


251 


Sunbury,  (see  Map  No.  25,)  the  county  seat  of  Northampton, 
is  situated  on  a  broad  plain  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna, 
just  above  the  mouth  of  Shamokin  creek.  Its  site  is  one  of 
great  beauty,  and  from  the  high  hills  in  its  immediate  vicinity, 
there  is  a  magnificent  prospeci,  of  the  lovely  valley  of  the  Sus- 
quehanna. The  Sunhurt/i  Danville,  and  Pottsville  Railroad 
was  commenced  about  the  year  1833 :  a  few  miles  of  the  eastern 
end  were  opened  for  use  in  1834  ;  but  on  account  of  the  connec- 
tion not  being  completed,  and  the  inconvenient  inclined  planes  at 
that  cud  of  the  road,  its  use  was  abandoned,  and  it  was  allowed 
to  fall  into  decay.  The  western  division  has  been  completed  for 
19  miles,  from  Sunbury  to  the  Shamokin  mines,  and  is  now  in 
successful  use  for  the  transportation  of  coal.  The  length  of  the 
road  from  Sunbury  to  Pottsville  is  44^  miles  ;  and  including  the 
branch  to  Danville,  the  entire  length  is  51  ^  miles.  The  late 
Stephen  Girard  was  one  of  the  projectors  of  this  road.  From 
this  place  the  Sunbury  and  Erie  Railroad  will  extend  to  Erie, 
on  the  lake  of  the  same  name.  Surveys  of  this  road  were  made 
in  the  years  1838  and  1839,  under  the  direction  of  Edward  Mil- 
ler, Esq, 

Williamsport,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Lycoming  county,  is  pleas- 
antly situated  on  an  elevated  plain  on  the  left  bank  of  the  West 
Branch  of  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  well  built,  and  many  of  the 
buildings,  both  public  and  private,  have  some  pretensions  to  ar- 
chitectural beauty.  The  public  square,  on  which  stands  the 
cotirthouse,  is  shaded  with  trees,  and  enclosed  with  an  iron  rail- 
ing. Several  of  the  churches  are  surmounted  with  graceful 
spires  and  cupolas,  which  form  conspicuous  objects  amid  the  rich 
surrounding  scenery.  The  hotels  are  spacious,  and  abound  in 
every  comfort,  and  the  charges  are  reasonable.  The  United 
States  Court  for  the  Western  District  of  Pennsylvania  is  held  al- 
ternately here  and  at  Pittsburg.  The  West  Branch  Canal  passes 
through  the  town.  The  Williamsport  and  Elmira  Railroad  has 
been  finished  as  far  as  Ralston,  26  miles  from  this  place,  (see 
Map  No.  17.)  The  whole  length  of  the  road  is  74  miles,  and 
when  completed  it  will  open  an  important  route  for  travel,  and 
the  transportation  of  coal,  iron,  and  agricultural  products 


I    !) 


252 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


THE  COLUMBIA  RAILROAD.— This  road  extends  from  Phil- 
adelphia to  the  Susquehanna  river  at  Columbia,  82  miles.  In 
April,  1834,  a  single  track  was  completed  throughout,  and  in 
Oct.  1834,  both  tracks  were  opened  for  public  use.  Cost  of  con- 
struction, $4,204,960.  Formerly,  at  Columbia,  there  was  an 
inclined  plane  1,800  feet  in  length,  and  90  in  height ;  but  this  was 
dispensed  with  in  1839,  by  completing  a  circuitous  route  of  six 
miles,  with  a  grade  of  30  feet  to  the  mile.  There  is  an  inclined 
plane  on  this  road  after  crossing  the  Schuylkill  from  Philadelphia, 
the  removal  of  which  is  contemplated  by  the  company.  The 
West  Chester  Branch  road  extends  from  the  Columbia,  at  Paoli, 
to  West  Chester,  seven  miles. 

From  Philadelphia  to  Columbia,  (see  Maps  Nos.  23  and  25.) 
— Cars  leave  the  depot,  274  Market-st.,  for  Paoli,  21  miles, /ore 
75  cents;  Downingstown,  33,  $1.00;  Coatsville,  40,  $1.12; 
Parksburg,  45,  $1.25  ;  Lancaster,  70,  $2.50  ;  Columbia,  82, 
$2.87i. 

Columbia,  Pa.,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  o^'  the  Susquehan- 
na, 28  miles  below  Harrisburg,  and  12  west  of  Lancaster.  A  part 
of  the  town  occupies  the  slope  of  a  hill  which  rises  gently  from 
the  river,  and  the  business  part  of  the  town  lies  along  the  level 
bank  of  the  river.  The  scenery  from  the  hills  in  the  vicinity  is 
highly  pleasing.  The  broad  river  studded  with  numerous  islands 
and  rocks,  crossed  by  a  long  and  splendid  bridge,  and  bounded 
on  every  side  by  lofty  hills,  presents  one  of  the  finest  landscapes 
in  Pennsylvania.  The  junction  here  of  the  state  railroad  from 
Philadelphia  with  the  main  line  of  the  canal,  the  railroad  to  York, 
and  the  Tide-water  Canal  to  Maryland,  renders  Columbia  a  busy 
place.  The  main  current  of  travel  which  formerly  passed 
through  here,  has  been  diverted  by  the  construction  of  the  Har- 
risburg and  Lancaster  Railroad ;  but  the  emigrant  travel  still 
goes  by  way  of  Columbia.  A  fine  bridge  crosses  the  Susquehan- 
na, more  than  a  mile  in  length.  The  cost  of  its  construction  was 
$231,771.  It  was  erected  by  a  company  in  1814,  the  state  hav* 
ing  an  interest  in  it  to  the  amount  of  $90,000. 

The  York  and  Wrightsville  Railroad,  (see  Map  No.  25.)— 
This  short  branch  of  12  miles  unites  the  Columbia  with  the  rail- 
road from  York  to  Baltimore.    Cost  of  construction,  $350,000. 


f « 


HARRISBURG  AND  LA>X'ASTER  RAILROAD. 


263 


.m  Phil- 
les.  In 
:,  and  in 
;  of  con- 
was  an 
this  was 
,e  of  six 
inclined 
adelphia, 
ly.  The 
at  Paoli, 


York,  Pa.,  the  capital  of  York  county,  is  situated  on  the  banks 
of  CodoruH  creek,  11  miles  from  the  Susquehanna.  It  is  a  thri- 
ving place  surrounded  by  a  well-cultivated  country,  and  contains 
some  handsome  public  buildings,  the  principal  of  which  is  the 
courthouse,  built  of  granite,  and  resembling  a  Grecian  temple, 
erected  in  1843,  at  a  cost  of  $150,000.  Besides  this,  and  the 
other  public  edifices  usual  in  a  county  town,  it  has  10  churches, 
some  of  which  are  adorned  with  tall  spires,  noted  for  their  archi- 
tectural elegance.  The  chief  trade  of  York  and  the  surrounding 
country  is  transacted  with  Baltimore.  From  York  passengers 
can  proceed  by  the  railroad  to  Baltimore,  57  miles.     Fare  $1.50. 


t  and  25.) 
liles,  fare 
»  $1'12 ; 
mbia,  82, 

isquehan- 
r.  A  part 
itly  from 
the  ]evc\ 
vicinity  is 
us  islands 

bounded 
andscapes 
road  from 
J  to  York, 
bia  a  busy 
y    passed 

the  Har- 
ravel  still 
usquehan- 
iiction  was 
state  hav- 

No.25.)— 
the  rail- 
350,000. 


THE  HARRISBURa  AND  LANCASTER  RAILROAD,  (,seo 
Map  No.  25.) — This  road,  which  forms  a  connection  with  the 
Columbia  Railroad  at  Lancaster,  is  36  miles  long.  It  was  open- 
ed in  1837,  and  cost  $850,000. 

From  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster  and  Harrisburg. — Cars 
leave  the  depot,  274  Market-st.,  and  thence  proceed  over  the 
Columbia  Railroad  to  Lancaster,  (see  page  252  ;)  from  thence  to 
Harrisburg.  Fare  to  Lancaster,  $2.50,  and  through  to  Harris- 
burg, $4.00. 

Lancaster,  Pa.,  the  county-seat  of  Lancaster,  occupies  an 
elevated  site  near  the  right  bank  of  Conestoga  creek,  70  miles  w. 
from  Philadelphia,  37  s.  e.  from  Harrisburg,  and  12  e.  from  the  Sus- 
quehanna at  Columbia.  The  streets,  laid  off  at  right  angles,  are 
paved  and  lighted;  and  the  houses,  generally  of  brick,  are  well 
built.  The  city  is  supplied  with  water  by  an  artificial  basin  and 
*' water-works."  Stores,  taverns,  and  shops,  abound  in  every 
quarter ;  railroad-cars,  stages,  canal-boats,  and  wagons,  are  con- 
stantly arriving  and  departing  ;  and  the  bustle  and  confusion  at 
times  are  very  great.  The  Conestoga  Navigation  is  a  series  of 
9  locks  and  slackwater  pools,  18  miles  in  length,  from  Lancaster 
to  Safe  Harbor,  on  the  Susquehanna,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cone- 
stoga. By  means  of  the  Tide-water  Canal  to  Port  Deposit,  a 
navigable  communication  is  opened  to  Baltimore. 

Harrisburg,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the 
chief  town  of  Dauphin  county,  occupies  a  commanding  site  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Susquehanna,  a  short  distance  above  the  mouth 


254 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMf  ANION. 


of  Paxton  creek.  *<  Situated  in  the  midst  of  the  fertile  Kitta- 
tinny  valley,  and  looking  out  upon  some  of  the  most  magnificent 
scenery  in  the  world, — with  splendid  bridges  spanning  the  broad 
river,  and  shaded  walks  along  its  banks, — with  canals,  railroads, 
and  turnpikes,  radiating  from  it  in  all  directions, — with  a  highly 
intelligent  "  .sident  population,  and  the  annual  presence  of  a 
transient  population  comprising  the  highest  talent  in  the  state, — 
Harrishurg  has  great  and  varied  attractions  to  tempt  the  residen  « 
the  politician,  the  trader,  and  the  stranger  who  comes  only  to 
observe  and  admire." 


!i  i 


THE  OUMBBRLAND  VALLEY  RAILROAD,  (see  Map  No. 
25.) — This  road  extends  from  Harrisburg  to  Chambersburg,  56 
miles  ;  it  was  completed  in  1838,  at  a  cost  of  ,<$650,000.  The 
railroad  bridge  over  the  Susquehanna  river  at  Harrisburg,  over 
which  the  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  is  carried,  is  an  immense 
structure,  3,992  feet  in  length.  It  has  23  spans  averaging  173 
feet,  oud  two  arched  viaducts,  one  53  and  the  other  84  feet  long. 
There  are  two  carriage-ways,  above  which,  immediately  under 
the  roof,  is  the  railway  track.  Its  entire  cost  exceeded  $95,000. 
From  Harrisburg  to  Mechanicshurg,  12  miles,  50  cents ;  to  Car" 
lisle,  22,  87^  cents;  to  Newville,  34,  $1.25;  to  Shippensburg, 
45,  $1.50 ;  and  to  Chambersburg,  56,  $2.00. 

Carlisle,  Fa.,  is  situated  in  the  Cumberland  Valley,  128  miles 
w.  from  Philadelphia.  It  is  an  ancient  and  flourishing  town, 
with  wide  streets,  and  a  spacious  public  square  in  the  centre. 
The  Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  passes  through  its  principal 
street.  About  4  miles  n.  are  the  Carlisle  Springs,  situated  in  a 
healthy  and  retired  spot,  surrounded  with  the  fine  scenery  of  the 
Blue  Mountain.    The  accommodations  for  visiters  are  very  good. 

Skippensburg,  a  brisk  little  place,  through  which  passes  the 
Cumberland  Valley  Railroad  and  a  turnpike,  is  situated  at  the 
extreme  w.  end  of  Cumberland  county.  It  contains  about  1,000 
inhabitants. 

Chambersburg,  Pa.,  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  in 
the  state,  and  pleasantly  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the  Falling 
Spring  and  Conecocheague  creeks,  162  miles  from  Philadelphia. 
The  courthouse  is  a  handsome  brick  building,  erected  in  1843^ 


§ 


lo  Kitta. 
gnificent 
lie  broad 
ail  roads, 
a  highly 
ice  of  a 
state, — 
residen  , 
J  only  to 


lap  No. 
iburg,  56 
10.  The 
urg,  over 
iinmenBO 
ging  173 
Feet  long, 
ly  under 
,$95,000. 
;  to  Car- 
tensburgf 

128  miles 
ng  town, 
le  centre, 
principal 
lated  in  a 
jry  of  the 
^ery  good, 
lasses  the 
ted  at  the 
>out  1,000 

towns  in 
he  Falling 
liladelphia. 
id  in  1843^ 


ROUTES  TO  PITTSBURG  AND  THE  Wt.»r. 


2od 


with  an  Ionic  colonnade,  and  surmounted  bv  ,;upola.  It  con> 
tains  also  a  jail,  several  churches,  an  academy,  a  banking-house, 
and  a  masonic  hall ;  the  two  latter  are  structures  of  a  superior 
order.  The  surrounding  country,  which  is  very  healthy,  is  also 
of  great  fertility,  and  in  a  high  state  of  improvement.  The  con- 
stant  arrival  of  passengers  by  the  railroad  from  the  e.,  going  w. 
to  Pittsburg  by  stage,  or  passing  through  on  their  way  down 
from  that  place,  imparts  to  Chambersburg  a  scene  of  great  ac- 
tivity.    Population  3,000. 

THE  FRANKLIN  RAILROAD  joins  hero  with  the  Cumberland 
Valley  Kuiiroud,  and  extends  from  thence  through  Greeucastle 
to  Hugerstown,  Maryland,  22  miles.  It  was  opened  in  1839, 
and  cost  ^J2i25,000.     The  travel  over  it  is  of  very  little  account. 


GRAND   ROUTES    FROM    PHILADELPHIA    TO  PITTSBURG 

AND  THE  WEST. 

At  Philadelphia  the  traveller  will  take  the  cars  of  the  Colum- 
bia Railroad,  at  374  Market-st.,  and  thence  proceed  to  Harris- 
burg,  the  capital  of  the  state.  Having  arrived  there,  two  routes 
will  be  at  his  disposal.  The  frst  and  most  eligible  is  by  railroad  to 
Chambersburg,  via  Carlisle.  (See  these  routes  at  pages  252, 254.) 
At  Chambersburg,  good  lines  of  stages  leave  twice  daily  for 
Pittsburg,  (see  Maps  Nos.  25  and  27,)  via  McConnelatown,  20 
miles ;  Bedford,  50 ;  Shellsburg,  60 ;  Stoystown,  80 ;  Laugh- 
lintown,  93;  Greensburg,  117;  and  arrive  Bit  Pittsburg,  150 
miles  from  Chambersburg,  and,  by  this  route,  from  Philadelphia 
312  miles.  Total  time  between  the  two  cities  about  three  days. 
Fare  usually  $11,00. 

The  second  route  from  Harrisburg  to  Pittsburg,  is  by  the 
Pennsylvania  Canal  and  the  Portage  Railroad,  (see  Maps  Nos. 
25  and  27.)  At  Harrisburg  we  take  the  canal-boat,  and  proceed 
along  the  k.  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  river  to  Port  Dauphin,  or 
Lyon,  lit  miles,  and  in  16  miles  reach  Duncan's  Island,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Juniata  river ;  thence,  proceeding  to  Neicport,  26 
miles  ;  to  Millcrstown,  34 ;  Mexico,  46  ;  Mifflintown,  50  ;  Lewis- 
town,  64 ;  Wayneaburg,  78 ;    Huntingdon,  107 ;    Petersburg 


i 


i  ? 

jij  i 

i 

t 


266 


;: 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


114;  Alexandria,  121  ;  Williamsburg,  134;  Frankstnwn,  144; 
HoUidaynhurg,  147.  We  have  now  arrived  at  tlie  terminatiou 
of  the  canal  route  on  the  e.  side  of  the  AUeghanies,  and  find 
ourselves  at  an  elevation  of  913  feet  above  tidewater  in  the 
Delaware  at  Philadelphia  ;  having:,  in  our  course  over  the  canal, 
passed  through  112  locks,  and  over  33  aqueducts.  This  is  also 
the  eastern  terminus  of  the  Alleghany  Portage  Railroad,  at 
which  place  our  conveyance  over  the  mountains  is  performed  by 
railroad,  (a  description  of  which  we  append  to  this  article.)  The 
traveller,  especially  if  it  should  bo  his  first  journey  over  this 
route,  will  be  pleased  to  observe  the  novel  sight  of  transporting 
the  boats  over  the  AUeghanies,  from  the  canal  on  one  side  to  the 
canal  on  the  other  side.  These  boats  are  now  constructed  so  as 
to  be  separable  into  three  or  four  parts  on  reaching  the  railroad  ; 
whence  they  are  taken  up,  with  freight  and  all  on  board,  and  wend- 
ing their  way  over  the  mountains,  resume  at  Johnstown  their 
more  congenial  element,  where  their  parts  are  again  united,  and 
they  thence  glide  onward  over  the  waters  to  the  west. 

THE  ALLEGHANY  PORTAGE  RAILROAD.— (See  Map  No.  2T.) 
- — This  short  road  is  39 -,"(,''15^  miles  in  length;  it  connnences  at 
Holiidaysburg,  and  crosses  the  mountain  at  Blair's  Gap  Summit, 
and  descends  the  valley  of  the  Conemaugh  to  Johnstown,  over- 
coming in  ascent  and  descent  an  aggregate  of  2,570  feet,  1,398 
of  which  are  on  the  eastern,  and  1,172  on  the  western  side  of  the 
mountain.  Two  thousand  seven  hundred  feet  of  the  ascent  and 
descent  have  been  overcome  by  ten  inclined  planes,  lifting  from 
130  to  307  feet,  and  varying  in  inclination  between  4^  and  5j 
degrees.  On  this  line  there  is  a  tunnel  870  feet  long  and  20  feet 
high,  cut  through  the  Staple  Bend  Mountain  of  the  Conemaugh. 
There  are  also  four  extensive  viaducts,  the  principal  of  which  is 
that  over  the  Horse-Shoe  Bend :  it  is  a  semicircular  arch  of  80 
feet  span,  erected  at  a  cost  of  J^.'iDjOOO.  The  cars  are  elevated 
by  stationary  steam-engines  at  the  head  of  each  plane  ;  and  on 
the  intervening  places  ioconiotives  and  horses  are  used.  The  to- 
tal cost  of  the  road,  with  every  appurtenance  included,  was 
$1,850,000.  It  was  opcufd  in  1834,  ;md  its  greatest  elevatiou 
above  tidewater  at  Philadelphia  is  2,700  feet. 


7,144; 
li  nation 
id  find 
in  the 
)  canal, 
1  is  also 
•oad,  ut 
med  by 
)     The 
ver  this 
sporting 
e  to  the 
?(1  so  as 
•ail road ; 
d  vvend- 
vn  their 
ted,  and 


No.  2T.) 
ences  at 
Summit, 
n\,  over- 
Bt,  1,398 
le  of  the 
cent  and 

ing  from 
and  5§ 
d  20  feet 

emaugh. 

which  is 
ch  of  80 

elevated 
and  on 
The  to- 

ded,  was 

elevation 


PITTSBURG. 


267 


Having  arrived  at  Johnatovont  and  being  still  at  a  great  elevation 
above  tidewater,  we  again  resume  our  route  by  the  descent  over 
the  western  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  (see  Map  No.  27,) 
and  in  seven  miles  reach  Laurel  Hill  Gap ;  Lockport,  18 ; 
Blairsville,  29  ;  Livermore,  40  ;  Salzburg,  48 ;  Port  Johnson^ 
50 ;  Warrentowiii  60 ;  Leechburg,  70 ;  Aqueduct,  73  ;  Freeport, 
75  ;  and  in  32  miles  farther  we  reach  Pittsburg,  107  miles  from 
Johnstown.  Here  crossing  the  Alleghany  river  over  a  splendid 
aqueduct,  and  by  a  tunnel  made  through  the  hill  back  of  the 
town,  the  road  reaches  the  Monongahela,  and  connects  with  the 
navigation  on  the  western  waters. — Recapitulation  of  the  route  . 
First,  by  railroad  to  Harrisburg,  106  miles  ;  thence  by  the  east 
em  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  147  ■  from  Hollidaysburg 
to  Johnstown  by  railroad,  39  miles  ;  thence  by  the  western  di 
vision  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal  to  Pittsburg,  107  miles.  Total, 
399  miles.  The  time  of  running  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg, 
by  railroad  and  stage  iines,  has  been  reduced  to  forty-one  hours, 
and  by  railroads  and  packets  to  sixty  hours. 


PITTSBURG. 


This  city,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Alleghany  county,  is  situated 
in  N.  Lat.  40^  26'  25",  and  in  W.  Long.  79°  59' ;  348  miles  from 
Philadelphia ;  107  w.  n.  w.  Harrisburg ;  and  292  n.  w.  Baltimore. 
Its  population  in  1810  was  4,768  ;  in  1820,  7,250  ;  in  1830,  in- 
cluding Alleghany  and  the  suburbs,  21,912  ;  in  1840,  38,931 ; 
and  in  1850,  including  the  environs  within  a  circuit  of  five  miles, 
it  is  stated  to  amount  to  100,000. 

Pittsburg  is  situated  in  a  district  rich  in  mineral  resources. 
Nature  has  bestowed  its  richest  gifts  upon  this  region  ;  and  the 
enterprise  of  the  people  has  been  directed  to  th<  development  of 
its  resources,  with  an  energy  and  success  seldom  paralleled.  The 
city  of  Pittsburg  enjoys,  from  its  situation,  admirable  commercial 
facilities,  and  has  become  the  centre  of  an  extensive  commerce 
with  the  western  states ;  while  its  vicinity  to  inexhaustible  iron 
and  coal  mines,  has  raised  it  to  great  distinction  as  a  manufactu- 
ring place. 

17 


il 


i 


Bi         I 


258 


RAILROAD   AND  STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


View  of  Fittsburg. 

The  city  was  laid  out  in  1765,  on  the  site  of  Fort  Du  Qnesne, 
subsequently  chan<red  to  Fort  Pitt.  It  i8  situated  on  a  triangular 
poiut,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany  and  Mononguhela 
rivers,  which  here  form  the  Ohio.  Pittsburg  is  connected  with 
the  left  bank  of  the  Monongahela  by  a  bridge  1,500  feet  long, 
whicli  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $102,000.  Four  bridges  cross 
the  Alleghany  river,  connecting  Pittsburg  with  Alleghany  city. 

The  most  prominent  of  the  public  buildings  is  the  Courthouse, 
on  Grant's  Hill,  an  eminence  about  a  mile  back  of  the  city.  It 
is  a  splendid  edifice,  and  commands,  from  the  elevation  of  its  site, 
an  extensive  view  of  the  three  rivers,  and  of  the  towns  and  vil- 
lages for  miles  around.  It  is  ?65  feet  long  by  100  broad,  and 
surmounted  by  a  dome  37  feet  in  diametej  at  the  base.  There 
is  also  a  splendid  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  Grant's  Hill.  The 
Western  University  of  Pennsylvania,  which  commenced  opera- 
tions as  a  college  in  1822,  is  located  near  Grant's  Hill.  The 
Third  Presbyterian  Church  is  an  attractive  edifice.  Some  of  the 
hotels  here,  as  also  the  banks,  are  splendid  buildings :  in  particu- 
lar, the  Exchange  Hotel  and  the  Monongakela  House,  are  largo 
and  imposing  structures.  There  is  here  a  museum,  which,  besides 
other  attractions,  contains  many  aboriginal  curiosities.  There 
are  in  Pittsburg  about  40  churches,  several  banks  and  insurance 
companies,  and  a  bank  for  savings. 


PITTSBURG. 


259 


The  city  is  supplied  with  water  of  a  fine  quality  derived  from 
the  Alleghany.  The  water  is  raised  by  steam  116  feet  to  a 
reservoir  11  feet  deep,  on  Grant's  Hill,  which  contains  about 
1,000,000  {gallons,  and  is  thence  distributed  over  the  city  in  iron 
pipes.  Gas  is  used  for  lighting  the  city  :  for  this  purpose  the 
bituminous  coal,  which  abounds  in  the  vicinity,  affords  great  fa- 
cilities, and  at  comparatively  trifling  cost. 

There  are  several  places  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg,  which, 
as  they  may  be  considered  parts  of  one  great  manufacturing  and 
commercial  city,  are  entitled  to  a  notice  here.  Alleghany  Citi/, 
opposite  to  Pittsburg,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Alleghany  river,  is 
the  most  important  of  them.  The  elegant  residences  of  many 
persons  doing  business  in  Pittsburg,  may  bo  seen  hero,  occupying 
commanding  situations.  Here  is  located  the  Wtsteni  TIteologi' 
ml  Seminary  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  an  institution  found- 
ed by  the  General  Assembly  in  1825,  and  estublished  in  tiiis  town 
in  1827.  Situated  on  a  lofty,  insulated  ridge  100  feet  above  tho 
Alleghany,  it  affords  a  magnificent  prospect.  There  are  6,000 
vols,  in  its  library.  The  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Associate 
Reformed  Church,  established  in  1826,  and  the  Alleghany  The- 
ological Institute,  organized  in  1840  by  the  Synod  of  the  Re- 
formed Presbyterian  Church,  are  also  located  here.  The  Western 
Penitcnliary  is  an  immense  building  in  the  ancient  Norman 
stylo,  situated  on  a  plain  on  the  western  border  of  Alleghany  City. 
It  was  completed  in  1827,  at  a  cost  of  $183,000.  Tho  United 
States  Arsenal  is  located  at  Law  re:iceville,  a  small  but  pretty 
village  two  and  a  half  miles  above  Pittsburg,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Alleghany  river. 

Birmingham  is  another  considerable  suburb  of  Pittsburg,  lying 
about  a  mile  from  the  centre  of  the  city,  on  the  s.  side  of  tho 
Monongahela,  and  connected  with  Pittsburg  by  a  bridge  1,500 
feet  long,  and  by  a  ferry.  It  has  important  manufactories  of 
glass  and  iron. 

It  is  iTsual  to  speak  of  extensive  manufactories  as  being  in  Pitts- 
burg, though  they  are  not  within  the  limits  of  the  city  proper,  but 
are  distributed  over  a  circle  of  five  miles  radius  from  the  court- 
house on  Grant's  Hill.    This  space  includes  the  cities  of  Pitts 
burg  and  Alleghany,  the  boroughs  of  Birmingham  and  Lawrence- 


I 


260 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


ville,  aud  a  number  of  towns  and  villages,  the  manufacturing 
establishments  in  which  have  their  warehouses  in  Pittsburg,  and 
may  consequently  be  deemed,  from  the  close  connection  of  their 
general  interests  and  business  operations,  a  part  of  the  city. 
There  are  within  the  above  compass  about  80  places  of  religious 
worship,  and  a  population  of  not  less  than  100,000. 

The  stranger  in  Pittsburg  will  derive  both  pleasure  and  instruc- 
tion by  a  visit  to  some  of  its  great  manufacturing  establishments, 
particularly  those  of  glass  and  iron.  During  the  summer  season 
Pittsburg  is  an  immense  thoroughfare,  large  numbers  of  travel- 
lers and  emigrants  passing  through  it  on  their  way  westward. 
The  importance  of  this  city  will  be  greatly  increased  by  its  more 
intimate  connection  with  its  sister  city,  on  the  completion  of  the 
great  Pennsylvania  Central  Railroad,  now  in  course  of  rapid 
construction ;  and  also  by  the  opening  of  the  railroad  to  Cleve- 
land, on  Lake  Erie.     (For  routes  from  Pittsburg,  see  page  295.) 


THE  FENNSYLVANIA   CENTRAL  RAILROAD. 

The  construction  of  this  road  will  prove  of  incalculable  benefit 
to  Philadelphia,  and  the  state  generally.  Its  completion  will  add 
greatly  to  the  prosperity  of  that  city.  Extending  from  Harrisburg, 
(being  a  continuation  of  the  railroad  already  in  use  from  Phila- 
delphia to  that  city,)  it  will  pass  through  the  centre  of  the  state 
to  Pittsburg,  there  uniting  with  the  navigable  waters  of  the  great 
rivers  of  the  West.  The  building  of  this  road  has  already  com- 
menced, and  is  to  be  prosecuted  as  fast  as  circumstances  and  the 
nature  of  the  country  will  permit.  We  believe  it  is  expected  the 
route  will  be  opened  through  to  Pittsburg  some  time  during  the 
year  1850.    (By  referring  to  Map  No.  28  its  route  will  be  seen.) 


BALTIMORE  RAILROAD. 


261 


OONTINXJATTON  OF  THE  GREAT  SOUTHERN  ROUTES 
FROM  PHILADELPHIA  TO  BALTIMORE  AND  WASH. 
INGTON. 

(See  Maps  Nos.  23  and  25.) 

There  are  two  principal  routes  of  travel  between  Philadelphia 
and  Baltimore,  viz  ;  the  Railroad  Line,  and  the  Steamboat  and 
Railroad  alternately.  The  distance  by  the  former  route  is  97 
miles.  Fare  $3.00 :  time  six  hours.  By  the  latter  route  the 
distance  is  117  miles.  Fare  $3.00:  time  seven  hours.  There  is 
another  railroad  route  between  the  two  cities,  but  is  never  passed 
over  by  travellers  wishing  to  go  direct  between  Philadelphia, 
Baltimore,  and  the  South.  Tourists,  whose  time  is  not  limited, 
and  who  are  desirous  of  varying  the  route  of  travel,  will  find  that 
over  the  Columbia  Railroad  to  the  Susquehanna  river,  thence  to 
York,  and  from  thence  to  Baltimore,  a  very  pleasant  excursion. 
Distance  153  miles.  Fare  $5.00.  Another  route  open  to  tour- 
ists, is  from  Philadelphia  by  steamboat  down  the  Delaware  river 
to  Delaware  City,  44  miles  ;  thence  through  the  Chesapeake  and 
Delaware  Canal,  16  miles  ;  and  thence  down  Elk  river  and 
Chesapeake  Bay  and  up  the  Patapsco  river  to  Baltimore,  56 
miles:  total,  116  miles.  The  great  feature  of  interest  here,  and 
perhapj  the  only  inducement  to  deviate  from  the  regularly  trav- 
elled routes,  would  be  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  formidable  ex- 
cavation on  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  termed  tho 
"  Deep  Cut,"  which  extends  for  six  miles,  and  is  70  ft.  deep  in  tho 
deepest  part.  A  bridge  of  235  feet  span  extends  over  this  fearful 
chasm,  at  an  elevation  of  90  feet  above  the  canal,  under  which 
steamboats,  schooners,  and  other  small  vessels  can  pass.  This 
canal  is  66  feet  wide  at  the  surface,  and  10  feet  deep,  with  two 
lift  and  two  tide  locks,  100  feet  long  by  22  wide.  It  was  com- 
pleted in  1829,  at  a  cost  of  $2,750,000. 

PHILADELPHIA,  WILMINGTON,  AND  BALTIMORE  RAIL- 
ROAD.— This  road  extends  from  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore,  97 
miles.  It  is  the  great  thoroughfare  between  the  two  cities,  and 
during  tho  winter  months,  the  only  travelled  route.  It  was  open- 
ed for  travel  in  1837,  and  cost  in  its  construction  to  Jan.  1,  ld48» 
$4,725,500 


3i ! 


>■ 


262 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


From  Philadelphia  to  Baltimore. — The  cars  leave  from  the 
depot  in  Markot-st.,  and  pass  through  the  suburbs,  soon  reaching 
the  Schuylkill  river  at  "  Gray's  Ferry,"  which  is  crossed  by  n 
substantial  bridge.  Here  the  cars  are  attached  to  the  locomo- 
tive, and  we  pass  onwards  to  Cheater,  14  miles.  Fare  25  cents  ; 
Wilmington,  27,  50  cents ;  Newport,  30,  75  cents  ;  Stanton 
33,  Newark  39,  $1.00  ;  Elkton,  45,  $1.50  ;  North  East,  51, 
$1.75 ;  Charlestown  54,  Cecil  Ferry  59,  $2.00.  We  here  cross 
the  Susquehanna  river  to  Havre-de-Grace  60,  Perrymans  G9, 
$2.25;  Chases,  81,  $2.50;  Stemmer's  Run,  87,  $2.75.  We 
now  reach  Baltimore,  97  miles  distant :  Fare  $3.00. 

Wilmington,  the  most  important  town  on  this  route,  is  situated 
between  the  Brandywino  river  and  Christiana  creek,  one  mile 
above*  their  junction,  and  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the  finest  agri- 
cultural districts  in  the  Middle  States.  It  is  built  on  ground 
gradually  rising  to  the  height  of  112  feet  above  tidewater,  and  is 
regularly  laid  out,  with  broad  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles.  Since  1840  both  its  business  and  population  have  much 
increased :  at  that  time  it  contained  about  8,000  inhabitants,  and 
in  the  latter  part  of  1847  it  had  about  14,000.  On  the  Brandy- 
wine  river  are  some  of  the  finest  flouring-miils  in  the  United 
States,  to  which  vessels  can  come  drawing  eight  feet  of  water. 
It  contains  also  ship  and  steamboat  yards,  a  foundry  for  the  man- 
ufacture of  patent  car-wheels,  which  are  used  all  over  the  coun- 
try, and  a  number  of  large  manufacturing  establishments  of  va- 
rious kinds.  It  has  several  churches  of  different  denominations, 
a  town  hall,  a  new  college,  many  handsome  buildings,  and  sev- 
eral excellent  schools.  A  railroad  is  about  to  be  constructed  from 
Wilmington  to  Downingstown  in  Chester  county,  there  uniting 
with  the  Columbia  Railroad.  The  hotels  here  are  generally  of 
a  superior  kind.     (For  description  of  Baltimore,  see  puge  263.) 

Steamboat  and  Railroad  Route  from  Philadelphia  to 
Baltimore. — A  steamboat  leaves  from  the  foot  of  Dook-st.  every 
afternoon,  and  proceeds  down  the  Delaware  to  New  Castle,  36 
miles ;  thence  by  the  cars  over  the  New  Castle  and  Frenchtown 
Railroad  to  Frenchtown,  17  miles.  At  the  latter  place,  agam 
take  the  steamboat,  and  pass  down  Elk  river  and  Chesapeake 
Bay,  and  up  the  Patapsco  river  to  Baltimore,  60  miles. 


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BALTIMORE. 


263 


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BALTIMORE. 

Tnis  city,  the  metropolis  of  Marj'lnnd,  is  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  N.  side  of  Patapsco  river,  in  N.  Lat.  39°  17'  23 ',  and  in  W. 
Long.  76°  37'  30".  It  is  40  miles  n.  b.  from  Washington,  97 
B.  w.  Philadelphia,  184  s.  w.  Now  York,  and  419  s.  w.  Boston. 
Population  about  125,000.  Its  situation,  on  gently  uneven  ground, 
gives  it  a  fine  drainage,  and  affords  many  handsome  sites  for 
dwellings.  As  laid  out,  it  has  an  area  of  four  miles  square  ;  but 
the  section  which  is  compactly  built  extends  about  two  milea 
from  E.  to  w.,  and  a  mile  and  a  half  from  n.  to  s.  The  streets, 
which  are  regularly  laid  out,  hxA  from  50  to  100  feet  wide,  gen- 
erally cross  each  other  at  right  angle&  The  n.  end  of  the  town 
is  the  fashionable  quarter;  and  the  principal  promenade  is  Baiti 
more-st.,  which  runs  from  m.  to  w.  through  the  centre  of  the  city. 
Jones's  Fall,  a  small  stream,  one  of  the  confluents  of  the  Pa« 
tapsco,  divides  the  city  into  two  parts,  passing  through  it  from  n. 
to  ■.,  a  little  B.  of  the  centre.  Three  superb  stone  bridges,  and 
four  wooden  ones,  have  been  thrown  ovor  this  stream,  connecting 
the  different  parts  of  the  city.  The  houses  of  DaUimore  aro 
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264 


RAILIIOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  CUaSPANIOIV. 


ments.  Tho  stores  and  dwellinga  whicli  line  its  broad,  regular, 
and  strtfight  streets,  rival  in  taste  the  best  in  the  country,  and 
evince  substantial  wealth  and  general  prosperity. 

From  the  number  of  its  monuments,  Baltimore  has  been  de- 
nominated the  Monumental  City.  These  structures,  rising  high 
in  the  air  from  open  squares,  have  an  imposing  effect.  The 
Washington  Monument,  at  the  intersection  of  Charles  and  Mon- 
ument sts.,  is  a  noble  specimen  of  architecture,  both  in  design  and 
execution.  Built  on  an  eminence  100  feet  above  tidewater,  it 
rises  majestically  above  the  city,  at  once  forming  its  noble  em- 
bellishment, and  a  conspicuous  landmark  to  travellers  and  voy- 
agers. The  monument  consists  of  a  Doric  column  rising  from  a 
base  50  feet  square  and  20  high.  Its  height  is  180  feet,  inclu- 
ding the  statue  of  Washington  at  the  top,  16  feet  high.  The 
base  is  ascended  by  a  flight  of  28  steps  ;  and  thence  the  ascent 
to  the  top  is  by  a  winding  staircase,  or  flight  of  200  steps.  The 
cost  of  the    monument,  including   the  statue  at  the  top,  was 

$200,000.— Battle  Mon- 
ument, erected  to  the 
memory  of  those  who  fell 
defending  the  city  in  Sept 
1814,  is  at  the  corner  of 
Calvert  and  Fayette  sta 
Tho  square  sub-base  on 
which  the  pedestal  or  col- 
umn rests,  rises  20  feet 
from  tho  ground,  with  an 
Egyptian  door  on  each 
front,  on  which  are  ap- 
propriate inscriptions  and 
representations,  in  basao 
relievo,  of  some  of  the  in- 
cidents of  the  battle.  The 
column  rises  18  feet  above 
the  base.  This,  which  is 
Battle  Monument.  of  marble,  in  the  form  of  a 

Roman  fasces,  is  encircled  by  bands,  on  which  are  inscribed,  in 
letters  of  gold,  tho  names  of  tliose  whose  memory  and  patriotic 


BALTIMORE. 


265 


valor  the  monument  is  designed  to  commemorate.  The  column 
is  surmounted  by  a  female  figure,  in  marble,  emblematic  of  the 
city  of  Baltimore.  The  whole  height  of  the  monument  is  52  ft 
— Armistead  Monument^  near  the  City  Fountain,  was  erected  to 
the  memory  of  CoL  George  Armistead,  the  commander  at  Fort 
Henry,  in  1814,  through  whose  intrepidity  a  British  fleet  of  16 
sail  was  repulsed,  after  having  bombarded  the  fort  for  24  hours. 
It  consists  of  a  base  and  pedestal,  with  tablets  flanked  by  inverted 
cannon,  upon  which  repose  chain-shot  and  shells.  It  is  exceed- 
ingly unique  in  design,  and  presents  an  admirable  specimen  of 
sculpture.— Baltimore  has  other  monuments,  but  they  are  of  less 
pretensions  than  those  above  described. 

Public  Buildings. — The  City  Hall,  on  Holliday-st.,  is  a  plain 
substantial  edifice,  three  stories  high,  with  a  portico  and  entabla- 
ture supported  by  four  massive  columns.  It  is  occupied  by  the 
city  council  and  other  municipal  officers. — The  Courthouse,  a 
large  and  imposing  edifice,  corner  of  Washington  and  Monument 
sts.,  is  appropriated  to  the  city  and  county  courts,  and  the  officers 
connected  with  them.  It  is  ornamented  with  white  marble  pi- 
lasters, of  the  modern  Ionic  order,  and  surmounted  with  a  large 
cupola.  Its  interior  arrangements  render  it  one  of  the  finest 
courthouses  in  the  United  States. — The  Almshouse,  about  two 
and  a  half  miles  from  the  centre  of  the  city,  in  a  n.  w.  direction, 
is  a  noble  building. — The  State  Prison,  on  the  corner  of  Madi- 
son and  Forrest  sts.,  consists  of  three  distinct  buildings.  The 
keeper's  family,  officers,  and  guards  occupy  the  centre  building  ; 
the  w.  wing  is  appropriated  to  the  female  convicts  ;  and  the  e. 
wing  is  reserved  for  the  males,  who  are  confined  here  at  night  in 
solitary  cells.  There  are  also  ranges  of  workshops,  in  which  the 
various  trades  are  carried  on  by  the  convicts,  such  as  weaving 
cotton  and  woollen  cloths,  sb;'emaking,  hatting,  comb-making, 
&c. — The  Jail,  on  the  e.  side  ti  Jones's  Falls,  near  the  Peniten- 
tiary, is  a  spacious  structure,  with  an  octagonal  tower  at  each 
end,  and  surmounted  by  a  cupola. 

Churches. — Two  of  these  are  distinguished  for  architectural 
elegance.  The  most  imposing  structure  of  this  class  is  the  Catholic 
Cathedral,  corner  of  Cathedral  and  Mulberry  sts.  It  is  built  of 
granite,  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  and  is  190  feet  long,  177  broad  a^ 


966 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


{|< 


the  arnu  of  the  cross,  und  127  hijgrh  from  the  floor  to  the  top  of 
the  cro«8  that  surniouiitH  the  dome.  The  huildiii|;  is  well  li|;hted 
by  windows  in  the  dome,  which  are  concealed  from  the  viow  of 
perBons  lielow.  At  the  w.  end  rise  two  tall  towers,  crowned 
with  Saracenic  cniM)luH,  resemblin^r  the  minarets  of  a  Mohamme- 
dan mosqne.  'I'his  chnrch  has  the  larirt^st  or|;an  in  the  United 
States,  having  8,000  pipes  and  .')(>  sto|w.  It  is  ornamented  with 
two  splendid  puintinfirH : — one,  ••  The  (icscent  from  the  C'roH»,"  was 
presented  by  Lonis  XVI. — the  other,  *'  St.  Ijonis  burying  his  offl- 
cors  and  soldiers  slain  before  Tunis,"  was  presented  by  ('liarlcs 
X.  of  France. — The  IJmtarian  Church,  nt  the  intertiection  of 
North  Charles  and  Franklin  sts.,  ranks  next  to  the  above  in  archi- 
tectural beauty.  This  ediiice  is  lOH  ft.  long  and  78  wide.  In  front 
is  a  colonnade,  consisting  of  four  'l\iHnan  columns  and  two  {lilas- 
ters,  which  form  the  arcades.  Above,  extending  around  the 
pediment,  is  a  cornice  decorated  with  emblematic  figures  and  in- 
scriptions. From  the  portico,  the  entrance  is  by  bronze  doors,  in 
imitation  of  the  Vatican  at  Rome — three  conducting  to  the  body 
of  tho  building,  and  two  to  the  galleries.  The  intdrior  of  the 
building  is  a  Rpiare,  and  harmonizes  in  beauty  with  its  exterior. 
The  dome,  55  feet  in  diameter,  is  supported  by  four  equal  archei 
of  3.3  feet  span. — The  Catholics  have  five  churches  besides  the 
Cathedral.  Of  these  the  principal  are,  St.  Mary*s  Chapel,  on 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Grant-st.,  an  elegant  Gothic  edifice, 
8G  feet  long  by  50  wide  ;  and  St.  Peter's,  tho  oldest  Catholic 
church  in  the  city,  having  been  built  by  the  French  residents  in 
1771,  in  Saratoga  near  Charles-st. — St.  VauVa  Church,  (Episco- 
pal,) on  the  corner  of  Saratoga  and  Charles  sts.,  is  a  beautiful 
edifice,  with  a  handsome  portico  supported  by  four  fluted  marble 
columns.  Its  lofty  spire  is  a  composition  of  the  different  orders 
of  architecture.  There  are  four  other  Episcopal  churches :  Christ 
Church,  corner  of  Market  and  Frout  sts..  Trinity,  in  Trinity-st., 
between  High  and  Exeter  sts.,  Grace,  in  Wiltiam,  between  War- 
ren and  Montgomery  sts.,  on  Federal  Hill,  and  St.  Peter's,  corner 
of  Sharp  and  Little  German  sts. — The  First  Presbyterian 
Church,  corner  of  North  and  Fayette  sts.,  is  an  oblong  structure, 
with  a  large  portico  and  entablature  in  front,  supported  by  four 
Ionic  columns.    The  Second  Presbyterian  Churchf  in  Market- 


BALTI.VOKK. 


267 


■t.,  iiooT  Joiiofl's  FuIIh,  Olio  of  tho  ircitt  HpuciniiH  oluirRhf^M  in  tho 
city,  IN  jiiHtly  pruiHcd  for  ItH  iinut  luid  u(>|>ru|)riutn  iiitt^rior  urruii|;o> 
iiuintM.  Tlioro  in  iiIho  lli«  Third  Fr^ithyterian  Church,  in  Ku- 
tuw-Nt.,  betwoni  Hnratofra  and  Mulborry  hIh. — Tim  AHmrUUe  Re- 
formed, and  The  Reformed  I'rpitiiytflrianN,  liuv«  nacli  a  nliiirch, 
— tl>P  former  Wtwoon  CharloM  and  Li^iTty  MtH. — tli«  lutU-r,  dunwt 
of  I'iltH  and  Ainqnotii  hIn.,  Old  Town. — Tho  HaptiHtH  havo  foui 
chnrchcH.  Tho  first  Jiaptiat  Church,  oornor  of  Loniliurd  and 
Sharp  Mh.,  Ih  ono  of  tho  moHt  attructivo  oditiord  in  tho  city. 
Thiri  bniUJin);,  which  iH  circular,  haH  an  innnonNo  doind,  and  an 
Ionic  portico.  Tho  other  churchov  of  thin  denomination  are — 
the  Second  Itaptiat  Church,  in  Floot-Ht.,  bntwcrn  Markot-«t. 
and  Argylo  alloy,  FeH'H  Point ;  Third  HapHat  ('hurch,  rornor 
of  Haltimoro  and  KxotorHtH. ;  and  tho  Ehenezer  ItaptiM  Church, 
hi  ('alvert-Ht.,  botwoen  Saratoga  and  licxin^rton  hIh. — Then*  In  n 
German  Lutheran  Church  in  (»ay-Ht.,  botwoon  Suralo{r,i-Ht.  and 
Orango  alloy. — The  German  Reformed  have  u  vory  pn-tty 
church,  with  a  lofty  and  bountiful  Hpiro,  in  Second,  between  (iay 
and  Bolvidoro  stfi. — The  Methodiaia  have  chnrcln'H  in  Harford 
avonuo ;  in  Exeter,  near  Gay  at. ;  at  tho  corner  of  Eutaw  and  Mul- 
berry Htfl.,  and  in  WilkeH,  near  Market  Ht.,  Fell's  Point,  bcHidoH 
several  others. — The  Seamen^a  lie.theU  a  handHomo  «Miifn;e  for 
the  use  of  seamen,  is  In  I)lack-Ht.,  Fell's  Point. — Tho  Friends 
have  four  meeting-houses. — Tho  Swedenborfjfiana  have  a  cbapt^i 
on  tho  corner  of  Market  and  Exeter  sts. — Independent  Chapel  is 
occupied  by  a  congregation  of  Univeraaliata. 

LiTKiiARY  AND  SciRNTiKic  INSTITUTIONS. — Tho  MnrifUtod  In- 
stitute has  for  its  object  tho  promotion  of  the  nrclmnio  ariN,  and 
the  difTusion,  by  means  of  lectures  and  otherwise,  of  Kcientilic 
knowbulge.  It  possesses  a  fine  chemical  laboratory  and  a  very 
completo  philosophical  apparatus.  The  society  has  upurtnients 
in  Atheneum  Duildings,  corner  » "  Lexington  and  St.  Paul  sts. 
In  the  same  building  is  tho  American  Academy  of  Science  and 
Literature,  which  has  rare  and  valuable  collections  in  the  seversl 
departments  of  natural  history,  cants  in  plaster,  &c.  The  Mary- 
land University,  one  of  the  most  important  inHtitntioiiH  of  the 
k'nd  i.i  tho  country,  is  in  Lot  ibard-st.,  between  (ireen  and  Pac» 
BUi.     Connected  with  the  U  liversity  is  the  lialtimore  Eye  In 


•  'I 


It  1 


11    ,i  I 


i 


I  I 


268 


RATLROAT)  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANIO?!. 


firmary,  whore  the  students  have  an  opportunity  of  attending  Iec« 
turoH,  and  witnessing  its  operations.  St.  Mary's  College,  a  pros* 
pcrous  institution  under  the  direction  of  the  CathoUcs,  is  on  the 
corner  of  FrunkHn  and  Green  sts.  It  has  1S,00U  volumes  in  its 
Hhrarles.  The  conunenceinent  is  on  the  third  Tuesday  in  July. — 
Ashnry  Colf^ire  is  on  the  corner  of  Fayette  and  South  streets. — 
McKimm's  Free  School  is  an  imposing  and  heautiful  structure, 
built  after  tho  model  of  an  Athenian  temple. — The  Oliver  Hi- 
hei'man  Free  School  was  originally  for  the  education  of  Irish 
children,  but  it  is  now  free  for  the  use  of  all  who  choose  to  par- 
ticipate in  its  benefits. — The  City  Library  is  designed  for  the  use 
of  the  stockholders,  who,  however,  are  privileged  to  grant  the  use 
of  its  books  to  others. — The  Exchange  Reading  Rooms,  in  the 
Exchange  building,  are  supported  by  subscription  ;  but  strangers 
and  masloi's  of  vessels  enjoy  free  access  to  the  newspapers  and 
periodicals  with  which  the  rooms  are  liberally  supplied. — The 
public  schools  of  Baltimore,  some  of  which  are  furnished  with 
buildings  of  a  superior  order,  are  justly  praised  for  their  excellent 
organization. 

Bknevolent  Institutions. — Among  the  many  institutions  iu 
Baltimore  devoted  to  the  gratuitous  alleviation  of  human  suffer- 
ing, the  Hospital,  in  its  northwestern  suburbs,  holds  a  prominent 
place.  Being  elevated  greatly  above  the  basin,  the  buildings  com- 
mand a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  surrounding  country.  The 
centre  building  is  flanked  with  wings,  connecting  with  two  other 
buildings  which  form  the  ends  of  the  vast  pile.  The  buildings 
are  three  stories  high,  with  the  exception  of  the  centre  one,  which 
is  four.  In  its  interior  arrangements,  and  iu  order  and  cleanli- 
ness, it  is  not  excelled  by  similar  institutions  elsewhere. — The 
Almshouse,  on  the  Franklin  Road,  about  2^  miles,  in  a  n.  w.  di- 
rection from  the  centre  of  the  city,  is  an  immense  structure,  con- 
sisting of  a  centre  building  and  two  wings,  the  whole  having  a 
front  of  375  feet. — The  City  Dispensary,  corner  of  Orange  alley 
and  Holliday-st.,  and  the  Eastern  Dispensary,  corner  Market-st. 
and  Harford  Run  Avenue,  give  medical  advice,  and  furnish  med- 
icines, free  of  charge  to  the  indigent. — The  Indigent  Sick  So' 
ciety  is  an  excellent  institution,  composed  of  and  managed  by 
ladies,  who  visit  and  minister  to  the  comfort  of  the  sick.     Besides 


BALTIMORE. 


269 


ing  lec- 
u  pros- 
I  on  the 
[^s  iu  its 
July.— 
rt'etB.— 
rncture, 
per  Hi- 
of  Irish 
I  to  par- 
the  use 
tlio  use 
;,  iu  the 
traugere 
>er8  iiud 
Li.— The 
icd  with 
'xcellent 

itious  iu 
suffer- 
ominent 
srs  coin- 
The 
vo  other 
)uiUliugs 
,  which 
cleanli- 
.— The 
w.  di- 
ire,  con- 
aving  a 
ge  alley 
irket-st. 
sh  med- 
ick  So- 
iged  by 
Besides 


the  above,  there  are  two  Orphan  Asylums,  and  numerous  other 
institutions  for  the  alleviation  of  human  suffering. 

Places  of  Amusement. — The  Holliday  Street  Theatre,  iu 
Holliday>8t.,  between  Fayette-st.  and  Orange  alley,  is  four  stories 
high,  and  is  well  adapted  to  theatrical  purposes. — The  Theatre 
and  Circu»,  in  Old  Town,  corner  of  Low  and  Front  sts.,  is  a  very 
large  structure,  designed  alike  for  dramatic  and  equestrian  per- 
formances.— The  Adelphi  Theatre,  corner  of  Belvidere  and  Sara- 
toga sts.,  is  a  diminutive  building  compared  with  the  preceding.— 
The  Museum,  corner  of  Baltimore  and  Calvert  sts.,  enjoys  a  \  gh 
reputation.  The  visiter  will  derive  much  gratification  from  an 
inspection  of  its  curiosities. — There  are  Assembly  Rooms  on  the 
corner  of  Holliday  and  Fayette  sts.,  and  in  Commerce-st,  whicti 
are  furnished  with  much  taste  ;  the  design  of  these,  with  Cori' 
cert  Hall,  iu  South  Charles^st.,  is  sufficiently  indicated  by  their 
names. 

Miscellaneous  Objects  of  Interest. — The  city  has  an  abun- 
dant supply  of  pure  and  wholesome  water,  furnished  by  its  Water- 
works, or  derived  from  numerous  springs.  These  springs  or  foun- 
tains are  enclosed  by  circular  railings,  and  covered  with  neat 
open  temples,  consisting  of  columns  supporting  a  dome.  Some 
of  them  are  ornamented  with  pretty  architectural  devices,  which 
give  them  a  prominent  place  among  the  embellishments  of  the 
city.  From  an  elevated  part  of  Jones's  Falls,  the  water  is  brought 
in  an  aqueduct  half  a  mile  long,  and  being  conducted  into  a  reser- 
voir in  Calvert-st.,  is  thence  distributed  over  the  city  in  subterra- 
neous pipes.  There  is  another  reservoir  on  Charles-st.,  n.  <;;  he 
Monument,  which  is  replenished  by  means  of  forcing  pumps,  and 
is  sufficiently  elevated  to  supply  the  upper  pait  of  the  city. — The 
Exchange,  in  Gay,  between  Water  and  Second  sts.,  ii  a  splendid 
building,  the  property  oi  a  joint-stock  company  It  has  a  front 
of  255  feet,  is  140  feet  in  depth,  and  three  stories  high,  exclusive 
of  the  basement  The  principal  room,  in  the  centre  of  the  build- 
ing, is  53  feet  square  The  merchants  assemble  in  this  apart- 
ment. The  building  has  colonnades  of  six  Ionic  columns  on  its 
E.  and  w.  sides,  the  shafts  of  which  are  single  blocks  of  fine 
Italian  marble,  of  admirable  workmanship.  The  whole  is  sur- 
mounted by  an  immense  dome,  the  apex  of  which  is  115   feet 


I 

H 


m 

;i| 

n 

\ 

,:  , 

M 

M 

tf70 


liiVll.ltttAlt  ANO  NTKAAIIIOAT  COMrANION. 


nlM»vo  llio  Hli'rot,  -Tho  CitMlnm-hnuHt^  «i«MMipi«>N  llin  TliHt  nIoiv  of 
tlu^  Hoiitli  Willi;'  of  llio  l'!xrlimi)j[«>,  IVouliii^  on  LoinltiinUNl.  'i'lio 
riilrtiix'o  \h  rrotii  WuIi<i'>n(.  It  toiininIh  dC  n  n|mioioiin  niiIooii,  ili- 
vult<(l  nilo  llit'oo  piii'lN  liy  iihwuin  « *'  (wo  roloiiiiudrN.  'riit>  oiUnMl*' 
«it^HkN  ui'o  riiii;*o«l  lirlwotMi  lliit  (miIiiiiiiin.  itiid  llio  (<olloi'|or'N  loiiiii 
In  ut  tlio  n|>|i«'r  ond  «ii'  (ho  hull.  Tho  coiid'o  In  iiNnl  hy  immhouh 
tloiu);'  hiiHinoNN  hon>.  -Tho  iUmrnuitint/,  tm  Kodoni!  Hill,  wnvoN, 
ill  ooiiiioolioii  with  u  Niiiiilur  oNlnhliNhnioiit  lit  Ihulkiii  I'oiiil,  on 
i'hoNti|M>uko  lluy,  (o  aiuioiiiico  (ho  ti|i|ii'oiti'h  oC  vohhoIn.  Hy  iIiono 
tHo}«'i'n|thN  iiit'oriMidiou  in  iMiitvoytnl,  iii  a  low  niiiiii(oH,  iVoiii  Iho 
mouth  of  (ho  riiln|W(io  to  iiii  olw«»iviiloiy  in  tho  Kxohunjjo. -i'lio 
Mftrtunits  Shot  Toiiui,  *2M)  tool  hi|;li,  Iiun  u  ^hmiIoi-  olovalion 
tluui  liny  olhor  Niniilur  hlriioliiro  in  Iho  world  ;  lhoii){h  II|'««'n  l>io« 
(ionitry  oiroiiooiiNly  ^ivos  Iho  dislinrtion  to  that  ut  Viiliioh,  in 
Citvinlhiit,  whioli  w  'Jill  loot  hi^;h. — Anion^  olhor  inMliliilionN  and 
Mtrnotiin^s  that  d«<s(M'v««  tho  att«Mttion  of  viKitorN,  aro  Iho  Mammir 
Hall,  iMtrnor  of  St.  ranl-Hl.  and  ('onrlhouHo  lano — ii  Ihio  linildiii)>'i 
10(1  tool  lon^  and  -t'J  \vido,  and  thro(«  Htorit^N  hi|i>;h  ;  and  <hhi 
i<V//(Mr.v'  /^l//.  Hitnu(od  on  North  (iiiy-Ht.,  u  nplondid  hnildin)j[  in 
Iho  (iothioNtylo,  tho  windosvH  of  whi*'h  aro  of  Ntainod  ^iawH.-  -'I'ho 
Voat-ojiirr,  on  (^dvor(-Nt.,  n.  of  Marko(,  o(m'Ii|uoh  Nonio  of  tho 
lowor  rooiuN  in  Iho  ('i(v  Uo(«"l. 

Tho  harhor  in  oapatMonH  and  convonittid,  adniiltin^  vohnoIn  of 
(>00  tons  to  FoIPn  Point,  whilo  IIiono  of  !iOO  lonN  aNconil  t«>  tho 
oily.  It  in  dot'onthnl  at  ilN  (<ntranco  hy  Kort  Al'llonry.  Haiti- 
nioro,  from  ilH  ^roat  faoililioM  for  trado,  onjoyN  an  i^xtonNivo  ooni- 
luoroo.  It  iH  in  this  partionlur  oxot^lNnl  hy  low  oilioH  in  tho  Union  ; 
]HKS8ossin^,  as  it  doos,  boNidoN  its  foroi^n  ooininoroo,  nioNl  of  thn 
trado  of  Maryland,  u  uioioly  of  that  of  I'onnHylvania,  and  a  por- 
tion of  that  of  t!)o  wostorn  statoH.  It  iH  tho  frn>atoNt  llonr  iiiarkut 
in  tho  world  ;  whilo  its  trado  in  toha<*oo  ih  Nooond  to  that  of  no 
othor  oily.  ItN  niannfaotnroH  Imvo  kopt  puco  with  its  coininorro. 
For  tho8o  it  Iiuh  nnporior  udvantafjfoH.  A  coiiHidorahlu  wator- 
powor  is  alVordod  by  Johoh'h  Fallw.  Tho  I'utupHoo  Iiuh  u  lull  of 
800  foot  in  30  iniloo,  uivint;  many  valnablo  milUHitoa. 


Thoro  aro 


withiu  !^0  milos  of  tho  oily  about  (iO  tlourin;r.niillH,  boNidoN  nu* 
inorous  cotton  and  otiior  mannfaotorios.  Of  tho  )r«inoral  |)rus* 
perity  und  growth  of  tluH  important  city,  un  idou  nuiy  bo  foriaed 


i 


IIAI.TIIMOKK, 


'J7l 


Ktloiy  of 

iIdoii,  lli- 

i'm  I'Ollill 
■   |MMHIIIIN 

I,  n«<rv«'N, 
I'niiili  oil 
Hy  IIh«no 
iVotii  (ho 
:•<. Tho 

rlrviitioii 
Io'h  l)i«i- 
lllui'li,  ill 
lioiiN  llllll 
Mtmoiiiv 
liiiildliiK't 
uimI  <)</(/ 
lililiniX  ill 
HH.    -'I'lio 

10  «>r  iiio 

k'OHNI'h  of 

11(1  In  tllO 
llulli- 
ivo  (Mini* 
Union ; 
si  of  llin 
i(i  11  por- 
r  iiiui'kut 
at  of  no 
iiiincirce. 
u  waltM'- 
u  lull  of 
'Ih'Io  iiro 
idcH  nu« 
ral  pros* 
0  fun.iod 


^\om  lli««  i'lu'i  llial    I, !>'>'.)  Iioiinmn  wtM'o  ortM^ml  iluritif(  Urn   yi>ur 
IH  17.  Ilio  axHi'MNt'il  viiliio  of  wlijifli  IN  morn  lliuii  )||('i, (1110,(1110. 

I''(ivv  (owiiH  liitvo  iiNrii  morn  rii|M<lly  than  llallimoio,  -  an  nvt- 
(Iniiro  ol  ilN  Nii|>oiior  iialiiial  advaiilatjCH.  Il  wan  lirH(,  laiil  oii(.  om 
'i  town  III  17'.'0.  anil  in  17()ri  il,  ciMilainnil  only  .'tO  Iioiincn.  In  I7!)(i 
it  waM  in*-oi'|MM'alr<l  iih  a  cily,  In  IHII  a  liiitinli  Ioitm  ol'  |;,',000, 
nitilnr  liortl  Uonh,  Nii|>|tor(t<(|  hy  '10  or  ,'»0  vi'HNnlH,  iiii.ijo  an  allack 
oil  Kallmioi'o,  wliii^li  wiin  nml,  |»y  ilH  iMli/niiH  with  a  NliMiilmoNM 
Holt  wonltl  liavo  (lono  Innior  to  tlio  <liNi*i|ilino  ami  lirmnohN  olnv- 
p«Mi*<iM'«>(|  tioopH.  On  tlio  l.'illi  Stpt,,  IMl  I,  I'oii,  IV1*ll«Mii'y  wiiM 
iiltarlvtMJ,  and  NiiNlainnd,  lor  'i  I  Iioom,  a  lioiiiliaidiiinnl.  I»y  HI  HitipM, 
aalnd  by  a  In  <l  loicn  of  I, '.Mill.  Tim  ahhailaiilN  vvnro  rnpnlntid, 
and  drrw  oil',  iiMivin^r  llio  I'orti't'HH  in  ttiniiiplianl.  poMH<>HNion  ol'  it,H 
intrepid  did'rndriM.  l''oi't  INI'llmiy  wai  toi  tliiN  occaHion  (Mnii- 
iiiiindi'd  hy  Major  AriiiiNt«Mol,  wlioisn  gallantry  Iiiin  hi-mi  roin- 
inninoiatfd  hy  tlm  orcrtion  ol' a  iiioiiimo'iit  to  hir^  m(^mo^y.  'I'ho 
(loopN,  to  (ho  iinmlMr  ol'  11,000,  landi-d  at.  North  I'oiiit,  on  Ihn 
I'Jth,  and  advanrcd  to  within  nix  iiiiliN  ttf  tln^  rily,  vvIhi'm  tlmy 
wni'o  iiii't  and  oppoHod  hy  tlio  Haltimoro  hritj;itd<<,  niidnr  ((cnnraj 
Strylu>r,  ('oiiNiHliii(i[  ol'.'i.'JOO  iiicm.  Alter  a  Nnvnro  hattlo,  in  whiidi 
tlio  liriliNli  roiiiiiiandcr,  (icii.  Kohh,  wiih  killed,  tln^  Aiiierir/iii  iiriiiy 
ro(r^<^l»^d  lowardu  (li(<  eily.  They  worn  Hlowly  I'ollowed  hy  (Iih 
llritiHli  on  lht«  I'll!:.  Unt  llio  enemy,  I'eari'nl  leNl,  their  re(reiU 
Nhonid  ho  iateieepleil,  pre(;ipitately  retired  on  hoard  iheir  lleot 
and  left  the  CheHiipetdie. 

llo'1'Ki.H. -Tho  hoteiN  in  hallimoro  am  nunn\\f  tho  hehl  coji 
diirted  in  tho  country  ;  the  i'ollowin|{  aro  Homo  of  llio  principal 
uiicn:  f'////  /^>^'/,  (lalverl,  cornier  of  l<'aye((.«wNt.  and  IVlomimoMt 
Hqiiaro ;  Eiiliiin  IIihihc,  liultimoro,  cjorner  oi  Knlaw-Hi. ;  ICj:- 
chanfft'  llotnl,  VVater-Ht. ;  l''(ntntiiiu  liutrl,  l,\irUlHi. ;  (Jlolm 
llohit  naltimoro-Nt. ;  MfirliaulH*  llotfl,,  OharleH-Ht. ;  Natimnd 
llulrl,  Vnitt'd  Slali'H  llolrl,  and  tho  WfiH/iiii^lnn  llonsr,  aro  in 
Prutt-Ht.  Kxrollont,  privuto  hourdinir-honNOH  iiiid  rcffcloricH  uIhu 
iihoniul  ill  liulUiiioro. 

IIaTKH  ok  VkliK  KOII  TIIK  IIHK  OK  IIacKNKV  (JoACIIKN  IN  TIIK  f/'lTY 
OK  liAl/nKUntf:. —  I.  Sliamltoatii  and  Rmhimd  /V/(o<*  -  Froiaiuiy  Nteatn- 
boiil  liiniliiiK  or  railroad  il(!|)ot,  to  any  lioU;!  or  privuto  rcMtUuico  williia 
Iho  lltnitH  uf  llio  oily,  for  u  Hia-Klo  |)a.<HsoiiKur,  SO  cinitH.    IT  two  or  niorv, 


272 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


'i 


each,  37^  cents.  And  for  each  trunk,  box,  or  bag,  of  sufficient  size  to 
he  strapped  on,  I3i  cents.  No  charge  for  small  parcels  put  in  the 
carriage. 

2  To  any  Steamboat  or  Railroad  Depot.— The  same  fare  and  charge  for 
baggage,  with  an  addition  of  50  cents  for  the  carriage  when  only  seut 
for  from  the  stable. 

3.  Ct/y.  Within  the  following  limits,  assuming  Calvcrt-strect  us  the 
centre  of  the  city,  and  extending  t^ast  to  Canal-st.,  west  to  CJreeii-."»t., 
south  to  Great  Montgomery-st,  and  north  to  Biddle-st..  for  a  single 
passenger  37i  cents.  If  two  or  more,  each,  25  cents.  If  beyond  ttiese 
limits,  and  anywhere  within  the  city  boundary,  12^  cents  additional 
for  each  passenger. 

4.  Time.— For  the  use  of  a  hackney-coach  by  the  hour,  $1  00,  and  at 
the  same  rate  for  all  fractions  of  an  hour,  but  no  charge  for  any  time 
less  than  a  quarter  of  an  hour. 

5.  Evening  and  Night.— For  hacks  taken  from  the  stand  to  any  part  of 
the  city,  as  follows:  from  1st  May  to  30th  September  inclusive,  after 
8  o'clock,  p.  M.,  75  cents  for  a  single  passenger ;  if  more  than  one,  50 
cents  each:  a  like  sum  for  returning.  From  1st  October  to  30th  April, 
inclusive,  after  7  o'clock,  p.  m.,  the  same.    No  charge  for  baggage. 

6.  Exchange  and  FelPa  Point.— From  South  Gay-st.  to  any  part  of  Fell's 
Point,  not  farther  east  than  Washington-st.,  25  cents,  and  25  cents 
back  for  each  passenger. 

General  Rules.— I.  An  additional  allowance  of  25  cents  for  the  carriage 
only,  when  sent  for  from  the  stand.  2.  Children  over  ten  years,  half- 
price  ;  no  charge  under  that  age.  3.  Stopping  15  minutes  or  leaving 
the  carriage,  to  make  a  new  charge.  4.  All  cases  not  provided  fur  in 
these  rules,  left  to  agreement  of  the  parties. 


ROUTES  FROM  BALTIMORE. 

From  Baltimore  to  Philadelphia,  (see  Maps  Nos.  23  and 
25,  and  also  description  of  routes  from  Philudelpliia  to  Baltimore, 
at  pages  261, 262.) — On  leaving  Baltimore  the  cars  start  from  the 
depot  in  Pratt-st.,  and  pass  on  to  Havre  dc  Grace,  37  miles ; 
here  we  cross  the  Susquehanaa,  and  proceed  to  Elkton,  52 ; 
Newark,  Del.,  58 ;  Wilmington,  70 ;  and  arrive  at  Grajfa 
Ferry,  3  miles  from  Philadelphia,  from  which  place  the  cars  are 
drawn  to  the  depot  in  the  city  by  horse-power.     Fare  $3.00. 

The  Steamboat  Route  leaves  Baltimore  from  Spear's  Wharf 
every  afternoon.     Fare  $3.00. 

Route  from  Baltimork  to  Columbia,  Pa.,  fsee  Map  No.  25.)— 
From  Baltimore  to  New  Texas,  13  miles,  Fare  35  cents ;  Monkm 


WASHINGTON. 


273 


eaving 
for  in 


ton,  23,  60  cents;  Summit,  30,  {|I.OO;  Strashur^,  3S.  :'^!.05 
Smyser'8,41,  $1.10;  York,  51,  $1.50;  Wrightsvillf,  70,  $2.00 
and  Columbia,  71,  $2,12.    From  the  latter  place  we  can  proceed 
over  the  Columbia  Railroad,  via  Lancaster,  to  Philadelphia. 

From  Baltimore  to  Cumiikrland,  A-c,  (see  page  282  ;)  and 
to  Pittsburg  and  Wheeling,  (see  page  284.) 

From  Baltimore  to  the  Virginia  Springs,  &.c. — (see  p.  286.) 
From    Baltimore    to   Annapolis. — Over    the   Washington 
Branch  to  Annapolis  Junction,  18   miles;  thence,  by  the  An- 
napolis and  Elk  Ridge  Railroad,  to  Annapolis,  21.    Total,  39 
miles.     Fare,  $1.60. 

WASHINGTON  BRANCH  RAILROAD.— This  road  extends 
from  the  Baltimore  and  Oliio  Railroad,  at  the  Relay  House,  9 
miles  distant,  to  the  city  of  Washington,  31  miles.  It  was 
opened  for  travel  in  1835,  and  :ost  $1,650,000. 

From  Ualtimore  to  Washington,  (see  Map  No.  25.) — The 
cars  leavo  from  the  general  depot  in  Baltimore,  and  pass  on  to 
the  Relay  House,  9  miles ;  (passengers  over  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  Railroad  from  the  west  for  Washington,  will  take  the  cars 
here :)  Annapolis  Junction,  18  miles  ;  lieltsville,  28  miles  ;  Bla- 
denshurg,  and  arrive  in  Washington,  40  miles.  The  usual  faro 
was  $1.60,  but  it  has  recently  been  raised  to  $1.80- 


25.)— 
Monk' 


WASHINGTON. 

Washington,  the  capital  of  the  United  States,  is  situated  ou 
the  left  or  k.  side  of  tlie  Potomac,  in  the  District  of  Columbiaj  in 
^^  Lat.  38^  52'  45",  and  W.  Long.  76°  55'  30"  from  Greenwich, 
or  7!)°  20'  from  Paris.  It  is  40  miles  s.  w.  Baltimore,  137  s.  s.  w. 
Philadelphia,  224  s.  w.  New  York,  459  s.  w.  Boston,  856  e.  by  a 
St.  Louis,  and  1,203  n.  e.  New  Orleans,  and  is  distant  from  the 
Atlantic,  via  the  river  and  Chesapeake  Bay,  about  290  miles- 
The  Potomac  and  Anacosta,  or  Eastern  Branch,  at  the  junction 
of  which  rivers  it  stands,  enhance  the  natural  beauty  of  its  loca- 
tion, and  give  it  fine  commercial  facilities.  The  forest-clad  hills 
by  which  it  is  encompassed,  diversify  the  prospect,  and  rerder 
the  surrounding  scenery  in  a  high  degree  picturesque  and  pleas- 

18 


V  \ 


274 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPAKIOX. 


'"""'^'eL.        <l*(i*ii(6 


^-^S^^"^''- 


View  of  ih«  Capitol 

ing.  These  elevations,  commanding  a  view  of  the  city  and 
surrounding  country,  and  of  tiie  meanderings  of  the  Potomac, 
afford  admirable  sites  for  villas  and  private  residences. 

It  was  at  the  suggestion  of  Gen.  Washington  that  this  spot 
was  fixed  on  as  the  site  for  the  future  capital  of  the  Union. 
The  ground  on  which  the  city  stands,  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States  by  the  state  of  Maryland,  on  the  23d  Dec,  1788.  The 
city  is  laid  out  on  a  plan  of  great  magnitude ;  and  will,  if  the 
design  of  its  founders  be  carried  out,  and  their  anticipations  real- 
ized, be  at  once  a  magnificent  memorial  of  the  great  man  from 
whom  it  is  named,  and  a  city,  the  gigantic  proportions  of  which 
shall  harmonize  with  the  power  and  extent  of  tho  mighty  repub- 
lic of  which  it  will  be  the  capital.  Tho  ground  on  which  the 
city  is  built,  has  an  elevation,  for  the  most  part,  of  about  40  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  river.  The  streets  cross  each  other  at 
right  angles,  those  running  n.  and  s.  being  intersected  by  others 
running  e.  and  w.  The  difTerent  parts  of  the  city  are  connected 
by  broad  avenues.  Where  the  intersection  of  these  avenues  with 
each  other  and  with  the  streets  would  form  many  acute  angles, 
rectangular  or  circular  spaces  are  left.    The  avenues  and  prin 


^ity  and 
c^otomac, 

this  Bpot 
e  Union. 
0  United 
IS.    The 
ill,  if  the 
ions  real- 
nan  from 
of  which 
ly  repub- 
krhich  the 
It  40  feet 
other  at 
)y  others 
onuected 
luea  with 
e  angles, 
ind  prin 


WASHINGTON. 


275 


cipal  streets  radiate  from  important  public  points,  and  are  from 
130  to  160  feet  wide.  The  former  are  named  after  the  states  of 
the  Union  ;  the  latter,  beginning  at  the  Capitol,  are  ranged  in  the 
order  of  the  letters  of  the  alphabet — as,  A  North  and  A  South, 
B  North  and  B  South,  &c. ;  and  east  and  west,  they  are  desig- 
nated by  numbers — as,  Ist  East,  1st  West,  &c.  Pennsylvania 
Avenue,  from  the  Capitol  to  the  President's  house,  is  the  most 
compactly  built  and  much  the  handsomest  thoroughfare  in  the 
city.  Of  the  avenues,  five  radiate  from  the  Capitol,  and  five 
others  from  the  mansion  of  the  President, — thus  affording  these 
prominent  places  the  readiest  communication  with  all  parts  of 
the  city. 

Of  the  public  buildings  of  Washington,  the  Capitol,  situated 
near  the  centre  of  the  city  plot,  on  "  Capitol  Hill,"  is  the  most 
splendid.  This  edifice,  in  its  ample  proportions,  in  the  style  and 
execution  of  its  architecture,  and  in  its  embellislmients,  both  ex- 
terior and  interior,  is  believed  not  to  be  inferior  to  any  other 
senate-house  in  the  world.  Elevated  72  feet  above  tidewater,  it 
affords  a  commanding  view  of  the  different  parts  of  the  city,  and 
of  the  surrounding  country.  From  its  immense  size,  and  its  ele- 
vated position,  it  is  the  first  object  that  fixes  our  attention  on 
approaching  the  city.  The  building,  which  is  of  freestone,  oc- 
cupies an  area  of  more  than  an  acre  and  a  half.  Including  the 
wings,  the  front  is  352  feet  in  length  ;  and  the  depth  of  the  wings 
is  121  feet.  The  projection  on  the  east  or  main  front,  including 
the  steps,  is  65  feet  wide ;  and  that  on  the  west,  with  the  steps, 
is  83  feet.  The  projection  on  the  east  front  is  ornamented  with 
a  splendid  portico  of  22  lofty  Corinthian  columns  ;  and  a  portico 
of  10  columns  in  the  same  style,  adorns  the  west  projection.  In 
grandeur  of  design  and  beauty  of  execution,  the  portico  on  the 
eastern  front  has  no  superior.  To  the  top  of  the  dome,  the  height 
of  the  building  is  120  feet.  The  Rotunda,  in  the  middle  of  the 
building,  under  the  dome,  is  95  feet  in  diameter,  and  the  same  in 
height.  From  the  cupola  which  crowns  this  apartment,  there  is 
a  fine  view  of  the  city  and  the  surrounding  country  The  walls 
of  the  Rotunda  are  adorned  with  magnificent  paintings  by  Trum- 
bull, the  figures  in  which  are  as  large  as  life.  These  fine  national 
pictures  represent  interesting  incidents  in  American  history — tho 


I 


If     i 


m 


(It 


27t) 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Presentation  to  Congress  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence ;  the 
Surrender  of  Burgoyne ;  Surrender  of  Cornwallis ;  and  Washing- 
ton R«.'signing  his  Commission.  Congress  has  recently  further  en- 
riched the  Rotunda  by  the  addition  of  two  fine  paintings — the 
Baptism  of  Pocahontas,  by  Chapman,  and  the  Embarkation  of 
the  Pilgrims,  by  Weir.  This  room  is  also  adorned  with  sculp- 
tures in  alto  relievos,  representing  the  rescue  of  Smith  by  the 
interposition  of  Pocahontas  ;  the  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims ;  Dan- 
iel Boone's  conflict  with  Indians ;  and  Penn  treating  with  the 
Indians  at  Coaquenac.  To  the  other  attractions  of  the  Ca- 
pitol, lias  lately  been  added  Greenough's  splendid  statue  of 
Vt^ashiugton,  a  colossal  figure,  in  a  sitting  posture,  twice  as  large 
as  life.  The  library  room,  on  the  west  of  the  Rotunda,  is  92  by 
34  feet,  and  36  feet  high,  and  contains  upwards  of  2d,0U0  vols. 
There  is  hero  also  a  valuable  collection  of  historical  medals,  de- 
signed by  Denon,  the  Egyptian  traveller ;  and  paintings,  statu- 
ary, medallions,  &c.,  are  distributed  about  the  room.  The  Sen- 
ate-Chamber, in  the  northern  wing,  is  78  feet  long,  and  45  high, 
and  of  a  semicircular  form.  The  vice-president's  chair  has  a 
canopy  of  rich  crimson  drapery,  held  by  the  talons  of  an  eagle. 
In  front  of  the  vice-president's  chair  is  a  light  bronze  gallery, 
chiefly  appropriated  to  ladies.  Above  and  behind  the  chair  is  a 
gallery,  supported  by  fine  Ionic  columns  of  variegated  marblo 
from  the  Potomac.  The  walls  richly  ornamented  with  stucco, 
the  magnificent  chandelier,  the  gorgeous  lamps  and  furniture, 
&c.,  give  the  room  an  imposing  appearance.  Adjoining  the 
Senate-Chamber  is  the  ofiice  of  the  secretary  of  the  senate. 
Under  this  room  is  the  apartment  in  which  the  Supreme  Court 
holds  its  sessions.  It  is  nearly  as  large  as  the  Senate-Chamber, 
but  is  much  less  elegant.  The  Hall  of  the  House  of  Represen- 
tatives, in  the  south  wing,  is  semicircular,  like  the  Senate-Cham- 
ber, but  larger,  being  96  feet  long  and  60  feet  high.  The  dome 
of  the  Hall  is  supported  by  24  beautiful  columns  of  the  Potomac 
marble,  with  capitals  of  Italian  marble,  of  the  Corinthian  order 
The  seats  are  so  arranged  that  the  members  face  the  speaker, 
whose  chair  is  considerably  elevated  above  the  floor,  and  are  ap- 
proached by  avenues  that  radiate  from  his  chair  as  a  centre.  A 
gallery  for  men  surrounds  the  circular  wall  opposite  the  speaker^ 


ice;  the 
V^ashing- 
rther  en- 
ngs — the 
Lution  of 
;h  sculp- 
Lh  by  the 
is;  Dau- 
with  the 
the  Ca- 
Btatue  of 
)  as  large 
,  is  92  by 
1,000  vols, 
edals.  de- 
igs,  Biatu- 
The  Sen- 
l  45  high, 
lair  has  a 
an  eagle, 
gallery, 
chair  is  a 
ed  marblo 
th  Btucco, 
furniture, 
iniug  the 
le  senate, 
sme  Court 
Chamber, 
Represen- 
ite-Cham- 
The  dome 
Potomac 
lian  order 
speaker, 
kd  are  ap- 
entre.    A 
speaker  i 


WASHINGTOS. 


277 


and  that  appropriated  to  ladies  is  in  the  chord  of  the  arc  back  of 
the  speaker's  chair.  The  room  is  ornamented,  like  the  Senate- 
Chamber,  with  fine  statuary  and  paintings,  and  its  whole  appear- 
ance is  imposing  and  elegant — The  PresidenVa  Houae,  at  the 
intersection  of  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Ver- 
mont avenues,  is  a  superb  edifice,  built  of  freestone.  The  build- 
ing, which  has  a  length  of  170  feet,  and  a  depth  of  86  feet,  is 
ornamented  on  its  north  front,  facing  La  Fayette  Square,  with  a 
portico  of  four  Ionic  columns,  projecting  with  three  others.  The 
garden  front,  or  that  on  the  south,  is  embellished  by  a  circular 
colonnade  of  six  Ionic  columns.  The  north  entrance  opens  into 
a  largo  hall,  whence  a  columnar  passage  leads  into  a  richly  fur- 
nished apartment  of  an  oval  form.  On  either  side  of  this  is  a 
room  appropriated  to  the  reception  of  official  and  ceremonial  visits. 
Hence  these  are  designated  "  reception  rooms. '  The  "  East 
Room,"  or  banqueting-room,  is  a  spacious  and  splendid  apartment 
at  the  east  end  of  the  building. — On  each  side  of  the  President's 
houiiie  are  two  large  buildings.  That  on  the  n.  w.  is  occupied  by 
the  war  department ;  that  on  the  s.  w.  by  the  navy  department ; 
that  on  the  n.  e.  is  devoted  to  the  state  department ;  and  that  on 
the  8.  w.  to  the  treasury  department.  The  new  treasury  building 
is  30U  feet  long,  with  a  wing  in  the  rear  100  feet  long,  and  has  a 
splendid  colonnade  in  front  457  feet  long,  comprising  32  massive 
columns. — The  General  Post-Office,  corner  of  North  and  Sev- 
enth sts.,  is  an  extensive  and  beautiful  marble  structure,  with  two 
wings.  In  front,  and  at  the  ends,  it  is  adorned  with  fluted  mar- 
ble columns. — The  Patent  Office,  built  of  freestone  and  marble, 
is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  architectural  taste  and  skill.  In  the 
upper  story  of  this  building  is  a  room  275  feet  long  and  65  wide, 
designed  as  a  depository  of  patents,  but  which  for  the  present  is 
appropriated  to  the  grand  collections  of  the  National  Institution. 
Immediately  below  this,  there  is  a  room  125  feet  long,  superbly 
arched,  and  decorated  with  fine  columns,  and  which  is  filled  with 
models  and  specimens  of  articles  patented. — The  Navy  Yard,  ou 
the  Eastern  Branch,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  s.  b.  of  the 
Capitol,  has  an  area  of  27  acres,  enclosed  by  a  substantial  brick 
wall.  Within  this  enclosure,  besides  houses  for  the  officeis,  are 
Bhops  and  warehouses,  two  large  ship-houses,  and  an  armory. 


^78 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


which,  like  the  rest  of  the  establishment,  is  kept  in  the  finest 
order. — The  Naty  Magazine  is  a  large  brick  structure,  situated 
in  the  s.  e.  section  of  a  plot  of  70  acres,  the  property  of  the  Uni- 
ted States,  on  the  Eastern  Branch. 

Washington  contains,  within  its  limits,  25  churches,  so.ne  of 
which,  from  the  taste  and  skill  displayed  in  their  construction, 
will  attract  the  attention,  of  the  visiter.  The  Episcopalians  have 
three  churches :  St.  John's,  cor.  of  N.  Eighth  and  VV.  Sixteenth 
sts. ;  Trinity,  opposite  the  City  Hull,  in  VV.  Fifth-st. ;  Christ 
Church,  in  South  G,  between  E.  Sixth  and  Seventh  sts. — There 
are  three  Roman  Catholic :  St.  Patrick's,  cor.  of  North  F  and 
W.  Tenth  sts. ;  St.  Mary's,  between  Capitol  and  W.  First  sts. ; 
St.  Peter's,  cor.  of  E.  Second  and  North  D  sts. — The  First  Prea- 
byterian  Church  is  in  Four-and-a-half-st. ;  Second  Presbyterian, 
in  First-st. ;  the  Third,  in  W.  Fifteenth-st. — Of  the  four  Baptist 
churches,  one  is  on  the  corner  of  Pennsylvania  avenue  and  E. 
Fifth-st. ;  one  in  South  D,  near  W.  Fourth-st. ;  and  a  third  at 
the  corner  of  W.  Nineteenth  and  North  I  sts. — The  Methodists 
have  chapels  cor.  South  Capitol  and  South  B  sts. ;  in  E.  Fourth- 
st.  near  S.  Carolina  avenue  ;  cor.  W.  Fifth  and  North  F  sts. ;  cor. 
North  G  and  W.  Fourth  sts. ;  besides  three  or  four  others. — The 
Friends  have  a  place  of  meeting  in  North  I-st.,  between  W.  Eigh- 
teenth and  Nineteenth  sts. — There  are  also  a  German  church, 
on  the  corner  of  North  G  and  W.  Twenty-first  sts.,  and  a  Uni- 
tarian church,  cor.  of  North  D  and  W.  Sixth  sts. 

Washington  has  a  number  of  benevolent  institutions,  religious 
and  philanthropic.  The  Almshouse,  an  extensive  brick  building, 
has  a  workhouse  connected  with  it,  in  which  those  are  confined, 
and  made  to  labor,  who  have  violated  the  municipal  laws. — There 
are  two  orphan  asylums,  the  Washington  and  the  St.  Vincent's, 
— the  former  under  the  direction  of  some  ladies  of  tho  city,  and 
the  latter  under  the  care  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  Both  of  them 
are  institutions  of  great  usefulness. — The  Howard  Society  is  de- 
signed to  benefit  industrious  females,  who  are  paid  a  fair  equiva- 
lent for  their  work. — Besides  the  above,  there  are  a  Colonization 
Society,  a  Clerks'  Provident  Society,  for  the  relief  of  the  widow^s 
and  orphans  of  deceased  members,  a  Bible  Society,  Missionary 
and  Tract  Societies,  e  Dorcas  Society,  ^c.  ^c. 


WASHINGTON. 


279 


The  Smithsonian  Institute  is  situated  on  a  19  acre  plot  of 
ground,  granted  by  government ;  its  length  is  450  feet,  and  thy 
"width  150.  It  is  built  of  a  reddish  sandstone,  in  the  ancient 
style  of  Norman  architecture.  It  has  ten  towers,  one  of  which 
is  150  feet  in  height,  and  the  remaining  ones  100  feet  each.  The 
lecture-room  will  contain  1,000  persons.  The  amount  received 
by  the  U.  S.  of  the  Smithsonian  bequest  -was  |5 15,1 69.  The 
interest  which  had  accrued  on  the  same,  up  to  the  1st  July, 
1846,  was  $242,129,  which  has  been  devoted  to  the  erection  of 
the  building,  and  the  laying  out  of  the  grounds. 

Washington  has  several  excellent  literary  and  scientific  insti- 
tutions.  Columbia  College  is  beautifully  situated  on  elevated 
ground  commanding  a  broad  view  of  the  surrounding  country, 
including  Mount  Vernon,  15  miles  distant.  The  college  edifice, 
including  the  basement  and  attic,  is  five  stories  high,  117  ft.  long, 
and  47  wide.  There  are  also  two  buildings  for  the  professors, 
and  a  philosophical  hall.  A  medical  department  attached  to  the 
college  has  a  building  on  the  corner  of  Tenth  and  E  streets. 
The  college  has  a  library  of  about  5,000  volumes.  The  com- 
mencement is  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  October. — The  TheO' 
logical  Seminary,  (Catholic,)  is  a  flourishing  institution,  attached 
to  which  is  a  school  for  the  education  of  youth  generally. — The 
Columbian  Institute,  for  the  promotion  of  scientific  knowledge, 
and  the  encouragement  of  the  arts,  was  established  in  1816. — 
The  American  Historical  Society,  a  recent  institution,  had  for 
its  object  the  illustration  of  the  early  history  of  the  country.  By 
its  means,  many  rare  and  valuable  documents  have  been  rescued 
from  oblivion,  which  throw  much  light  on  the  discovery  and 
primitive  history  of  our  continent.  It  had  already  issued  several 
volumes  of  its  transactions,  when,  with  the  Columbian  Institute, 
it  united  with  the  National  Institution. — The  Columbian  Horti- 
cultural Society  has  annually  an  interesting  exhibition. — The 
City  Library,  on  the  corner  of  North  C  and  W  Eleventh  sts., 
has  a  collection  of  about  7,000  volumes. — At  the  AtheiKBum,  a 
public  reading-room,  on  Pennsylvania  avenue,  corner  of  W.  Sixth- 
st.,  is  to  be  found  most  of  the  current  literature  of  the  day. — The 
National  Institution  for  the  Promotion  of  Science,  is  a  society 
yet  in  its  infancy.     Few  institutions  have,  in  their  outset,  been 


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280 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


better  circumstanced  for  laying  broad  foundations  for  future  use« 
fulness,  and  for  proposing  to  themselves  the  accomplishment  of 
comprehensive  aims  and  objects.  This  the  National  Institution 
has  done  ;  and  if  its  design  is  carried  out  in  the  spirit  which 
prompted  it,  the  institution  will  become,  not  only  an  honor  to  the 
country,  but  also  a  blessing  to  the  world.  It  has  been  organized 
under  the  auspices  of  the  general  government,  the  president  be- 
ing made  patron  ;  while  the  heads  of  the  several  departments  are 
constituted  six  directors  on  the  part  of  the  government.  Six  dis- 
tinguished literary  and  scientific  gentlemen  are  directors  on  the  part 
of  the  institution.  It  holds  stated  monthly  meetings  in  the  building 
of  the  Patent  Office,  in  the  grand  hall  of  which  edifice  its  col- 
lections are  deposited. 

The  Congressional  Cemetery,  a  celebrated  burial-place,  com- 
prises 10  acres,  near  the  Anacostia  or  Eastern  Branch,  about  a 
mile  and  a  jialf  from  the  Capitol.  Being  considerably  elevated 
above  the  river,  it  commands,  on  all  sides,  an  extensive  prospect 
of  beautiful  scenery.  The  grounds,  which  are  surrounded  by  a 
high  brick  wall,  are  tastefully  ornamented  with  trees  and  shrub- 
bery. Several  of  the  tombs  are  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of 
their  architecture. 

The  City  Hall,  in  North  D  st,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth,  is 
in  an  unfinished  condition. — The  Penitentiary,  a  large  structure, 
of  freestone,  is  at  the  southern  termination  of  Delaware  avenue. — 
The  County  Jail  is  a  large  new  building,  three  stories  high,  situ- 
ated north  of  the  City  Hall. 

Though  it  does  not  advance  with  the  rapid  strides  that  charac- 
terize the  progress  of  many  of  the  cities  of  the  Union,  the  na- 
tional metropolis  has,  however,  had  a  steady  and  healthy  growth  ; 
and  recent  statistics  show  that  its  condition  for  the  last  six  or 
eight  years  has  been  more  prosperous  than  at  any  former  period. 
From  1840  to  1846,  it  had  an  accession  of  2,044  buildings,  a 
large  portion  of  which  are  commodious,  substantial,  and  elegant 
brick  edifices.  Allowing  an  average  of  six  inhabitants  to  each 
house,  there  was  an  addition,  during  the  above  period,  of  12,264 
to  its  [  opiilation.  The  population  of  the  city  at  the  present  time 
is  about  35,000. 

Washington,  in  the  month  of  August,  1814,  was  the  object  of 


BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 


281 


a  ferocious  attack  by  u  British  force  under  Gen.  Ross.  Throw- 
ing aside  the  sword,  this  leader  of  the  forces  of  one  of  the  most 
civihzed  nations  of  the  earth,  called  to  his  aid  the  firebrand.  The 
capitol,  the  president's  house,  and  the  public  offices  were  laid  in 
ashes.  The  library  of  Congress  was  burned.  The  patent-office, 
which  had  been  destined  to  the  same  fate,  was  spared  at  the 
earnest  solicitation  of  its  superintendent.  Retribution  speedily 
followed  the  perpetration  of  this  outrage.  Gen.  Ross  was  killed 
in  the  attack  on  Baltimore,  on  the  12th  Sept.  (For  continuation 
of  routes  to  Charleston,  New  Orleans,  &c.,  see  page  290-292.) 

Hotels. — These  places  of  public  accommodation  in  Washing- 
ton, as  also  private  boarding-houses,  &c.,  are  numerous  and  well 
kept.  During  the  session  of  Congress,  and  at  some  other  times, 
they  are  crowded  to  overflowing  ;  and  at  such  times  the  price  of 
board  is,  as  a  matter  of  course,  higher  than  on  ordinary  occa- 
sions. The  following  are  among  the  principal  hotels :  American 
House,  Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Fifteenth-st. ;  Gadsby^s  Ho- 
tel, Pennsylvania  avenue,  corner  of  Third-st. ;  Indian  Queen, 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Sixth-et ;  Mansion  House,  corner  of 
Pennsylvania  avenue  and  Fourteenih-st.  ;  National  Hotel, 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  corner  of  Sixth-st. ;  United  States  Hotel, 
Pennsylvania  avenue,  near  Third-st.,  &c.  &c. 

Huchiey-Coaches,  ^c. — Vehicles  of  this  description,  in  Wash- 
ington, for  the  convenience  and  accommodation  of  strangers  and 
others,  are  numerous,  and  may  readily  be  obtained  at  almost  any 
moment.  They  are  all  numbered,  so  that  in  case  of  imposition, 
neglect,  &c.,  the  person  or  persons  aggrieved  have  only  to  make 
known  th^ir  grievances  before  tL«  proper  authorities,  and  redress 
is  at  hand.  For  conveying  ea>  n  and  every  passenger  any  dis- 
tance not  exceeding  1^  miles,  25  cents;  for  any  distance  over 
li  miles,  and  not  exceeding  3  miles,  50  cents. 


BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 

This  important  road  extends  from  Baltimore  to  Cumberland,  a 
distance  of  178  miles.  It  was  intended,  originally,  to  carry  it 
through  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  portion  of  Vir- 


282 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


ginia,  to  the  Oliio  river  at  VVhooling  ;  and  for  this  purpoHo  the 
company  was  incorporated  in  1827,  by  the  legislatures  of  Mary- 
land, Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia,  and  the  bnilding  of  the  road 
commenced  July  4th,  18ii8.  In  1829  it  was  opened  to  the  Relay 
House,  nine  miles ;  afterwards  to  Harper's  Ferry  ;  and  finally,  to 
its  present  terminus.  From  Cumberland,  the  original  route  is  to 
be  changed.  By  a  late  report  we  find  the  company  has  resolved 
to  go  to  Wheeling,  via  Fish  creek,  that  city  having  consented  to 
the  establishment  of  a  depot  on  the  Ohio  river  at  the  mouth  of 
said  creek,  28  miles  below.  When  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail- 
road is  completed  to  the  Ohio  river,  it  will  form  the  nearest  route 
from  the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  to  the  great  West.  During  the 
year  1847  there  had  been  transported  over  it  288,674  passengers, 
and  263,334  tons  of  freight.  The  cost  of  this  road,  including  the 
braiKih  to  Frederick,  three  miles,  was  $7,743,500. 

ROUTB     FROM     BaLTIMORB     TO     FREDERICK,   HaRFBr's  FeRRY, 

WiNcuESTER,  AND  CUMBERLAND. — (See  Maps  Nos.  25  and  27.) — 
Cars  leave  Baltimore  from  the  depot  in  Fratt-st,  and  proceed  to 
the  Relay  House,  nine  miles;  EllicotVa  Mills,  15;  Monococy 
Viaduct,  58 ;  here  a  branch  runs  to  Frederick,  distant  from  Bal- 
timore 61  miles.  Usual  fare  $2.50.  From  Monococy  to  Point 
of  Rocks  is  12  miles,  and  to  Harper's  Ferry  is  12  miles  farther, 
or  82  miles  from  Baltimore.  Fare  $3.25.  The  Winchester 
Railroad  loaves  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  at  Harper's 
Ferry,  over  which  passengers  are  conveyed  to  Winchester,  Va., 
32  miles.    Fare  from  Baltimore  $5.25.    Distance  114  miles. 

From  Harper's  Ferry  we  proceed  to  Martinsburg,  100  miles 
from  Baltimore  ;  to  Hancock,  124 ;  and  arrive  at  Cumberland, 
178  miles,  in  about  nine  hours.    Usual  fare  $6.50. 

On  leaving  Baltimore,  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  is  car- 
ried over  a  splendid  bridge,  called  the  "  Carrolton  Viaduct,"  built 
over  Gwynn's  Falls,  a  branch  of  the  Patapsco  river.  This  bridge 
is  360  feet  in  length,  and  elevated  65  feet  above  the  water,  which 
is  spanned  by  a  principal  arch  of  80  feet.  It  is  built  of  granite,  in 
the  most  durable  manner,  and  cost  about  $60,000. 

EllicotVs  Mills  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  hilly  and  rocky 
country,  on  the  Patapsco  river.  The  surrounding  scenery  is  in  a 
high  degree  wild  and  romantic.    This  place  presents  a  business* 


BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  RAILROAD. 


283 


ti 


'ike  appearance,  containin|r,  as  it  does,  several  largo  manufacto- 
ries, and  extensive  flouring-mills. 

Frederick^  the  capital  of  a  county  of  the  same  name,  is  situ- 
atcd  on  Carrol  creek,  three  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Monoco- 
cy  creek.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  with  broad  streets  crossing 
each  other  at  right  angles,  and  contains  several  handsome  public 
and  private  buildings,  and  about  a  dozen  churches  of  different 
denominations.  The  country  around  is  fertile,  and  made  produc- 
tive by  cultivation.  The  trade  of  Frederick  is  quite  extensive. 
It  is  the  second  place  in  importance  in  the  state,  being  inferior 
only  to  Baltimore.     Pop.  about  7,000. 

Harper's  Ferry  is  situated  in  Jefferson  county,  Va.,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Shenandoah  and  Potomac  rivers,  at  the  passage 
of  these  streams  through  the  Blue  Ridge,  here  upwards  of  1,200 
feet  in  height.  At  this  point  the  two  streams,  in  search  of  an 
outlet  to  the  sea,  and  each,  as  it  were,  conscious  of  the  ineffi- 
ciency of  its  separate  exertions  to  overcome  the  barrier  that  op- 
posed its  progress,  united  their  waters,  and,  rushing  in  one  impetu- 
ous current  against  the  mountain,  rent  it  asunder.  Such,  it  is 
thought,  was  the  origin  of  a  scene  which  Mr.  Jefferson  has  char- 
acterized as  '<  one  of  the  most  stupendous  in  nature." 

The  scenery  here  is  all  of  the  wildest  and  most  majestic  de- 
scription. "  Jefferson's  Rock,"  named  after  Mr.  Jefferson,  and 
the  spot  where  he  wrote  a  description  of  this  place,  in  his  «  Notes 
on  Virginia,"  is  a  pile  of  huge  detached  rocks,  leaning  over  the 
steep  cliffs  of  the  Shenandoah,  and  looking  into  the  mountain 
gorge  of  the  Potomac.  Its  top,  almost  level,  is  13  feet  square  ; 
whilst  its  base  does  not  exceed  ^oe  feet  in  width,  and  rests  upon 
the  top  of  a  larger  mass  of  rock  jutting  out  from  the  hill.  It  is  a 
wild  "  eagle's  nest,"  which,  as  Jefferson  truly  declares,  it  is  worth 
a  trip  across  the  ocean  to  behold.  It  is  not,  however,  equal  to 
the  enchanting  scene  presented  to  the  view  from  the  opposite 
mountain,  about  a  mile  and  a  half  up,  on  the  Maryland  side. 
From  this  height  the  beholder  surveys  with  admiration  a  large 
extent  of  country,  fields,  woodlands,  and  plantations ;  while  the 
beautiful  Shenandoah,  as  it  breaks  upon  this  magic  picture,  ap- 
pears like  a  series  of  beautiful  lakes. 

The  United  States  Armor]/,  and  the  National  Arsenal,  at  this 


284 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


place,  deserve  the  attention  of  visiters.  lu  the  latter  place  from 
80  to  90,000  stand  of  arms  are  usually  kept.  Nearly  9,000 
small -arms  are  annually  manufactured  here,  employing  about 
240  hands.  A  bridge  750  feet  long  here  crosses  the  Potomac 
river,  connecting  this  place  with  the  Maryland  side.  The  hotels 
at  Harper's  Ferry  afTord  excellent  accommodations  for  visliers. 

Cumberland,  beautifully  situated  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Poto- 
mac, at  the  mouth  of  Wills  creek,  is  a  largo  and  well-built  town, 
the  seat  of  justice  of  Alleghany  county,  containing  in  1847  a  pop- 
ulation of  7,000. 


ROUTE  FROM  BALTIMORE  TO  PITTSBURG-  AND  WHEEL- 
ING,  (see  Maps  Nos.  25  and  27.) — Trains  leave  Baltimore  by 
the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad,  from  the  depot  in  Pratt-st., 
daily,  at  7i  o'clock,  a.  m.  and  4  p.  m.,  for  Cumberland  on  the 
Potomac  river,  178  miles.  (See  page  282.)  From  Cumberland, 
stages  leave  at  6  p.  m.  and  6  a.  m  by  20  daily  lines  of  the  Na- 
tional Road  and  Good  Intent  Stage  companies,  and  arrive  in 
Pittsburg  or  Wheeling  next  evening  and  the  morning  following. 
Passengers  for  Pittsburg  take  the  steamboat  at  Brownsville,  a 
brisk  little  place,  with  a  population  of  about  4,500,  situated  at  the 
head  of  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Monongahela  river,  60  miles 
8.  from  Pittsburg ;  and  passengers  for  Wheeling,  leaving  Cum- 
berland at  the  same  time,  pass  over  the  National  Road  by  stages 
direct  to  that  place,  130  miles.  Through-tickets  can  be  pur- 
chased in  Baltimore.  Fare  to  Pittsburg  ^10,  and  to  Wheeling 
$11. 

In  passing  along  the  National  Road,  near  the  foot  of  Laurel 
Hill,  and  about  10  miles  e.  from  Union,  the  traveller  will  observe 
a  sign  (a  plain  shingle)  placed  on  a  tree,  upon  which  is  painted 
"  Braddock's  Grave,"  with  an  index  pointing  to  a  clump  of  trees 
about  200  yards  from  the  road.  This  is  the  only  monument  that 
indicates  the  resting-place  of  the  proud  and  brave,  but  unfortu- 
nate hero  of  the  old  French  W^ar.  Upon  the  summit  of  Laurel 
Hill,  a  little  farther  on,  is  another  inscription — **  Dulany's  Cave 
and  Washington's  Spring."  This  cave  is  situated  about  two  miles 
south  of  the  pike.  The  entrance  to  it,  on  the  top  of  the  moun- 
tain, is  quite  small  at  the  mouth  ;  but  once  entered,  it  is  found  to 


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eoutaiu  many  large  and  magnificent  apartments.  This  cave, 
which  has  been  explored  two  miles,  sinks  to  the  depth  of  1,200 
feet.  The  Washington  Spring  is  in  the  vicinity  of  the  road.  Its 
water,  which  is  of  the  best  quality,  is  made  to  issue  from  a  large 
artificial  orifice  in  a  reck.  Immediately  below  the  spring  is  a 
bath-house,  to  which  the  water  is  conducted  in  pipes.  There  is 
a  beautiful  garden,  with  summer-houses,  near  the  spring.  For 
invalids  and  others  seeking  retirement  during  the  hot  summer 
months,  this  will  be  found  a  very  pleasant  resort. 

Union  (usually  called  Uniontown)  is  a  large  and  flourishing 
place^  containing  about  3,500  inhabitants.  It  is  situated  on  the 
National  Road,  six  miles  west  from  the  Washington  Spring,  and 
about  60  miles  from  Cumberland.  Many  of  the  buiidings,  which 
are  of  brick,  and  very  compact,  are  large  and  commodious.  The 
new  Courthouse  is  a  handsome  structuroi.  There  are  several 
excellent  hotels  here,  some  of  which  are  spacious  and  costly 
The  triivel  over  the  National  Road  imparts  great  life  and  bustle 
to  Uniontown.  Scarcely  an  hour  in  the  day  passes  when  a 
stage-coach  may  not  be  seen  wending  its  way  through  the  town. 
The  property  invested  in  these  lines  for  the  accommodation  of 
the  travelling  public  Is  immense  (For  description  of  Pittsburg, 
see  page  257.) 

Washington,  Pa.,  capital  of  Washington  county,  is  a  large, 
finely  situated,  and  prosperous  town,  w^ith  a  population  of  about 
3,000.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile  country,  and  is  noted  for  its 
sahibrity.  Besides  a  wow  and  handsome  Courthouse,  and  other 
public  buildings,  it  has  several  churches  of  various  denominations, 
and  is  also  the  seat  of  Washington  College,  an  institution  found- 
ed in  1806,  which  has  about  3,500  vols,  in  its  libraries,  and  pos- 
sesses a  choice  mineralogical  cabinet.  It  holds  its  commence- 
ment on  the  last  Wednesday  in  September. 

Wheeling  is  situated  on  the  e.  bank  of  the  Ohio,  surrounded 
by  bold  and  precipitous  hills,  and  extends  along  on  the  high  bank 
of  the  river  for  about  a  mile  and  a  half.  It  is  the  most  important 
place,  in  regard  to  commerce,  manufactures,  and  population,  in 
Western  Virginia.  The  National  Road  passes  through  it,  making 
it  a  great  thoroughfare  for  persons  travelling  to  the  West.  It 
contains  severul  handsome  public  and  private  buildings,  numer- 


286 


RAILROAD    AND   STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


I:  i 


ous  churches,  steam-engine  factories,  glass-houses,  and  other 
manutVictories.  A  hirge  number  of  steamboats  are  owned  here, 
which  are  continually  passing  up  and  down  the  Ohio  river.  A 
magnificent  wiro  suspension  bridge  is  now  constructed  over  the 
Oliio  at  Wheeling,  (by  the  same  skilful  engineer  who  constructed 
the  Niagara  suspension  bridge.)  Tt  is  said  to  be  the  largest 
structure  of  its  kind  in  the  world,  having  a  span  of  upwards  of 
1,000  feet ;  the  one  at  Freiburg,  the  longest  in  Europe,  being  but 
905  f -et  iu  length.  Pop.  about  12,000.  (For  routes  from  Pitts- 
burg .'ud  Wheeling,  sec  page  295.) 


ROUTES  TO   THE    VIRGI1N.IA  SPRINGS. 

Th< . :  aro  now  numerous  routes  and  mwlcs  of  conveyance  to 
these  '1  orated  Springs,  all  of  which  have  been,  within  a  few 
years,  greatly  improved. 

From  Baltimore  they  may  be  reached  by  a  variety  of  routes. 
One  of  the  most  pleasant  and  expeditious  is  over  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  Railroad  to  Harper's  Ferry ;  thence  by  a  similar  con- 
veyance to  Winchester ;  and  thence  by  stage,  over  an  excellent 
road,  to  Staunton.  From  the  latter  place  we  may  proceed  di- 
rectly across  the  North  and  Warm  Spring  mountains  to  tho 
Warm  and  Hot  Springs ; — or  may  proceed  to  the  Natural 
Bridge,  via  Lexington,  and  thence  to  the  White  Sulphur,  via 
Dibrell's  Springs.  This  route  will  afford  the  visiter  an  opportu- 
nity of  viewin,nr  the  splendid  scenery  of  Harper's  Ferry,  and  also 
the  celebrated  Natural  Bridge.  He  will  likewise  pass  within 
seven  miles  of  the  noted  cav- ',  "  '»^^eir's"  and  "  Madison's," 
which,  by  a  short  detentior  on  iu  >  journey,  can  be  readily  visited. 
(See  Map  No.  27.) 

Another  route  from  Baltimore  is  by  way  of  the  railroad  to 
Washington  City ;  thence  by  the  Potomac  steamer  (passing  in 
view  of  Mount  Vernon)  io  Acquia  Creek;  and  afterwards  by  the 
Richmond  and  Fredericksburg  and  Louisa  railroads  to  Gor- 
dunsville;  whence  we  are  conveyed  by  four-horse  post-coaches 
to  Charlottesville,  Staunton,  the  Warm  Springs,  White  Sul' 
phur  Springs,  &c.,  passing  in  sight  of  Mouticello  and  the  cele- 


VIRGINIA  SPRINGS. 


287 


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brated University  of  Virginia,  and  avoiding  night  travelling  By 
this  route  the  Warm  Springs  are  reached  in  time  for  breakfast, 
the  second  day  after  leaving  Washington,  and  the  White  Sul- 
phur on  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day.  The  latter  springs  are 
305  niles  from  Baltimore. 

Or,  from  Fredericksburg,  (inctead  of  going  via  Gordousville,) 
we  may  proceed  to  Richmond,  Va. ; — or,  starting  from  Baltimore, 
may  reach  the  latter  place,  by  steamboat,  down  the  Chesapeake 
Bay,  by  the  way  of  Norfolk,  and  thence  up  James  river  to  Rich- 
mond, where  we  take  the  canal  to  Lynchburg,  150  miles  ;  and 
thence  proceed  by  stage  either  by  the  road  leading  past  the  Nat- 
ural Bridge,  or  by  the  way  of  Liberty,  Fincastle,  and  the  Sweet 
Springs — arriving  at  the  White  Sulphur. 

The  usual  mode  of  reaching  the  Virginia  Springs  from  the 
West  and  Southwest,  is  to  disembark  from  the  steamboat  at 
Guyandotte,  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  thence  proceed  by  stage  to 
the  springs,  the  White  Sulphur  being  about  160  miles  distant. 

Travellers  from  the  states  south  of  the  Virginia  Springs,  take 
the  railroad  at  Wilmington,  N.  C,  for  Richmond ;  at  which 
place  they  will  take  conveyance,  as  before  described.  Or  they 
may  proceed  farther  on  to  the  junction  of  the  Louisa  Railroad ; 
thence  to  Gordonsville ;  and  thence  by  stage  to  the  springs. 


VIRGINIA  SPRINGS. 

Of  these,  the  most  celebrated  and  most  generally  visited  are  the 
White  Sulphur  Springs,  situated  on  a  branch  of  the  Greenbrier 
river,  in  the  county  of  Greenbrier,  and  in  the  valley  of  Howard's 
creek  They  are  to  the  South  what  the  Saratoga  Springs  are 
to  the  North.  Thousands  annually  resort  to  them,  either  in 
search  of  recreation  and  amusement,  or  to  enjoy  the  benefit  of 
their  waters,  which  have  been  found  to  be  very  efficacious  in  the 
cure  of  dyspepsia,  jaundice,  rheumatism,  liver  complaint,  gout, 
diseases  of  the  skin,  and  many  other  complaints.  The  waters 
contain  sulphate  of  lime,  sulphate  of  soda,  carbonate  of  magne- 
sia, chloride  of  calcium,  sulpho-hydrate  of  sodium,  carbonate  of 
lime,  chloride  of  sodium,  per-oxido  of  iron,  organic  matter,  iodine*, 


288 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION 


sulphate  of  magnesia,  phosphate  of  lime,  aud  precipitated  sul- 
phur. The  gaseous  contents  are,  carbonic  acid,  sulphureted 
hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen. 

These  springs  are  situated  in  an  elevated  and  beautifully  pic* 
turesque  valley,  hemmed  in  by  mountains  on  every  side.  They 
are  in  the  midst  of  the  celebrated  spring  region,  having  the  Hot 
and  Warm  Springs  on  the  n.,  the  former  35  and  the  latter  40 
miles  distant ;  the  Sweety  17  miles  to  the  e.  ;  the  Salt  and  Red 
on  the  s.  w.,  the  former  24,  the  latter  41  miles  distant ;  and  the 
Blue  Sulphur,  22  miles  to  the  west. 

The  Warm  Springs,  in  the  county  of  Bath,  are  among  the 
oldest  of  the  watering-places.  The  water,  which  has  a  tempera- 
ture of  98°  Fahrenheit,  is  very  transparent.  The  accommoda- 
tions for  bathing  are  excellent. 

The  Hot  Springs  are  situated  in  a  valley,  deeply  embosomed 
among  mountain  peaks,  in  the  county  of  Bath,  five  miles  s.  from 
the  Warm  Springs.  Bathing-houses  have  been  erected,  and 
every  accommodation  provided,  for  both  male  and  female  patients. 
The  baths  are  six  in  number,  each  being  supplied  with  water 
from  a  separate  spring.  They  range  in  temperature  from  98°  to 
106°. 

The  Sweet  Springs  are  situated  in  a  wide  and  beautiful  val- 
ley in  the  eastern  extremity  of  Monroe  county,  and  are  justly 
celebrated  for  the  tonic  power  of  their  waters,  used  either  inter- 
nally or  externally.     Their  temperature  is  73°  Fahrenheit. 

The  Salt  Sulphur  Springs,  situated  in  the  county  of  Mon- 
roe, are  encircled  by  mountains  on  every  side.  These  springs 
enjoy  a  high  reputation,  not  only  for  the  virtues  of  their  waters, 
but  also  for  the  excellent  accommodations  with  which  they  are 
furnished.  They  are  in  consequence  much  visited  by  invalids. 
Tlieir  temperature  varies  from  49°  to  56°. 

The  Red  Sulphur  Springs  are  in  the  southern  part  of  Mon- 
roe county,  17  miles  from  the  Salt,  and  32  from  the  Sweet 
Sprinj^s.  The  water  is  clear  and  cool,  its  temperature  being  54° 
Fahrenheit. 

The  Blue  Sulphur  Spring  is  situated  in  a  narrow,  but  beauti- 
fully picturesque  valley,  on  Muddy  creek,  a  small  tributary  of 
Greenbrier  river.     It  has  comfortable  accommodations  for  about 


VIRGINIA  SPRINGS. 


289 


300  persons.    The  medical  virtues  of  its  waters  draw  thither, 
during  the  season,  a  large  number  of  visiters. 

The  Natural  Bridge  of  Virginia  is  one  of  the  greatest  natural 
curiosities  in  the  country,  if  not  in  the  world.  It  consists  of  a 
stupendous  arch  of  limestone  rock,  over  an  unimportant  and 
small  stream,  called  Cedar  creek.  The  tourist,  who,  while  in 
this  vicinity,  could  pass  this  natural  wonder  unheeded,  would  be 
as  great  a  curiosity  as  the  Bridge  itself.  The  view  from  the  top 
is  awfully  grand  ;  yet  one  should  go  to  the  brow  of  the  precipice 
that  descends  to  the  level  of  the  creek,  where  the  view,  equally 
sublime,  will  be  found  far  more  interesting,  being  divested,  in  a 
great  measure,  of  the  awe  which  is  sensibly  felt  on  looking  from 
the  bridge  down  into  the  dreadful  gulf.  The  height  from  the 
stream  to  the  top  of  the  bridge  is  215  feet,  its  average  width  is 
80  feet,  and  its  extreme  length,  at  the  top,  is  95  feet.  The  chasm 
over  which  it  passes  is  50  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  90  feet  at  top. 
It  is  covered  with  earth  to  the  depth  of  about  five  feet,  which  is 
made  firm  by  trees  and  shrubbery  ;  whilst  its  sides  are  protected 
by  rocks,  forming  a  natural  wall.  It  is  156  miles  w.  from  Rich- 
mond, two  miles  n.  of  James  river,  41  from  Lynchburg,  and  63 
miles  s.  e.  from  the  White  Sulphur  Springs. 

Weirds  Cave,  17  miles  n.  e.  from  Staunton,  is  deemed  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  caverns  in  the  world.  It  extends  about  2,500 
feet  in  length,  although  its  exploration  in  a  direct  line  does  not 
exceed  1,800  feet,  ard  is  divided  into  several  apartments  of  vari- 
ous sizes.  The  walls  are  formed  of  the  most  beautiful  crystal- 
lized carbonate  of  lime,  or  calcareous  spar.  The  crystals,  which 
vary  in  form,  are  of  all  sizes  and  colors,  and  reflect  with  much 
brilliancy  the  torch-lights  with  which  each  visiter  is  provided. 
Thin  sheets  of  similar  incrustations  are  seen  in  some  parts,  resem- 
bling the  appearance  of  rich  and  graceful  drapery  ;  and  from  th© 
lofty  roof  of  one  of  the  halls  is  a  sheet  that  appears  as  if  floating^ 
in  the  air.  It  has  received  the  appellation  of  Elijah's  Mantle. 
Some  of  the  most  extensive  apartments  have  received  the  names 
of  "  Washington  Hall,"  "  Congress  Hall,"  « Organ  Room,*' 
"  Solomon's  Temple,"  "  Deacon's  Room,"  &c.  This  cavern  is 
under  the  charge  of  a  person  whoso  business  it  is  to  render  every 
care  and  attention  to  visiters. 

Id 


290 


KAILIIOAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


Madisori's  Cave  is  a  short  distanco  from  the  preceding,  and 
somewhat  resembles  that  curiosity,  although  much  loss  extensivo, 
its  length  not  exceeding  300  feet. — The  Blowing  and  Saltpetre 
Caves  are  situated  about  40  miles  to  the  n.  w.  of  the  two  prece- 
ding ones. 


FROM  BALTIMORE  TO  CHARLESTON,  AND  INTERME- 
DIATE  PLACES. 

From  Baltimore  to  Charleston  the  traveller  will  have  a  choice 
of  two  routes,  as  follows  : — 

1st.  From  Baltimore  to  Washington  City,  by  railroad,  40 
miles  ;  theuce  by  steamer  down  the  Potomac  to  Acquia  Creek, 
55  miles  ;  here  we  again  take  the  cars,  and  proceed  to  Freder- 
icksburg, Va.,  15  miles  ;  to  Richmond,  the  capital  of  the  state 
of  Virginia,  GO  miles ;  to  Petersburg,  22  miles ;  to  Weldon, 
N.  C,  62  miles  ;  to  Wilmington,  N.  C,  160  miles.  Total,  414 
miles.  From  Wilmington  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  180  miles,  is 
performed  by  steamboat- -iiifiking  the  entire  distance  from  Balti- 
more 594  nilit's,  which  is  performed  in  about  48  hours.  Fare 
from  Baltimore  to  Petersburg,  $7.50  ;  to  Weldon,  $10.00  ;  and 
to  Charleston,  $20.00. 

Passengers  arriving  in  Baltimore  by  the  morning  line  from 
Philadelphia,  haci  better  remain  in  that  city  until  6^  o'clock  the 
next  morning ;  or  they  can  go  on  to  Washington  at  5  p.  m.,  and 
remain  there  until  9  a.  m.  the  next  day. 

Passengers  going  to  Washington  by  the  train  of  5  p.  m.,  aro 
taken,  if  they  desire  it,  by  the  Company's  omnibus,  at  once, 
without  charge,  from  the  Washington  depot  to  the  Potomac 
steamboat,  where  they  lodge  free  of  charge,  and  lay  over  (if  they 
desire  to  do  so)  with  their  through-tickets,  for  a  few  days,  at  the 
following  places,  viz :  Washington,  Richmond,  Petersburg,  and 
Weldon.  For  further  information  and  "  through-tickets"  apply 
at  the  Southern  ticket-office,  adjoining  the  Washington  Railroad 
ticket-office,  Pratt-st.,  Baltimore. 

2d.  From  Baltimore,  steamboats  on  this  route  leave  Spear's 
wharf  daily,  running  down  Chesapeake  Bay  to  Norfolk,  Va.,  188 


ROUTES  FROM  BALTIMORE  TO  CHARLESTON. 


29i 


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Railroad 

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tni1«i<,  and  from  thcnco  up  JamcH  river  to  City  Point,  95  miles, 
thenco  by  railroad  to  Petersburg!;,  Va.,  12  miles  ;  there  con- 
necting with  the  railroad  to  Wilmington,  N.  C,  and  by  eteam- 
boat  to  Charleston,  as  before.  Total  distance  from  Baltimore  by 
this  route,  G97  miles.     Time  55  hoars.     Fare  abaiit  ^IG. 

Charleston,  S.  C,  is  the  largest,  most  populous,  and  wealthy 
city  on  the  Atlantic  sea-coast,  s.  of  Baltimore.  It  i  .  N.  Lat. 
32°  4()'  33",  and  in  W.  Long,  from  Greenwich  79°  '  27  '.  In 
1840  its  population  was  41,137  ;  at  the  present  tinit  -i>0;  it  is 
not  less  than  60,000.     This  city  is  well  situattd  f  ■  •  and 

commerce,  on  a  peninsula,  seven  miles  from  th(*  oceuu,  whi«;li  is 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers,  which 
hero  enter  the  harbor,  and  is  two  miles  across.  Opposite  the 
city,  Ashley  river  is  6,300  feet  wide,  and  Cooper  river  4,200  feet : 
both  here  have  a  depth  of  from  30  to  40  feet. 

Charleston  is  built  on  slightly  elevated  ground,  being  but  nine 
feet  above  high-water  mark  ;  it  is  about  two  miles  long,  some- 
thing over  a  mile  broad,  and  is  regularly  laid  out,  although  not 
uniformly  so.  Its  streets,  which  extend  from  river  to  river,  run 
from  E.  to  w.,  and  generally  parallel  to  each  other,  and  are 
crossed  by  others,  nearly  at  right  angles :  they  vary  in  width 
from  30  to  70  feet.  Many  of  the  buildings  in  the  city  are  con- 
structed of  brick,  which  is  now  the  only  material  permitted  by 
law  to  be  used  within  its  limits.  Those  of  wood  arc  neatly 
painted,  and  frequently  have  piazzas  extending  to  the  roof,  beau- 
tifully ornamented  with  vines.  In  the  outskirts  of  the  city  the 
houses  have  fine  gardens  attached,  planted  with  orange,  fruit, 
and  ornamental  and  other  trees,  with  vines  and  shrubbery  in  pro- 
fusion. 

The  public  buildings  are  a  City  Hall,  an  Exchange,  Court- 
liouse.  Custom-house,  Jail,  a  State  Citadel,  two  arsenals,  a  col- 
lege, a  medical  college,  asylums,  libraries,  a  theatre,  several 
banks,  and  about  30  churches  of  various  denominations,  with  nu- 
merous hotels,  some  of  which  are  costly  and  magnificent  struc- 
tures, where  the  stranger  will  meet  with  every  attention  and 
comfort. 

Charleston  possesses  great  facilities  for  trade  with  the  interior 
country,  by  means  of  the  railroad  extending  through  South  Care 


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RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


lina  and  Georgia,  and  terminating  on  the  Tennessee  river.  This 
will  in  time  be  extended  to  the  s.  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  opposite 
Cincinnati,  there  uniting  the  navigable  waters  of  that  stream  with 
Charleston  harbor.  A  branch  road  also  extends  from  the  South 
Carolina  Railroad  at  Branchville  to  Columbia,  the  capital  of  the 
state,  130  miles  distant.  Numerous  steamboats  also  ply  between 
Charleston  and  Savannah,  Wilmington,  St  Augustine,  and  other 
places.  Lines  of  steamships  ply  regularly  between  Charleston, 
New  York,  and  I  hiladelphia.  Lines  of  packet  ships  run  to  New 
York  ;  and  other  vessels  sail  for  most  of  the  large  cities  on  the 
coast,  and  for  Europe. 


FROM  CHARLESTON  TO  NEW  ORLEANS. 

From  Charleston  passengers  proceed  by  railroad  to  Augusta, 
Ga.,  or  rather  to  Hamburg,  136  miles,  which  is  separated  from 
Augusta  by  the  Savannah  river,  which  is  also  the  dividing  line 
between  the  states  of  South  Car  jlina  and  Georgia.  From  Au- 
gusta, a  great  western  chain  of  railroad,  making  trips  by  night 
only,  conveys  you  to  Atlanta,  171  miles ;  from  whence  Griffin, 
43  miles,  is  reached  by  a  partially  returning  trip  on  the  Savannah 
and  Macon  route,  forming  an  acute  angle  with  the  Augusta  and 
Atlanta  line.  From  Griffin  to  Auburn  is  100  miles,  which  is  per- 
formed by  daily  lines  of  stages,  passing  through  Greenville,  La- 
grange, and  Westpoint. 

The  distance  from  Auburn  to  Montgomery,  60  miles,  is  per- 
formed by  railroad.  Total  distance  from  Charleston  to  Mont- 
gomery 510  miles.  Fare  $26.50.  Time  through,  53  hours,  in- 
cluding stoppages. 

From  Montgomery  to  Mobile  by  the  Regular  Line  of  light-draft 
steamers.  Time,  from  48  to  50  hours: /arc  $10.  Or  from 
Montgomery  to  Mobile,  200  miles,  by  the  daily  mail-coach,  with 
extras  for  20  passengers.    Time  40  hours :  fare  $8. 

From  Mobile  to  New  Orleans,  178  miles,  by  the  daily  line  of 
mail  steamers.  Time  20  hours  :  fare  $5.  The  total  distance 
from  Baltimore  to  New  Orleans  by  the  above  described  routes  is 
1,585  miles.    Time  through,  six  days  22  hours :  fare  $55.50. 


ROUTES  FROM  CHARLESTON  TO  NEW  ORLEANS. 


293 


From  Charleston,  via  Savannah,  Macon,  and  Columbus. — 
By  steamboat  from  Charleston  to  Savannah,  Ga.,  140  miles. 
Time  1 1  hours.  From  Savannah  to  Macon,  by  railroad,  190 
miles.  Time  12  hours.  From  Macon  to  Barnewille,  by  rail- 
road, 40  miles.  Time  three  hours.  From  Barnesville  to  Auburn, 
by  stage,  105  miles.  Time  10  hours.  From  Auburn  to  MonU 
gomery,  by  railroad,  60  miles.  Time  four  hours.  From  Mont- 
gomery to  Mobile,  and  also  from  Mobile  to  New  Orleans,  as  be- 
fore described. 

Savannah,  the  largest  and  most  important  city  in  the  state  of 
Georgia,  lies  in  N.  Lat.  32°  4'  56",  and  in  W.  Long.  81°  8'  18" 
from  Greenwich.  Its  population  is  about  25,000.  The  city  is 
built  on  a  sandy  plain,  elevated  40  feet  above  the  water,  on  the 
8.  side  of  Savannah  river,  18  miles  from  the  Atlantic.  The  har- 
bor is  one  of  the  finest  on  the  southern  coast,  being,  at  its  entrance 
over  the  bar,  a  mile  wide,  and  having  a  depth  of  water,  at  low 
tide,  of  from  18  to  21  feet.  Vessels  drawing  but  13  feet  of  water 
can  come  close  up  to  the  wharves  of  the  city  ;  whilst  those  re- 
quiring a  greater  depth  find  a  good  anchorage  a  few  miles  below. 
The  plain  on  which  the  city  stands  extends  a  mile  along  the  river 
B.  and  w.,  and  continues  for  several  miles  s.,  increasing  in  width 
back  from  the  river.  The  streets  of  the  city  are  regularly  and 
beautifully  laid  out ;  between  every  other  one  is  a  handsome 
public  square,  surrounded  and  interspersed  with  trees  of  various 
kinds,  forming  miniature  parks  covered  with  grass,  which  give  the 
city,  during  the  spring  and  summer  months,  a  cool,  airy,  and  ru- 
al  appearance.  Many  of  the  streets  are  lined  on  either  side 
with  trees ;  some  have  single,  and  others  double  rows,  running 
through  their  centres,  the  latter  forming  perfect  arcades,  and 
serving  at  all  times  ibr  delightful  and  shady  walks.  The  city 
contains  a  number  of  handsome  public  and  private  buildings,  nu- 
merous churches,  benevolent  societies,  &c.  The  warehouses  are 
numerous,  generally  lining  the  wharves,  and  built  of  brick  or 
stone,  mostly  three  or  four  stories  high. 

Savannah  is  the  centre  of  a  large  inland  trade,  and  which, 
from  her  fortunate  position  upon  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  this 
part  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  must  continue  greatly  to  increase. 
Already  a  stretch  of  railroud  exists  between  her  and  the  interior 


294 


KAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


country,  terminating  on  the  banks  of  the  Tennessee,  nearly  500 
miles  distant ;  thereby  opening  to  her  enterprise  the  trade  of  the 
great  West.  Other  roads  will  eventually  be  made,  connecting 
her  commerce  and  interests  with  those  of  her  sister  states  lying 
immediately  west.  A  regular  steamboat  communication  is  also 
kept  up  between  Savannah  and  Charleston,  and  St.  Augustine, 
Flo.,  and  other  places  on  the  coast ;  and  a  line  of  sailing  vessels 
runs  regularly  to  New  York. 

Mobile  is  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  the  river  of  the  same  name, 
at  its  entrance  into  Mobile  Bay,  and  about  30  miles  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  It  is  in  N.  Lat.  30°  40',  and  in  W.  Long.  88°  21' 
from  Greenwich.  Its  population  in  1840  was  12,672 ;  it  is  now, 
in  1850,  about  20,000.  The  city  is  pleasantly  situated  on  an  ex- 
tended plain,  elevated  15  feet  above  the  highest  tides,  and  has  a 
beautiful  prospect  of  the  bay,  from  which  it  receives  refreshing 
breezes.  As  a  cotton  mart,  and  place  of  export.  Mobile  ranks 
next  to  New  Ovieans  and  Charleston.  The  city  is  supplied  with 
excellent  water,  brought  a  distance  of  two  miles.  The  entrance 
to  the  bay  is  defended  by  Fort  Morgan,  (or  Bowyer,)  built  on  a 
low  sandy  point  opposite  Dauphin  Island,  30  miles  from  the  city. 
Steamboats  arrive  from,  and  depart  daily  for  New  Orleans,  and 
for  Montgomery.  A  line  of  sailing  vessels  runs  regularly  to  New 
York.    (For  description  of  New  Orleans,  see  page  303.) 

The  journey  from  New  York  to  New  Orleans  may  be  di- 
vided as  follows : — Ist.  From  New  York  to  Baltimore :  time  12 
hours.  2d.  From  Baltimore  to  Charleston  :  time  53  hours.  3d. 
From  Charleston  to  Montgomery :  time  53  hours.  4th.  From 
Montgomery  to  Mobile :  time  40  hours.  5th.  From  Mobile  to 
New  Orleans :  time  20  hours.  Total  7^  days.  The  delays  of 
from  two  to  five  '  re  betv/een  each  division,  make  up  a  total  of 
eight  days  and        6  two  or  three  hours. 

Route  from  New  York  to  Memphis,  Tenn. — From  New 
York  to  Washington^  by  railroad,  224  miles  From  Washing- 
ton to  Acquia  Creek,  by  steamboat,  55  miles.  From  Acquia 
Creek  to  Wilmington,  by  railroad,  319  miles.  From  Wilming- 
ton to  Charleston,  by  steamboat,  180  miles.  From  Charleston 
to  Augusta,  by  railroad,  136  miles.  From  Augusta  to  Atlanta, 
by  railroad,  171  miles.    From  Atlanta,  to  Kingston,  by  railroad, 


ROUTES  DOWN  THE  OHIO. 


295 


60  miles.  From  Kiugston  to  Gunter'a  Landings  by  poBt*coaches, 
90  miles.  From  Gunter's  Landing  to  Decatur ^  by  steamboat, 
60  miles.  From  Decatur  to  Tuscumbia,  by  railroad,  43  miles ; 
and  from  Tuscumbia  to  Memphis,  by  post-coaches,  170  miles. 
Total  distance  1,507  miles:  through  in  about  eight  days.  Fare 
is  as  follows : — from  New  York  to  Philadelphia,  $3.00.  From 
Philadelphia  to  Baltimore,  $3.00.  From  Baltimore  to  Charlec 
ton,  $16.00.  From  Charleston  to  Memphis,  $28.00.  Total 
fare,  $48.00. 

Memphis,  which  is  situated  on  the  e.  bank  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  can  be  reached  also  by  taking  the  cars  from  Baltimore  to 
Cumberland,  and  stage  to  Wheeling ;  thence  by  steamboat  down 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  to  Memphis. 

Routes  from  Pittsburg,  (continued  from  page  260.) — From 
Pittsburg,  and  also  from  Wheeling,  first-class  steamboats  run 
regularly,  and  convey  passengers  with  as  little  delay  as  possible, 
to  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  New  Orleans,  and  other  places  in  the 
South  and  West. 


Principal  Places  and  Distances  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
rivers,  from  Pittsburg  to  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  and  New 
Orleans. 

From  From 

place  to  place.  Filtaburf. 
From  Pittsburg  to—  Mile*.  Mile», 

Steubenville,  0 71 

Wheelino,  Va. 23. . . .     94 

Marietta,0 82....    176 

Parkersburg,  Va 12. . . .    188 

Gallipolis,  O 87. . . .    275 

Guyandotte,  Va. 37. . . .    312 

Portsmouth,  0 51. . . .    363 

Cincinnati,  O 114. .. .   477 

LouiavUle,  Ky 133....    610 

Cairo,  mouth  of  the  Ohio  River. 389. ...    999 

New  Madrid, Mo 79....  1,078 

Memphis,  Tenn 166. . . .  1,244 

Vicksburg,  Miss 486. .. .  1,630 

Natchez,  Miss 116. . . .  1,746 

New  Orleans,  La. 279. . .  .2,025 

iiVom  Cairo  to — 

St.  Louis 175. . . .  1,174 


296 


RAILROAD    AND   STEAMBOAT   COMPANION. 


IT 


From  St.  Louis  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

From  From 

place  to  place.     St.  Louit. 
Fhrni  St.  Louia  to—  Miles.  Miles. 

Mouth  of  Missouri  River 18 

Alton,Ill 5 23 

Quincy,IU 149 172 

Nauvoo,m 54 226 

Burlington,  Iowa 33 259 

Davenport,  Iowa. 93 352 

Du  Buque,  Iowa. 102 454 

PrairieduChien 72 516 

Falls  or  St.  Amthomt 276 792 


FROM   NEW    YORE  AND   BOSTON   TO   OINOINNATI,    VIA 
LAKE  ERIE,  THE  MAD  RI7ER  RAILROAD,  &c. 

From  Nev\r  York  to  Albany,  by  steamboat,  145  miles :  usual 
time,  8  hours.  From  Boston  to  Albany,  by  railroad,  300  miles : 
time  10  hours.  The  above  routes  meet  at  Albany ;  from  that  place, 
therefore,  the  route  to  Cincinnati  will  be  the  same  to  the  trav- 
eller both  from  New  York  and  Boston.  From  Albany  to  Buffa- 
lo, by  railroad,  325  miles:  time  22  hours.  From  Buft'alo  to 
Sandusky  City,  250  miles,  by  steamboat,  over  Lake  Erie :  time 
20  hours.  From  Sandusky  City  to  Cincinnati,  by  the  cars  of 
the  Mad  River  and  Lake  Erie  railroad,  and  Little  Miami  rail- 
road, a  distance  of  218  miles :  time  15  hours.  Total  distance 
from  New  York,  938  miles :  time  65  hours.  From  Boston,  993 
miles:  time  67  hours. 

Cincinnati,  the  most  populous  city  of  the  western  states,  is 
situated  on  the  n.  bank  of  the  Ohio  river,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of 
Licking  creek.  It  is  in  N.  Lat.  39°  06'  30",  and  W.  Long. 
7°  24'  25".  The  population  in  1800  was  750  ;  in  1810,2,540  ;  in 
1820,  9,602  ;  in  1830,  24,830  ;  in  1840,  46,383  ;  and  is  in  1850 
not  less  than  100,000.  The  ci*y  is  near  the  eastern  extremity  of  a 
valley  about  12  miles  in  circumference,  surrounded  by  beautiful 
hills,  which  rise  to  the  height  of  300  feet  by  gentle  and  varying 
slopes,  and  which  are  mostly  covered  with  native  forest-trees.  It 
is  built  on  two  table-lands,  the  one  elevated  from  40  to  60  feet 


FROM  NEW  YORK  AND  BOSTON  TO  CINCINNA  TI. 


297 


above  the  other.  The  city  is  laid  out  with  great  regularity,  the 
streets,  some  of  which  are  60  feet  in  width,  intersecting  each 
other  at  right  angles.  Many  of  them  are  well  paved,  and  ex- 
tensively shaded  with  trees,  while  the  houses  are  ornamented 
with  shrubbery. 

The  shore  of  the  river  Ohio  at  the  principal  landing-place  is 
substantially  paved  to  low-water  mark,  and  is  supplied  by  float- 
ing wharves,  adapted  to  the  great  rise  and  fall  of  the  river, 
which  renders  the  landing  and  shipping  of  goods  at  all  times  con- 
venient. 

The  city  is  well  supplied  by  water  raised  from  the  Ohio  by  a 
steam-engine,  and  forced  into  two  reservoirs  on  a  hill  700  feet 
distant. 

The  trade  of  Cincinnati  is  very  great ;  its  commanding  position 
on  the  Ohio  yearly  brings  to  it  a  large  accession  of  business. 
During  the  year  ending  Sept.  1847,  its  imports  amounted  to  the 
sum  of  $49,991,833.97,  and  its  exports  to  $55,735,252.27,  ma- 
king  a  total  of  $105,727,086.24.  In  the  year  1843,  $14,500,000 
were  employed  in  manufactures,  and  articles  produced  to  the 
amount  of  $17,500,000. 

This  "  (^ueen  City  of  the  West"  enjoys  great  facilities  for 
trade  and  commerce ;  by  the  Ohio,  and  other  rivers  connect- 
ing with  ii,  she  has  a  water  communication  of  some  thou* 
sands  of  miles.  In  1840,  88  steamboats  belonged  here,  33  of 
which  were  built  during  that  yeur.  It  is  also  the  greatest  pork 
market  in  the  world  ;  more  than  250,000  hogs  were  slaughtered 
here  in  1844,  which,  when  prepared  for  exportation,  were  esti- 
mated to  be  worth  upwards  of  $3,000,000. 

By  means  of  her  canals  and  railroads,  and  fine  macadamized 
roads,  she  has  an  immediate  intercourse  with  a  large  extent  of 
country,  and  also  with  Lake  Erie. 

Steamboats  leave  Cincinnati  daily  for  St.  Louis,  New  Orleans, 
and  Pittsburg,  and  intermediate  places.  Cars  also  leave  for 
Sandusky  City  ;  and  ty  steamboat  from  thence  to  Buffalo,  from 
which  place  travellers  .?.an  proceed  to  Niagara  Falls,  Montreal, 
Quebec,  and  other  places  in  Canada ;  or  can  go  from  Buffalo  to 
New  York,  Boston,  Saratoga  Springs,  &.c.  Stages  leave  Cin- 
cinnati for  Sf.  Louis,  and  other  places ;  at  Xenia  they  connect 


298 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


with  the  railroad,  carrying  passengers  from  thence  to  Cleve- 
land, &c. 


ROUTE  FROM  BUFFALO  TO  DETROIT  AND  CHIOAOO. 
(Continued  from  page  209.) 

Steamboats  leave  Buffalo  for  Detroit  and  the  great  upper  lakes 
daily.  On  our  course  from  Buffalo  to  Detroit  we  make  several 
landings,  as  follows : — 

Erie,  Pa.,  90  miles,  is  situated  on  a  bluff,  affording  a  fine  pros- 
pect of  Presque  Isle  Bay,  the  peninsula  which  forms  it,  and  the 
lake  beyond.  Its  harbor,  which  is  four  and  a  half  miles  long  by 
half  a  milo  wide,  is  one  of  the  best  on  Lake  Erie,  and  is  gener- 
ally free  from  ice  a  month  earlier  than  that  of  Buffalo.  Tho 
building  and  equipment  of  Perry's  victorious  fleet  in  the  war  of 
1812  took  place  here.  In  70  days  from  the  timo  when  the 
timber,  of  which  it  was  constructed,  was  standing  in  the  forest,  it 
was  ready  for  action. 

Our  second  landing  on  the  lake  is  at  Ashtabula,  Ohio,  135 
miles ;  and  from  thence  we  proceed  to  Cleveland,  in  the  samo 
state,  194  miles,  and  one  of  its  most  important  places.  It  has  a 
fine  situation  for  commerce,  the  lakes  giving  it  a  ready  access  to 
a  wide  extent  of  countrj'.  Its  harbor,  which  is  formed  by  tho 
mouth  of  tho  Cuyahoga  river,  is  equal  to  the  best  on  Lake  Erie. 
A  portion  of  the  city  lies  on  the  river,  where  the  land  is  but  little 
elevated  above  the  level  of  the  lake  ;  but  it  rises  by  a  steep  as- 
cent to  a  flat,  gravelly  plain,  80  feet  above  the  lake,  on  which  the 
city  is  mostly  built.  This  elevation  is  continued  to  the  shore  of 
the  lake,  from  which  there  is  a  water  prospect  of  boundless  ex- 
tent. In  1847,  the  population  v.'as  12,769,  having  increased  6,698 
since  1840.  The  usual  fare  from  Buffalo  is  $2.00  :  time  about 
16  hours.  The  following  are  among  the  best  of  the  hotels  in 
Cleveland  : — the  New  England  House,  one  of  the  most  extensive 
and  splendid  in  the  country,  the  Franklin  House,  Mansion 
House,  American  House,  Merchants'  Hotel,  &c. 

Huron  is  240  miles,  and  Sandusky  City  250  miles :  the  latter 
is  situated  on  the  s.  side  of  Sandusky  Bay,  fronting  the  opening 
into  Lake  Erie,  three  miles  distant,  of  which  it  has  a  delightfa' 


ROUTES  FROM  DETROIl   TO  CHICAGO. 


290 


Tiew.  Excepting  during  the  winter  months,  its  wharves  are 
thronged  with  steamboats  and  other  lake  vessels,  arriving  and 
departing  continually.  Time  from  BufTalo  about  20  hours.  To- 
ledo, Ohio,  305  miles ;  Monroe,  Mich.,  326  miles.  We  now 
arrive  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  372  miles  from  Buffalo,  iu  about  30 
hours.    Fare  about  $5.00. 

Detroit  has  a  fine  situation  for  trade,  being  located  on  the  w. 
side  of  Detroit  river,  on  elevated  ground,  30  feet  above  its  sur« 
face — 7  miles  below  the  outlet  of  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  18  miles 
above  the  w.  extremity  of  Lake  Erie.  It  has  already  become  a 
great  commercial  depot,  the  navigation  of  the  lake  and  river  be» 
ing  open  for  two-thirds  of  the  year.  Pop.  about  20,000.  There 
are  here  several  excellent  hotels : — the  National,  Mansion  House, 
Michigan  Exchange,  Commercial,  Railroad,  Steamboat  Tem- 
perance, &c.  The  price  of  board  varies  from  75  cents  to  $1.25 
per  day. 

ROUTES  FROM  DETROIT  TO  OHIOAGO.— Two  routes  now 
present  themselves :  either  by  the  way  of  lakes  Huron  and  Mich- 
igan ;  or  by  the  Central  Railroad,  and  stage,  across  the  state  o^ 
Michigan,  to  the  lake  of  that  name.  The  latter  is  the  most  ex> 
peditious,  although  both  are  very  pleasant  and  agreeable  routes. 
By  the  railroad  line  the  traveller  will  arrive  in  Chicago  48  hours 
in  advance  of  the  lake  route. 

The  Railroad  Route. — The  cai.^  on  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad  leave  Detroit  daily,  at  8  o\lock,  a.  m.,  and  arrive  at 
New  Buffalo,  (224  miles,)  the  termination  of  the  road  on  Lake 
Michigan,  in  about  12  hours.  A  steamboat  leaves  after  the  arrival 
of  the  cars,  conveying  passengers  to  Chicago,  a  distance  of  about 
65  miles.    Fare  to  Chicago,  if  paid  through  from  Buffalo,  $6,50. 

From  Niles  there  is  a  steamboat  communication  with  St. 
Joseph,  a  place  situated  on  Lake  Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  St. 
Joseph's  river.  Passengers  for  Wisconsin  and  Northern  Illinois 
can  take  conveyance  from  this  place,  or  proceed  in  the  cars  to 
New  Buffalo,  and  take  it  from  thence. 

Stage  lines  leave  Kalamazoo  and  Niles  for  places  in  Northern 
Indiana. 

Route  by  the  Lakes. — During  the  summer  season,  travellers 


M 


300 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


have  all  opportunity  of  going  from  Buffalo  and  Detroit  to  Chica- 
go, by  the  way  of  the  great  upper  lakes,  Huron  and  Michigan, 
stopping  at  all  the  principal  places.  The  distance  from  Detroit 
is  680  miles,  and  from  Buffalo  1,052  miles. 

The  following,  which  is  a  summary  of  a  trip  taken  during  the 
summer  of  J  847,  from  New  York  to  Chicago,  via  Albany,  Buffa- 
lo, and  Detroit,  is  by  a  correspondent  of  one  of  our  daily  papers, 
and  will  convey  more  information,  for  those  about  taking  this  ex- 
cursion, than  any  description  we  could  give. 

Leaving  New  York  by  the  7  o'clock  boat,  on  Monday  evening, 
for  Albany,  you  breakfast  at  that  place  next  morning,  and  at  7^ 
o'clock  proceed  to  the  Railroad  Office,  and  get  a  through-ticket 
for  Bufialo,  for  which  you  pay  $12.  After  an  hour's  ride  you 
reach  Schenectady,  and  proceed  thence  on  the  way  to  Utica, 
whore  you  stop  for  dinner  ;  and  then  with  the  same  rapidity  fly 
away  to  Syracuse,  where  you  can  stop  till  morning,  if  too  much 
fatigued  to  ride  all  night ; — if,  however,  you  are  in  a  hurry,  you 
can  keep  your  seat  in  the  cars,  and  at  sunrise  the  next  morning 
will  find  yourself  in  Bufialo :  but  if  you  prefer  travelling  by  day- 
light, you  can  spend  the  night  in  Syracuse  or  Auburn,  and  the 
next  day  you  hav.e  an  opportunity  to  see  the  beautiful  villages  of 
Geneva,  Canandaigua,  Batavia,  and  the  city  of  Rochester,  and 
arrive  in  Bufialo  in  the  evening  of  the  second  day — Wednesday. 

You  now  take  passage  on  one  of  the  large  and  elegant  Upper 
Lake  boats.  Here  you  generally  find  companies  of  ladies  and 
gentlemen,  bound  on  a  voyage  of  pleasure,  with  guns,  fishing- 
tackle,  harps,  flutes,  violins,  and  other  music.  The  next  morn- 
ing, which  is  Thursday,  you  land  at  Cleveland  ;  and  here,  while 
the  boat  is  taking  in  wood,  &>c.,  you  have  an  hour  or  two  to  ride 
around  the  town.  You  leave  Cleveland  at  1 1  or  12  o'clock,  and 
the  next  morning,  Friday,  at  daylight,  you  are  in  Detroit.  An- 
other hour  or  two  is  spent  about  the  city,  and  you  are  ofi"  for 
Mackinaw.  Saturday  morning  finds  you  moored  amidst  bark 
canoes  and  Indian  tents,  close  under  a  high  rocky  fort,  bristling 
with  a  hundred  cannon.  After  getting  a  breakfast  of  Mackinaw 
trout,  trying  your  luck  at  fishing  in  water  so  clear  that  you  can 
see  a  trout  twenty  feet  from  the-^surface,  buying  a  few  trinkets 
from  the  young  squaws,  visiting  the  forts  and  barracks,  you  sail 


ROUTES  FROM  DETROIT  TO  CHICAGt . 


301 


for  Chicago,  where  you  arrive  on  Sunday  at  sunrise,  making  the 
whole  trip  of  1,500  miles  in  five  days,  at  an  expense  of  $21.00, 
all  told.  The  fare  on  the  lakes  is  $8.00,  or  about  $2.00  a  day^ 
the  same  as  at  an  hotel.    This  includes  passage  and  board. 

Chicago  is  situated  at  the  s.  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  on  both 
sides  of  Chicago  river.  The  n.  and  s.  branches  of  the  river  unite 
three>fourths  of  a  mile  from  the  lake,  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
city,  forming  a  harbor  from  50  to  75  yards  wide,  and  from  15  to 
25  feet  deep.  The  city  is  built  on  level  ground,  sufficiently  ele- 
vated to  be  secure  from  the  highest  floods.  The  surrounding 
country  is  fertile  and  pleasant.  The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal, 
which  was  commenced  in  1836,  was  completed  in  the  spring  of 
1848.  It  unites  Lake  Michigan,  at  Chicago,  with  the  head  of 
navigation  on  the  Illinois  river  at  Peru,  thus  forming  a  connection 
between  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  lakes.  This  union  will  add 
greatly  to  the  importance  of  Chicago  as  a  commercial  depot.  In 
1847  the  population  amounted  to  16,000.  The  Hotels  are  the 
Sherman  House,  where  a  splendid  table  is  set ;  Lake  House, 
with  accommodations  equal  to  any  of  the  Eastern  hotels,  $1.25 
per  day  ;  the  Tremont  House,  Mansion  House,  Western  Hotel, 
American  Temperance  House,  and  many  other  excellent  houses, 
with  board  for  $1.00  per  day. 

Milwaukie,  in  Wisconsin,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Milwau- 
kie  river,  near  its  entrance  into  Lake  Michigan,  87  miles  n.  from 
Chicago.  Its  growth  is  most  remarkable.  According  to  the 
census  taken  in  Dec.  1847,  the  population  was  14,071,  having 
increased  since  June,  1846,  a  space  of  18  months,  4,563.  In  the 
same  period  of  time  the  county  of  Milwaukie  had  gained  6,822, — 
increasing  from  75,925  in  June,  1846,  to  82,747  in  Dec.  1847. 
This  place  is  the  natural  outlet  of  one  of  the  finest  regions  for  ce- 
real grains  in  the  United  States.  During  the  past  season  two 
large  flouring  mills  have  been  erected  in  Milwaukie,  one  pro- 
pelled by  steam,  and  one  by  water-power ;  and  it  is  expected 
that  two  more  will  go  into  operation  during  the  year  1848. 
Among  the  hotels  in  Milwaukie  may  be  mentioned,  the  United 
States,  Milwaukie  House,  and  City  Hotel.  Board  about  $1.25 
per  day.  During  the  season  of  navigation  steamboats  nm  be  • 
tween  Milwaukie  and  Chicago. 


302 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAH1B0AT  COMPANION. 


Racine,  in  Doc.  1847,  contained  3,000  inhabitants — an  in- 
crease of  288  within  six  mouths ;  and  Southport  contained  at  the 
same  time  3,780.  Both  these  places  are  situated  in  Wisconsini 
on  the  w.  bank  of  Lake  Michigan,  s.  from  Milwaukie. 

From  Chicago  to  Galena,  Illinois. — Stage  lines  run  daily 
to  Galena,  a  distance  of  167  miles.  Fare  about  $8.00  time 
about  two  days.    A  railroad  is  projected  between  these  places. 

From  Chicago  to  St.  Louis. — By  stage,  or  by  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal  to  Peru,  on  the  Illinois  river,  100  miles ;  and 
thence  by  steamboat  down  the  river  to  St.  Louis. 

ST.  LOUIS  is  one  of  the  most  important,  wealthy,  and  populous 
places  in  the  western  country.  It  is  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of 
the  Mississippi  river,  18  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri^ 
— 174  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  river, — 1,194  above 
New  Orleans,  and  about  744  below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
Its  population  is  not  less  than  70,000,  and  is  rapidly  increas- 
ing. The  situation  of  the  city  for  commerce  is  not  surpassed  by 
that  of  any  other  place  in  the  west  or  southwest,  excepting  New 
Orleans, — having  the  Mississippi  and  Illinois  rivers  on  the  n.,  the 
Missouri  on  the  w.,  and  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries  on  the  s.  e.  ; 
whilst  the  "  Father  of  Waters"  furnishes  an  outlet  to  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  and  the  Atlantic  ocean  for  its  valuable  productions.  A 
vast  amount  of  furs  is  annually  collected  here.  In  the  year 
1847  it  owned  23,800  tons  of  steamboat  tonnage,  worth 
$1,547,000.  During  1846,  there  arrived  at  that  port,  exclusive 
of  801  flat-boats,  steamboats  with  a  tonnage  of  467,824  tons. 
The  total  annual  commerce  of  St.  Louis,  imports  and  exports 
included,  although  yet  in  its  infancy,  is  estimated  at  over 
$75,000,000,— equalling  nearly  one-third  of  the  whole  foreign 
commerce  of  the  United  States. 

Numerous  steamboats  ply  regularly  between  St.  Louis  and  all 
the  principal  places  on  the  Mississippi,  Ohio,  Missouri,  and  Illi- 
nois rivers,  &c. ;  and  stages  depart  at  stated  intervals  for  places 
in  the  adjoining  states,  and  for  Louisville,  Cincinnati,  &c. 

From  St.  Louis  to  New  Orleans. — Take  the  steamboat  at 
St.  Louis,  passing  down  the  Mississippi  river  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  174  miles  ;  to  New  Madrid,  Mo.,  239  ;  to  Memphis,  Tenn., 
399 ;   to  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  784 ;  to  Natchez,  Miss.,  894 ;  to 


NEW  ORLEANS. 


3U3 


Baton  Rouge,  La.,  1,074 ;  and  to  New  OrleanSt  1,194  miles. 
Usual  time  about  four  days.  The  distance  from  New  Orleans  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  104  mileeu 


NEW  ORLEANS,  the  capital  of  Louisiana,  and  after  New 
York,  the  greatest  commercial  depot  in  the  American  Union,  is 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  104  miles  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  in  N.  Lat.  29°  57'  30",  and  in  W.  Long. 
90°  8'  from  Greenwich.  It  is  distant  from  New  York,  by  the 
shortest  route,  1,644  miles.  The  city  is  built  on  land  gently  de- 
scending from  the  river  towards  the  low  marshy  ground  in  its 
rear.  The  Levee  is  an  embankment  of  earth,  raised  to  prevent 
an  overflow  of  the  waters  of  the  river ;  it  extends  from  Fort 
Plaquemine,  43  miles  beiow  the  city,  to  12' t  miles  above  it,  is  15 
feet  wide  and  four  feet  high,  and  forms  a  very  pleasant  prom- 
enade. The  position  of  this  city  as  a  vast  commercial  depot 
is  unrivalled.  The  Mississippi,  with  its  numerous  tributaries, 
brings  to  its  market  the  products  of  20,000  miles  of  navigation. 
The  resources  of  this  great  valley  are  only  partially  developed. 
The  total  estimated  value  of  produce  received  from  the  interior 
from  the  1st  Sept.,  1846,  to  3l8t  Aug.,  1847,  was  $90,033,256; 
whilst  in  1844  it  wan  only  $60,094,716.  The  total  receipts  of 
cotton,  from  1st  Sept.,  1846,  to  3l8t  Aug.,  1847,  were  740,669 
bales.  The  exports  were — to  Great  Britain,  385,368  bales ;  to 
France,  95,719  ;  other  foreign  ports,  83,920 :  total,  565,007.  The 
year  previous  835,775  bales  were  exported  to  foreign  parts. 

The  city  proper  is  in  the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  extending 
along  the  river  1,320  yards ;  yet  its  whole  extent,  including  the 
fauxbourgs,  is  not  less  than  five  miles  in  a  line  parallel  with  the 
river  ;  and  extending  perpendicularly  to  it,  from  a  quarter  to  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  ;  and  to  the  Bayou  St.  John,  two  miles.  The 
view  of  the  city  from  the  river,  in  ascending  or  descending,  is 
beautiful.  During  the  busy  season  the  Levee  is  crowded  with 
vessels  from  all  parts  of  the  world  with  hundreds  of  steamboats, 
and  numerous  fiat-boats  and  omer  craft.  Indeed,  nothing  can 
present  a  more  busy,  bustling  scene,  than  exists  here  at  this  time ; 
the  loading  and  unloading  of  vessels  and  steamers,  with  hundreds 
of  drays  transporting  tobacco,  cotton,  sugar,  and  the  various  and 


304 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  COMPANION. 


immense  products  of  the  far  West,  make  a  vivid  impression  upon 
the  mind  of  the  stranger.  In  1840  the  population  of  the  city  was 
10^,193  ;  according  to  the  census  taken  seven  years  afterwards, 
it  had  decreased  9,570,  being  at  that  time  only  93,633  ;  and  all 
this  in  the  face  of  an  enlarged  trade.  During  the  three  years 
previous  to  1847  there  had  been  an  increase  of  $30,000,000  in 
tile  receipts  of  produce  alone,  from  the  interior  country.  From 
these  facts  it  has  been  justly  concluded,  that  an  error  must  have 
occurred  in  the  taking  of  the  census. 


MEXICAN  GULF  RAILWAY.— Depot  in  New  Orleans,  corner 
of  Elysian  Fields  and  Good  Children-st.,  Third  Municipality. 

To  Proctorville,  Lake  Borgne,  distance  27  miles.  Fare  75 
cents.    Children  and  slaves  35  cents  each. 

The  British  steamers  arrive  at  Ship  Island,  from  Southampton 
and  Havre,  about  the  2d  of  every  month,  on  their  way  to  Vera 
Cruz  ;  and  return  from  thence  to  Ship  Island,  for  Havana  and 
England,  on  the  21st  and  22d  of  eac^  month 


pon 
was 
rds, 
all 
3ars 
)  in 
rom 
ave 


APPE^DIX. 


ner 

75 

ton 
era 
lud 


SAILma  OF  STEAMSHIPS. 

The  British  and  North  American  Royal  Mail  Steamships  sail- 
ing between  Boston  and  Liverpool,  and  between  New  York  and 
Liverpool,  calling  at  Halifax  to  land  and  receive  mails  and  pas- 
sengers, are  the  America,  Europa,  Niagaray  Canada,  Hibernia, 
Britannia,  Caledonia,  Cambria,  and  Acadia. 

These  vessels  sail  regularly  every  week  (Wednesday)  from 
America  to  Liverpool,  until  November ;  and  from  Liverpool  tc 
America  every  Saturday.  From  New  York  and  Boston  they 
leave  on  alternate  Wednesdays. 

The  above  steamships  carry  a  clear  white  light  at  the  mast- 
head— green  on  starboard-bow — red  on  port-bow. 

Passage  money  from  New  York  or  Boston  to  Halifax,  ^20 ; 
from  either  of  the  two  former  to  Liverpool,  ^120. 

Passengers  will  be  charged  freight  on  personal  luggage  when 
it  exceeds  half  a  ton  measurement,  and  on  specie,  (except  for 
personal  expenses.) 

All  letters  and  newspapers  must  pass  through  the  Post-office 

OCEAN  STEAM  NAVIGATION  COMPANY. 

The  vessels  belonging  to  this  line  are  the  Washington,  Her' 
mann,  and  Franklin ;  the  latter  of  which  is  now  being  prepared 
to  take  her  place  in  the  line.  These  steamships  sail  from  New 
York  on  the  20th  of  each  month,  (except  when  that  day  falls  on 
Sunday,  in  which  case  the  day  of  sailing  is  Monday,)  touching  at 
Cowes  and  Southampton  to  land  passengers  and  deliver  the  mails 
for  England,  France,  and  Belgium,  and  thence  proceeding  to  Bre* 

20 


306 


APPENDIX. 


merh'iven,  a  place  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Weser,  and  about 
40  miles  distant  from  Bremen. 

Passage  money  from  New  York  to  Europe,  ^120  ;  and  from 
Europe  to  New  York,  $150. 

For  freight  or  passage  apply  at  the  office  of  the  Ocean  Steam 
Navigation  Company,  No.  60  Broadway. 

STEAMSHIPS  FOR  CHARLESTON,  S.  0. 

The  steamships  Southerner  and  Northerner  sail  alternately  be- 
tween New  York  and  Charleston  every  Saturday  afternoon  ; 
leaving  the  former  place  from  Pier  No.  4  North  or  Hudson  River ; 
and  the  latter  place  from  Adger's  Wharf.  Usual  time  about  60 
hours :  passage  money  $25  and  found.  Agents,  in  New  York, 
Spoiford,  Tileston  &  Co. 

Goods  consigned  to  the  care  of  the  agent  of  the  South  Carolina 
Railroad  Company,  intended  for  the  interior  of  South  Carolina, 
Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Tennessee,  will  be  forwarded  with  dis- 
patch, free  of  commission. 

PHILADELPHIA  AND  CHARLESTON  STEAMSHIPS. 

A  line  of  steamships  is  building,  to  sail  between  Philadelphia 
and  Charleston,  S.  C.  The  first  is  now  ready,  and  makes  regu- 
lar trips  between  the  two  cities.  The  others  will  be  placed  upon 
the  line  at  as  early  a  day  as  practicable. 


SAILma  PACKETS. 

New  York  and  Liverpool  Packets. — These  vessels  leave 
each  port  on  the  1st,  6th,  11th,  16th,  2 1st,  and  26th  of  each 
month.  Price  of  passage  to  Liverpool,  $100  ;  from  Liverpool  to 
New  York,  i;25. 

New  York  and  London  Packets. — These  sail  from  each  port 
on  the  1st,  8th,  16th,  and  24th  of  every  month.  Price  of  pas- 
sage from  New  York  to  London,  $100  ;  from  London  to  New 
York,  i;25. 

Havre  Packets. — These  leave  each  port  on  the  1st,  8th,  16thj 
and  24th  of  each  month.  Price  of  passage  from  New  York  to 
Havre,  $100. 


APPENDIX. 


307 


Packet  Lines  also  sail  between  New  York  and  New  Orleans, 
Charleston,  Mobile,  and  other  southern  ports. 


PHILADELPHIA  AND   LIVERPOOL  LINE   OF  PACKETS. 

The  old  line  of  packets  sail  from  Philadelphia  the  25th  of  every 
mouth,  and  from  Liverpool  the  12th  of  each  month.  Passage 
from  Philadelphia  to  Liverpool,  first  cabin,  $80  ;  forward  cabin, 
$35;  steerage,  $15.  Apply  in  Philadelphia,  to  H.  &  A.  Cope 
&Co. 

The  new  line  of  packets  sail  from  Philadelphia  on  the  12th, 
and  from  Liverpool  on  the  26th  of  each  month.  Apply  in  Phila- 
delphia, to  Richardson,  Watson  &.  Co. 


BOSTON  AND  LIVERPOOL  LINE  OF  PACKETS. 

To  sail  from  Boston  on  the  5th,  and  from  Liverpool  on  tho  20th 
of  each  month.  Apply  in  Boston,  to  Enoch  Train  &  Co.,  Lewis 
Wharf. 


ELECTRO-MAGNETIC    TELEGRAPH    LINES   in   operation 
and  progress  in  the  United  States  up  to  April,  1848  : — 

Miles. 

From  Boston  to  Portland,  via  Boston  and  Maine  Railroad 109 

From  Boston  to  Portland,  via  Eastern  Railroad 105 

From  Boston  to  Lowell* 20 

From  New  York  to  Boston,  via  Bridgeport,  New  Haven,  Hart- 
ford, Springfield,  and  Worcester 237 

From  Norwich  to  Worcester 86 

From  New  Bedford  to  Worcester,  via  Fall  River,  Taunton,  and 
Providence  :  at  Worcester  it  will  connect  with  the  New  York  and 

Boston  line 97 

From  New  York  to  Albany  and  Trot,  via  Poughkeepsie  and 

Hudson 160 

From  Albany  to  Buffalo,  via  Utica,  Syracnse,  Geneva,  Roches- 
ter, &c.   325 

From  Buffalo  to  Montreal,  via  Lockport,  Lewiston,  Queenston, 

Can.,  Hamilton,  Toronto,  Coburg,  Prescott,  &c. 860 

From  Montreal  to  Quebec 180 

From  Albany  and  Troy  to  Montreal,  via  Bennington,  Rutland, 
Whitehall,  Vergeniies,  Burlington,  Phillipsburg,  St.  Johns,  &c.  ••  260 

*  This  line  will,  no  doubt,  be  continued  to   Montreal,  C  ■  lada,  via  Concord  and  Bur 
liiigton. 


308 


APPENDIX. 


From  Troy  to  Saratoga. 36 

From  Syracuse  to  Oswego 35 

From  Auburn  to  Elmira,  via  Springfield  and  Ithaca 84 

From  Ithaca  to  Binghamton,  viaOwego 46 

From  Rochester  to  Medina,  via  Brockport  and  Albion 46 

From  Rochester  to  Dansville,  via  Scottsville,  Geneseo,  Avon, 

and  Mount  Morris 52 

From  Hamilton,  Can.,  to  London,  via  Dundas  and  Woodstock...    75 
From  Buffalo  to  Detroit,  via  Erie,  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  and 

Toledo 350 

From  Detroit  to  Milwaukie,  via  Kalamazoo,  Michigan  City, 

Chicago,  and  Racine,  &c 350 

From  New  York  and  Offino,  over  Long  Island  to  Fire  Island. ..    88 
From  New  York  to  Philadelphia,  via  New  Brunswick,Trenton, 

&c 87 

From  Baltimore  to  Washington 40 

From  Washington  TO  Richmond,  Va 128 

From  Richmond,  Va.,  to  New  Orleans,  via  Raleigh,  N.  C,  Co- 
lumbia, S.  C,  Charleston,  S.  C,  Augusta,  Ga.,  Savannah,  Ga..^ 

Macon,  Ga.,  Montgomery,  Ala.,  and  Mobile 1474 

From  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg,  via  Lancaster,  Harrisburg, 

Carlisle,  Chambersburg,  &c 312 

From  Pittsburg  to  Cleveland 138 

From  Cincinnati  to  St.  Louis,  via  Louisville,  Vincennes,  &c — 

From  Philadelphia  to  St.  Louis  is  about 1800 

From  Philadelphia  to  Pottsville 94 


The  following  lines  are  in  a  state  of  progression,  and  the  whole 
will,  no  doubt,  be  completed  at  an  early  day  : — 

The  Lake  Erie  Telegraph,  from  Buffalo  to  Detroit,  via  Fre- 
donia,  Wesffield,  Erie,  Ashtabula,  Cleveland,  Sandusky  City, 
Lower  Sandusky,  Perryburg,  Toledo,  and  Monroe. 

The  Southwestern  Line,  extending  from  New  Orleans  to  Bal- 
timore, a  distance  of  about  1,250  miles. 

From  New  Orleans  to  Frankfort  and  Lexington,  Ky.,  with 
branches  to  Louisville,  Cincinnati,  &c. ;  at  the  latter  place  con- 
necting with  the  line  from  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg,  and  at 
Louisville  with  the  line  to  St.  Louis. 

Nashville,  Tenn.,  to  Baltimore  ;  from  Baltimore  to  York  and 
Harrisburg,  Pa. ;  and  also  from  York  to  Columbia  and  Lan- 
caster, Pa. 

There  are  several  detached  lines  in  progress,  most  of  whicht 
however,  are  short,  and  of  a  local  character. 


APPENDIX. 


309 


The  foregoing  account  will  be  found  as  accurate  as  it  is  possi- 
ble to  make  it,  especially  when  it  is  taken  into  consideration,  that 
every  day  creates  a  change  in  the  aspect  of  the  telegraph  :  wo 
can  therefore  do  no  more  than  approach  its  correct  statistics. 

The  total  number  of  miles  of  telegraphic  extension  through- 
out the  country  on  the  1st  of  April,  1848,  open  and  in  daily  use, 
was  about  3,500  miles ;  about  an  equal  number  of  miles  were  in 
progress,  and  advancing  rapidly  t  jwards  completion.  Some  of 
the  lines  already  built  not  being  sufficient  for  public  use,  many 
of  the  companies  are  extending  a  second  line  between  the  princi- 
pal cities,  thereby  affording  the  public  greater  facilities  for  this 
mode  of  communication.  These,  when  completed,  will  make  the 
aggregate  number  of  telegraphic  conductors  equal  to  about  11,000 
miles. 


TBLEaRAPH  FRIOES. 
All  comtiiunications  are  strictly  confidential. 

Prices  of  the  New  York  and  Boston  Telegraph. 

'  From  Boston,  or  from  New  York,  to  Worcester,  Springfield, 
Hartford,  or  New  Haven,  or  from  either  station  intermediate  of 
Boston  and  New  York,  to  any  other  station  of  the  lino,  25 
cents  for  the  first  Ten  Words  or  Numbers,  exclusive  of  address 
and  signature  ;  and  Two  Cents  for  every  additional  word  or  num- 
ber. From  Boston  to  New  York,  or  New  York  to  Boston,  Fifty 
Cents  for  the  first  Ten  Words,  or  Numbers,  and  Three  Cents 
for  every  additional  word  or  number. 

Prices  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg  Telegraph  Line. 


From 
Philadelphia  to 


Lancaster 

Harrisburg 

Chambersburg 


NUMBER  OF  WORDS. 
10     20      30      40      50      60      70      80      90     100 


$.20 
25 
30 


40 
50 
CO 


60 
75 
90 


80 
1  00 
1  20 


I  00 
1  25 
1  50 


1  20 
1  50 
1  80 


1  40 

1  75 

2  10 


1  60 

2  00 

2  40 


1  80 

2  25 

•?  70 


2  00 

2  50 

3  00 


From  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg  50  cents  for  the  first  Fifteen  Words  or 
less,  and  the  same  for  every  additional  Fifteen  Words. 


310 


APPENDIX. 


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Prices  of  Canada  Junction  Line,  and  Toronto  Line,  Canada. 

From  Buffalo  to  Lockport  or  Queenston,  35  cents  for  the  first 
Fifteen  Words.  From  Buffalo  to  St.  Catharine,  Canada,  35  cts. 
do.     From  Buffalo  to  Hamilton  or  Toronto,  50  cts.  do. 

For  each  additional  Five  Words,  or  under,  to  either  of  the 
above  stations,  Ten  Cents. 


APPENDIX. 


311 


Prices  of  the  New  York  and  Washington  Telegraph  Line. 

For  every  Ten  Words,  not  exceeding  One  Hundred,  exclusive 
of  the  address  and  directions, 


From  New  York  to    •< 


'Philadelphia,  25  cents. 
Wilmington,    35     " 


Baltimore, 


50 
50 
10 
25 
25 
20 
25 
10 


(( 


.Washington, 

{Wilmington, 
Baltimore, 
Washington, 

From  Wilmington  to  I  B?-«roN, 
From  Baltimore  to         Washington, 

When  a  communication  exceeds  that  number,  the  price  on  all 
words  exceeding  One  Hundred,  will  be  reduced  One  Third. 

Communications  destined  for  any  place  beyond  the  termination 
of  the  Telegraph,  will  be  faithfully  written  out  at  the  last  sta- 
tion aiid  put  into  the  Mail. 

All  communications  must  be  pre-paid  at  the  Stations  from 
which  they  are  transmitted  respectively. 


MONET. 

Value  of  the  Coins  of  the  different  Nations. 

united  states. 

Gold. 

Eagles,  (since  1833,). $10.00 

HalfEagles,      "     5.00 

Qr.  Eagles,        "     2.50 

Eagles,  old,  (before  1834,) 10.10 

Half  Eagles,  old,      "        6.25 

Qr.  Eagles,    ♦«         "       2.62 

Silver. 

A  Dollar, « 10  dimes,  or  lOOcenta 

AHalf, 5        "  60     " 

AQuarter 2i      "  25     " 

A  Dime, 10  cents. 

HalfDime, 5    " 


312 


APPENDIX. 


In  New  England,  the  dollar  is  divided  into  six  shillings,  thus; 
64  cents  is  caMed  fourpence  ;  8  CQXi\a,  sixpence  ;  12^  cents,  ninC' 
pence :  16§  cents,  a  shilling;  18|  cents,  three  fourpences :  5G 
cents,  three  shillings;  62^  cents,  three  and  ninepcncc  ;  75  cents, 
four  and  sixpence  ;  87^  cents,  Jive  and  threepence.  In  New 
York  the  12^  and  6^  cent  pieces  are  called  shillings  and  six- 
pences ;  in  Philadelphia  frequently,  levies  and  Jips ;  in  the  South- 
ern states,  a  bit  and  picayune,  and  arc  taken  for  the  same  as  ten 
cent  and  five  cent  pieces. 

ENGLISH. 

Sovereigns,*  of  all  dates 5  dwt.    3  grs.  $4.^3 

Half  Sovereigns,    "         2    "      J3    "     2.41 

Guineas,  "         5    "       7    "     5.00 

English  Gold,  per  act  of  Congress  of  March  3,  1843,  is  a  legal  tender 
at  92  cents  6  mills  per  dwt. 

*  The  dragon  sovereigns,  so  called,  are  worth  only  Q4.S0. 


It, 


FRENCH. 

Napoleons  (20  franc)  of  all  dates, 4  dwt.   3  grs.  $3.82 

2  Napoleons,  (40  franc)      "         8    "      6   "      7.66 

Louis  d'Or,  "         4    "     20    "       4.50 

French  Gold,  per  act  of  Congress  of  March  3, 1843,  is  a  legal  tender 
at  93  cents  9  mills  per  dwt. 


SPANISH. 

Doubloons,t  of  all  dates, 17  dwt.  3grs.  $15.75 

Half,  "  8  "      16    "       7.75 

Quarter,  "  4  "  8    "       3.90 

Eighth,  "  2  "  4    "        1.87 

Spanish  Gold,  per  act  of  Congress  of  March  3,  1843,  is  a  legal  tender 
at  89  cents  9  mills  per  dwt. 


MEXICAN   AND   SOUTH   AMERICAN. 

Doubloons,!  of  all  dates 17  dwt.   8  grs.  $15.60 

Half,  "  8    "      16    "        7.70 

Quarter,  "  4    "       8    "       3.87 

Eighth,  "  2    "        4    "        1.87 

Mexican  and  South  American  Gold,  per  act  of  Congress  of  March  3, 
1843,  is  a  legal  tender  at  89  cents  9  mills  per  dwt. 

t  Many  doubloons  and  parts  of  doubloons  are  li<rht,  and  consequently  not  saleable.    A 
doubloon  should  wei^h  the  same  as  a  good  dollar,  or  two  half  dollar*. 


APPENDLX. 


313 


0 


rchS, 

>le.    A 


SILVER   COIN. 

Spanish  pillar  dollars,  unblemished 2  per  cent  premium. 

Spanish  halves,  quarters,  &c par,  to  i  discount. 

Mexican  dollars ^  to  i  premium. 

Five  franc  pieces U3c. 

Two  francs  35c.,  and  one  franc 17c. 

English  crown,  $1.15,  half-crown 57c. 

English  shillings,  (sixpences  in  proportion)  23c. 

Thalers 66c. 

Pistareens,  (head) 18c. 

Pistareens,  (cross) 16c 


PROMISCUOUS   COINS. 

Ten  Thalers,  all  dates 8  dwt. 

Frederick  d'Or,  Denmark  or  Prussia 4  " 

Double  '«  «'  8  " 

10  Guilder,  (shillings  in  proportion) 4  *' 

♦Johannes,  J.  V.  "  18  •' 

Moidore.  Brazilian 5  " 

Ducat,  Netherlands,  Denmark,  Prussia,  &c.  2  " 

Crown,  Portugal,  Maria  II 6  " 

Zervonitz,  Russia 2  " 

Xeriff,  Turkey. 2  " 

Pistole,  Italy 3  " 

*  Molt  of  the  Johannes  and  Half-Joea  now  in  circulation  are  lif^ht. 
at  the  rate  of  80  centi  for  weight  of  a  5  cent  piece. 


10  grs.  $7.80 

5    ' 

•      3.90 

10    ' 

'      7.80 

7     ' 

'      4.00 

7     ■ 

'     17.00 

4    ' 

'      4.87 

3     ' 

•      2.20 

4     ' 

'       5.80 

2    ' 

'      2.00 

7     ' 

'      2.30 

U    ' 

'      3.25 

They  should  be  taken 

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